Simeon Stylites

For other people named Simeon Stylites, see Simeon Stylites (disambiguation).
"St. Simeon Stylites" redirects here. For the narrative poem by Alfred Tennyson, see St. Simeon Stylites (poem).
Saint Simeon Stylites

6th century depiction of Simeon on his column. A shell symbolizing spiritual purity blesses Simeon; the serpent represents demonic temptations (Louvre).
Venerable Father
Born c. 390
Sis, Adana Province, Turkey
Died 2 September 459[1]
Qalaat Semaan, Byzantine Syria (between Aleppo and Antioch)
Venerated in Oriental Orthodox Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
Roman Catholic Church
Anglican Church
Canonized pre-congregation
Feast 1 September (Eastern Orthodox Church)
29 Pashons (Coptic Orthodox Church)
5 January (Western Christianity)
27 July (Syriac Orthodox Church)
Attributes Clothed as a monk in monastic habit, shown standing on top of his pillar

Saint Simeon Stylites or Symeon the Stylite (Syriac: ܫܡܥܘܢ ܕܐܣܛܘܢܐ‎ šamʻun dasṯonáyá, Koine Greek Συμεών ὁ στυλίτης Symeón o Stylítis, Arabic: سمعان العمودي‎‎ Simʿān al-ʿAmūdī) (c. 388 – 2 September 459) was a Syriac ascetic saint who achieved fame for living 47 years on a small platform on top of a pillar near Aleppo (in modern Syria). Several other stylites later followed his model (the Greek word style means pillar). He is known formally as Saint Simeon Stylites the Elder to distinguish him from Simeon Stylites the Younger, Simeon Stylites III and Saint Symeon Stylites of Lesbos.

Early life

Simeon was the son of a shepherd.[2] He was born at Sis, now the Turkish town of Kozan in Adana Province. Sis was in the Roman province of Cilicia, and after the separation of the Roman Empire in 395 it became part of the Eastern Roman Empire and Christianity grew quickly there.

According to Theodoret, Bishop of Cyrrhus, Simeon developed a zeal for Christianity at the age of 13, following a reading of the Beatitudes. He entered a monastery before the age of 16. Simeon was so obsessed with Christianity, he almost gave his body away to God. From the first, he gave himself up to the practice of an austerity so extreme and to all appearance so extravagant, that his brethren judged him to be unsuited to any form of community life.[3] Simeon was requested to leave the monastery.

He then shut himself up for one and a half years in a hut, where he passed the whole of Lent without eating or drinking. When he emerged from the hut, his achievement was hailed as a miracle.[4] He later took to standing continually upright so long as his limbs would sustain him.

After one and a half years in his hut, Simeon sought a rocky eminence on the slopes of what is now the Sheik Barakat Mountain and compelled himself to remain a prisoner within a narrow space, less than 20 meters in diameter. But crowds of pilgrims invaded the area to seek him out, asking his counsel or his prayers, and leaving him insufficient time for his own devotions. This at last led him to adopt a new way of life.[3]

Atop the pillar

16th-century icon of Simeon Stylites. At the base of the pillar is his mother's body. (Historic Museum in Sanok, Poland).

Simeon wanted to run away from society, so he acted. In order to get away from the ever increasing number of people who frequently came to him for prayers and advice, leaving him little if any time for his private austerities, Simeon discovered a pillar which had survived among ruins in Telanissa (modern-day Taladah in Syria),[5][6] formed a small platform at the top, and upon this determined to live out his life. It has been stated that, as he seemed to be unable to avoid escaping the world horizontally, he may have thought to attempt to try to escape it vertically. For sustenance small boys from the village would climb up the pillar and pass him small parcels of flat bread and goats' milk. It has also been believed a pulley system utilizing buckets was used as a means to obtain foodstuffs.

When the monastic Elders living in the desert heard about Simeon, who had chosen a new and strange form of asceticism, they wanted to test him to determine whether his extreme feats were founded in humility or pride. They decided to tell Simeon under obedience to come down from the pillar. They decided that if he disobeyed they would forcibly drag him to the ground, but if he was willing to submit, they were to leave him on his pillar. St Simeon displayed complete obedience and humility, and the monks told him to stay where he was.

At first the pillar was little more than nine feet high, but it was subsequently replaced by others, the last in the series being apparently over 20 feet from the ground.[3] At the top of the pillar was a platform, with a baluster, which is believed to have been about one square meter.

Edward Gibbon in his History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire describes Simeon's existence as follows:

In this last and lofty station, the Syrian Anachoret resisted the heat of thirty summers, and the cold of as many winters. Habit and exercise instructed him to maintain his dangerous situation without fear or giddiness, and successively to assume the different postures of devotion. He sometimes prayed in an erect attitude, with his outstretched arms in the figure of a cross, but his most familiar practice was that of bending his meagre skeleton from the forehead to the feet; and a curious spectator, after numbering twelve hundred and forty-four repetitions, at length desisted from the endless account. The progress of an ulcer in his thigh might shorten, but it could not disturb, this celestial life; and the patient Hermit expired, without descending from his column.[7]

Even on the highest of his columns, Simeon was not withdrawn from the world. If anything, the new pillar drew even more people, not only the pilgrims who had come earlier but now sightseers as well. Simeon made himself available to these visitors every afternoon. By means of a ladder, visitors were able to ascend, and it is known that he wrote letters, the text of some of which have survived to this day, that he instructed disciples, and that he also delivered addresses to those assembled beneath,[8] preaching especially against profanity and usury. In contrast to the extreme austerity that he demanded of himself, his preaching conveyed temperance and compassion, and was marked with common sense and freedom from fanaticism.

Much of Simeon's public ministry, like that of other Syrian ascetics, can be seen as socially cohesive in the context of the Roman East. In the face of the withdrawal of wealthy landowners to the large cities, holy men such as Simeon acted as impartial and necessary patrons and arbiters in disputes between peasant farmers and within the smaller towns.[9]

Fame and final years

Ruins of the Church of Saint Simeon with remains of his column (centre, now topped with a boulder)

Reports of Simeon reached the church hierarchy and the imperial court. The Emperor Theodosius II and his wife Aelia Eudocia greatly respected the saint and listened to his counsels, while the Emperor Leo I paid respectful attention to a letter he sent in favour of the Council of Chalcedon. Simeon is also said to have corresponded with St Genevieve of Paris.

Patriarch Domninos II (441–448) of Antioch visited the monk, celebrated Divine Liturgy on the pillar.[10] Once when he was ill, Theodosius sent three bishops to beg him to come down and allow himself to be attended by physicians, but Simeon preferred to leave his cure in the hands of God, and before long he recovered.

A double wall was raised around him to keep the crowd of people from coming too close and disturbing his prayerful concentration. Women, in general, were not permitted beyond the wall, not even his own mother, reportedly telling her, "If we are worthy, we shall see one another in the life to come." She submitted to this, remaining in the area, and embraced the monastic life of silence and prayer. When she died, Simeon asked that her coffin be brought to him. He reverently bade farewell to his dead mother.[10]

Simeon spent 47 years upon the pillar.[10] He died on 2 September 459. A disciple found his body stooped over in prayer. The Patriarch of Antioch, Martyrios performed the funeral of the monk before a huge throng of clergy and people. They buried him not far from the pillar.[11]

Legacy

Simeon inspired many imitators, and, for the next century, ascetics living on pillars, stylites, were a common sight throughout the Christian Levant.

He is commemorated as a saint in the Coptic Orthodox Church, where his feast is on 29 Pashons. He is commemorated 1 September by the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches, and 5 January in the Roman Catholic Church.

A contest arose between Antioch and Constantinople for the possession of Simeon's remains. The preference was given to Antioch, and the greater part of his relics were left there as a protection to the unwalled city.

The ruins of the vast edifice erected in his honour and known in Arabic as the Qalaat Semaan ("the Fortress of Simeon") can still be seen. They are located about 30 km northwest of Aleppo (36°20′03″N 36°50′38″E / 36.33417°N 36.84389°E / 36.33417; 36.84389Coordinates: 36°20′03″N 36°50′38″E / 36.33417°N 36.84389°E / 36.33417; 36.84389) and consist of four basilicas built out from an octagonal court towards the four points of the compass to form a large cross. In the centre of the court stands the base of the style or column on which St. Simeon stood.

It is possible that traditional sources for the life of Simeon Stylites misrepresent his relation to Chalcedonian Christianity. Syriac letters in the British Museum attributed to Simeon Stylites indicate that he was a Monophysite and opposed the result of the Chalcedonian council (Council of Chalcedon AD 451).[12]

The monk Antonius wrote his biography.

Cultural references

A 1901 illustration by W. E. F. Britten for Alfred Tennyson's St. Simeon Stylites.       
"And yet I know not well,
For that the evil ones come here, and say,
'Fall down, O Simeon;
thou hast suffered long
For ages and for ages!'"

Alfred Tennyson's poem St. Simeon Stylites (1842) dramatizes the story of Saint Simeon.[13]

Luis Buñuel's film Simón del desierto (1965) is loosely based on the story of Saint Simeon.

The Mark Twain novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court features a man who lives on a pillar in the valley of the hermits and repeatedly bends over at the waist; the main character hitches him to a sewing machine and uses the man to make linen shirts.

In the Herman Melville novel Moby-Dick, the main character likens Saint Stylites to sailors who stand atop the Mast-Heads as lookout. Even making the comparison that the Saint had died at his post, unmoved by the elements.

The 1998 film At Sachem Farm features a character played by Nigel Hawthorne who emulates St. Simeon by living on top of a fiberglass pillar. Trouble ensues. <http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0147856/>

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545077/Saint-Simeon-Stylites, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13795a.htm
  2. ↑ Boner, C. (Summer 2008). "Saint Simeon the Stylite". Sophia. The Eparchy of Newton for the Melkite Greek Catholics. 38 (3): 32. ISSN 0194-7958.
  3. 1 2 3 Thurston, Herbert. "St. Simeon Stylites the Elder." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 21 Jan. 2014
  4. ↑ Lent, Frederick. The Life of St. Simeon Stylites
  5. ↑ Boulanger, Robert (1966). The Middle East, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran. Hachette. p. 405.
  6. ↑ William McPheeters, ed. (1902). Christian Faith and Life. 5. The R. L. Byran Company. p. 330.
  7. ↑ Edward Gibbon. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Volume 4. Chapter XXXVII: "Conversion Of The Barbarians To Christianity."
  8. ↑ Mann, Mimi. "Stump Is Reminder of Hermit Who Perched on Pillar for 42 Years", Los Angeles Times, October 21, 1990
  9. ↑ Peter Brown, "The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity" Journal of Roman Studies, 61 (1971) pp 80–101
  10. 1 2 3 "St Simeon Stylites, the Elder", Orthodox Church in America
  11. ↑ "The Monk Simeon the Stylite", Holy Trinity Orthodox Church
  12. ↑ Torrey, Charles C. Simeon Stylites, Letters Journal of the American Oriental Society 20 (1899) pp.253-276.
  13. ↑ Tennyson, Alfred. "St. Simeon Stylites", The Literature Network

References

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