South African farm attacks

The South African farm attacks (Afrikaans: plaasmoorde; "plaas" = farm, "moorde" = murders) are an ongoing trend of violent attacks on farmers in South Africa. Between 1994 and March 2012, there had been 361,015 murders in all of South Africa and between 1990 and March 2012, there had been 1,544 murders on South African farms of which 208 of the victims were black.[1]

Many white farmers perceive the attacks to be racially motivated.[2] Fact checking organisation Africa Check has stated that black and coloured farmowners account for less than 38.4% of victims of farm attacks, while accounting for 89% of South Africa's population.[3][4] Although definitive statistics on the race of farmowners are not available, estimates suggest that, for example, only some 2.96% of farms in the Free State Province are "black-owned", regardless of the proportion of South Africans who are Black.[5] Johan Burger of the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) has stated that attacks were not motivated by race but by greed.[6] Moreover, the South African Police Service has declared that there is no evidence of organised attacks.[7] The disbandment of the predominantly rural South African Commando System has been linked to the escalating level of farm attacks.[8]

Terminology and definition

South African statutory law does not define a "farm attack" as a specific crime. Rather, the term is used to refer to a number of different crimes committed against persons specifically on commercial farms or smallholdings.

According to the South African Police Service National Operational Co-co-ordinating Committee:

Attacks on farms and smallholdings refer to acts aimed at the person of residents, workers and visitors to farms and smallholdings, whether with the intent to murder, rape, rob or inflict bodily harm. In addition, all actions aimed at disrupting farming activities as a commercial concern, whether for motives related to ideology, labour disputes, land issues, revenge, grievances, intimidation, should be included.[9]

This definition excludes "social fabric crimes", that is those crimes committed by members of the farming community on one another, such as domestic or workplace violence, and focuses on outsiders entering the farms to commit specific criminal acts. The safety and security Member of the Executive Council (MEC) for Mpumalanga Province, Dina Pule, has disagreed with this definition and has stated that "farm attacks" only included those cases "where farm residents were murdered, and not cases of robberies or attempted murders."[10] Human Rights Watch has criticised the use of the term "farm attacks", which they regard as "suggesting a terrorist or military purpose", which they consider to not be the primary motivation for most farm attacks.[11][12] According to media reports, as of December 2011, approximately 3,158 – 3,811 South African farmers have been murdered in these attacks.[13][14] However, self-reported data from the Transvaal Agricultural Union state that 1,544 people were killed in farm attacks from 1990 to 2012.[3]

In 2012, Reuters reported that the number of the farmers of European descent had decreased by a third since 1997, citing news headlines about farm killings as an incentive to sell.[15]

Committee of Inquiry

A Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks was appointed in 2001 by the National Commissioner of Police. The purpose of the committee was to "inquire into the ongoing spate of attacks on farms, which include violent criminal acts such as murder, robbery, rape, etc, to determine the motives and factors behind these attacks and to make recommendations on their findings".[9]

Criticism of response

Tensions

The Natives' Land Act adopted in 1913, awarded the ownership of 87 percent of land to South Africans of European descent. The modern discontent among the black South Africans has caused the populists to call for a confiscation of white-owned farms in the north.[15] The EFF party, founded by Julius Malema, demanded redistribution of the land and wealth.[18]

Although the government believes that biggest motive for attacks is robbery, there is racial discontent on some farms. White farmers believe that attacks are racially motivated.[15]

Prevention

The Witkruismonument outside Polokwane, a series of crosses erected in memory of murdered South African farmers.[19]

While the police are supposed to regularly visit commercial farms to ensure security, they claim they cannot provide effective protection due to the wide areas that need to be covered and a lack of funding. The protection gap has been filled by 'Farmwatch' groups which link together by radio nearby farmers who can provide mutual assistance, local Commando volunteers, and private security companies. These forces are more likely to be able to respond rapidly to security alarms than widely distributed police stations. The particular mix of groups that operate varies by area, with border zones continuing a strong history of Commando volunteers, while wealthier farmers are more likely to employ private security firms. The police and these groups are linked together as part of the Rural Protection Plan,[20] created in 1997 by President Nelson Mandela.[7] However, in 2003 the government began disbanding commando units, on the pretext that they had been "part of the apartheid state's security apparatus".[21]

The disbandment of the Commandos has been cited as a factor in the escalation of farm attacks.[8]

References

  1. ↑ Nechama, Brodie. "Are SA whites really being killed "like flies"?". Africa Check. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  2. ↑ Jarrett, Jinger. "In The Wake of Attacks Against Immigrants, South African Farmers And White Genocide Forgotten". Inquisitr. The Inquisitr News. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  3. 1 2 Nechama, Brodie. "Are SA whites really being killed "like flies"?". Africa Check. Retrieved 20 August 2014.
  4. ↑ "South Africa". The World Factbook. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  5. ↑ van Wyk, Anim. "Do 40,000 whites own 80% of SA? The claim is incorrect". Africa Check. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  6. 1 2 Molaole Montsho (6 October 2014). "Farm murders decreasing, says Phiyega". IOL news. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  7. 1 2 Suzanne Daley (16 July 1998). "Rural White South Africa: Afraid, and Armed". New York Times. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  8. 1 2 Chitja, Twala; Marietjie Oelofse (2013). "Rural Safety and the Disbandment of the Commando Units in South Africa: A Challenge to Rural Communities and the African National Congress (ANC)?" (PDF). Stud Tribes Tribals. 11 (1): 25–33. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Farm Attacks – 31 July 2003". Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  10. ↑ Nkosana ka Makaula (28 September 2006). "Farm attack is 'only if fatal'". News24. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
  11. 1 2 Bronwen Manby (August 2001). Unequal Protection – The State Response to Violent Crime on South African Farms. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 1-56432-263-7. Retrieved 28 October 2006.
  12. ↑ https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/2001/safrica2/Safarms1.htm
  13. ↑ Adriana Stuijt (17 February 2009). "Two more S.African farmers killed: death toll now at 3,037". Digital Journal. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  14. ↑ McDougall, Dan (28 March 2010). "Wealthy farmers being subject to conditions of genocide". The Times. London.
  15. 1 2 3 Reuters. "Killings of white farmers highlight toxic apartheid legacy in South Africa". Reuters. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  16. ↑ Sheena Adams (23 September 2006). "Farmer armies in the killing fields". Saturday Star. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
  17. ↑ Gcina Ntsaluba (29 April 2008). "Anti-Farmer hate speech slated". news24.com. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  18. ↑ Essa, Azad (21 October 2013). "South Africa's 'miracle transition' has not put an end to white privilege". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 26 September 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  19. ↑ "Farmland crop of white crosses". The Star. 2012-06-04. Archived from the original on September 8, 2016. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
  20. ↑ Bronwen Manby (2002), "A Failure of Rural Protection", Transformation (49): 92–94, ISSN 0258-7696
  21. ↑ "In-depth: Civilian Protection in Armed Conflict". IRIN. 3 March 2003.

External links

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