Li–Lobanov Treaty

The Li–Lobanov Treaty or the Sino–Russian Secret Treaty (Chinese: 中俄密约 Russian: Союзный договор между Российской империей и Китаем ) was a secret and unequal treaty signed on June 3, 1896 in Moscow by foreign minister Alexey Lobanov-Rostovsky on behalf of the Russian Empire and viceroy Li Hongzhang on behalf of Qing China. The contents of the agreement were made public only in 1922.

Background

Following the Treaty of Shimonoseki ending the First Sino-Japanese War and the Triple Intervention, China was forced to pay a large indemnity to the Empire of Japan. In order to raise the funds for this payment, China approached France and Russia for loans. Taking advantage of this situation, Russian finance minister Sergey Witte established the Russo-Chinese Bank, which was controlled by the Russian government, and agreed to facilitate the loans.^[1]

Meeting with Li Hongzhang in Moscow during the coronation ceremonies for Tsar Nicholas II, Witte promised to maintain Chinese territorial integrity and suggested a secret military alliance against possible future aggression by the Empire of Japan. In exchange, Russia would be allowed to use Chinese ports for its warships, and to build a Russian gauge railway through Heilongjiang and Jilin to Vladivostok on the Pacific coast.^[2] Along with the railway concession, Russian personnel and police received extraterritorial jurisdiction, administrative control over large portions of Northeast China and the permission to station troops to protect the railway.^[1] China was also not allowed to interfere with Russian troop movements or munitions and also had to grant Russia decreased tariff rates. To avoid diplomatic issues with the other major powers, Li insisted that the concession be granted to the Russo-Chinese Bank, rather than directly to the Russian government,^[1] making the railway nominally a joint project, although it was in reality completely financed and controlled by Russia.

Consequences

The terms of the treaty were tantamount to the annexation of northeast China by Russia in all but name.^[1] Rather than protecting China from Japanese territorial ambitions, the treaty opened the door towards further Russian expansionism in the form of the Russia–Qing Convention of 1898, in which China was forced to lease the southern tip of the Liaodong Peninsula to Russia and allow a southern extension of Russia's China Eastern Railway to be built from northern Harbin to the port city of Dalian.^[3] These events increased anti-foreign sentiment in China, which came to a head in the Boxer Uprising of 1900.

Notes

1 2 3 4 Kowner, Rotem (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War. ISBN 0-8108-4927-5: The Scarecrow Press. pp. 209–210. Kowner, Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War, p. 209-210
↑ Nish, Ian (2014). The Origins of the Russo-Japanese War. Routledge. p. 31.
↑ Schumpeter, Elizabeth Boody (1940). The Industrialization of Japan and Manchukuo, 1930-1940. 8. Taylor & Francis. p. 382.

Sino-Russian treaties

Russian and Qing empires	Nerchinsk (1689) Bura (1727) Kyakhta (1727, 1768, 1792) Kulja (1851) Aigun (1858) Tientsin (1858) Peking (1860) Tarbagatai (1864) Saint Petersburg (1881) Moscow (1896) Peking (1898) Boxer Protocol (1901) Qiqikar (1911)

Russia Empire and Republic of China	Treaty of Kyakhta (1915)

Soviet Union and Republic of China	Sino-Soviet Treaty of Peking(1924) Khabarovsk Protocol (1929) Non-Aggression Pact (1937) Treaty of Friendship and Alliance (1945)

Soviet Union and People's Republic of China	Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance (1950) Border Agreement (1991)

Russia Federation and People's Republic of China	Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation (2001)

Qing dynasty topics

History	Seven Grievances First Manchu invasion of Korea Second Manchu invasion of Korea Qing conquest of the Ming Battle of Shanhai Pass Great Clearance Revolt of the Three Feudatories Sino-Russian border conflicts Dzungar–Qing War Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) Chinese Rites controversy Ten Great Campaigns Miao Rebellion (1735–36) Lhasa riot of 1750 Sino-Burmese War (1765–69) Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa Sino-Nepalese War Miao Rebellion (1795–1806) White Lotus Rebellion First Opium War Sino-Sikh War Taiping Rebellion Nian Rebellion Red Turban Rebellion (1854–56) Miao Rebellion (1854–73) Nepalese–Tibetan War Panthay Rebellion Second Opium War Amur Acquisition Self-Strengthening Movement Dungan Revolt (1862–77) Mudan Incident (1871) Tianjin Massacre Margary Affair Northern Chinese Famine Qing reconquest of Xinjiang Sino-French War Sikkim Expedition Jindandao Incident First Sino-Japanese War Gongche Shangshu movement Dungan Revolt (1895–96) Hundred Days' Reform Boxer Rebellion Red Lanterns Eight-Nation Alliance New Policies British expedition to Tibet 1905 Tibetan Rebellion Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) Railway Protection Movement Xinhai Revolution Wuchang Uprising Xinhai Lhasa turmoil Mongolian Revolution of 1911 Xinhai Revolution in Xinjiang Manchu Restoration

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Treaties	Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) Treaty of Nerchinsk Unequal treaty Boxer Protocol Burlingame Treaty Chefoo Convention Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory Convention of Peking Convention of Tientsin Li–Lobanov Treaty Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking Treaty of Aigun Treaty of the Bogue Treaty of Canton Treaty of Kulja Treaty of Nanking Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881) Treaty of Shimonoseki Treaty of Tarbagatai Treaty of Tientsin Treaty of Wanghia Treaty of Whampoa

Other topics	Aisin Gioro Anti-Qing sentiment Canton System Chuang Guandong Draft History of Qing Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty Manchu people Names of the Qing dynasty New Qing History Qing conquest theory Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions Treaty ports Willow Palisade

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Li–Lobanov Treaty

Background

Contents

Consequences

See also

Notes