Specific absorption rate

Specific absorption rate (SAR) is a measure of the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to a radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field; although, it can also refer to absorption of other forms of energy by tissue, including ultrasound.[1] It is defined as the power absorbed per mass of tissue and has units of watts per kilogram (W/kg).[2]

SAR is usually averaged either over the whole body, or over a small sample volume (typically 1 g or 10 g of tissue). The value cited is then the maximum level measured in the body part studied over the stated volume or mass.

Calculation

SAR for electromagnetic energy can be calculated from the electric field within the tissue as:

where

is the sample electrical conductivity
is the RMS electric field
is the sample density
is the volume of the sample

SAR measures exposure to fields between 100 kHz and 10 GHz (known as radio waves).[3] It is commonly used to measure power absorbed from mobile phones and during MRI scans. The value will depend heavily on the geometry of the part of the body that is exposed to the RF energy, and on the exact location and geometry of the RF source. Thus tests must be made with each specific source, such as a mobile phone model, and at the intended position of use.

Mobile phone SAR testing

When measuring the SAR due to a mobile phone the phone is placed against a representation of a human head (a "SAR Phantom") in a talk position. The SAR value is then measured at the location that has the highest absorption rate in the entire head, which in the case of a mobile phone is often as close to the phone's antenna as possible. Measurements are made for different positions on both sides of the head and at different frequencies representing the frequency bands at which the device can transmit. Depending on the size and capabilities of the phone, additional testing may also be required to represent usage of the device while placed close to the user's body and/or extremities. Various governments have defined maximum SAR levels for RF energy emitted by mobile devices:

SAR values are heavily dependent on the size of the averaging volume. Without information about the averaging volume used, comparisons between different measurements cannot be made. Thus, the European 10-gram ratings should be compared among themselves, and the American 1-gram ratings should only be compared among themselves. To check SAR on your mobile phone, review the documentation provided with the phone, dial *#07# (only works on some models) or visit the manufacturer's website.

MRI scanner SAR testing

For Magnetic Resonance Imaging the limits (described in IEC 60601-2-33) are slightly more complicated:

Whole body SAR Partial body SAR Head SAR Local SAR (a)
Body Region → whole body exposed body part head head trunk extremities
Operating Mode ↓ (W/kg) (W/kg) (W/kg) (W/kg) (W/kg) (W/kg)
Normal 2 2–10 (b) 3.2 10 (c) 10 2
1st Level Controlled 4 4–10 (b) 3.2 20 (c) 20 40
2nd Level Controlled >4 >(4–10) (b) >3.2 >20 (c) >20 >40
Short duration SAR The SAR limit over any 10 s period shall not exceed two times the stated values
Note: Averaging time of 6 minutes.

(a) Local SAR is determined over the mass of 10 g.

(b) The limit scales dynamically with the ratio "exposed patient mass / patient mass":

NORMAL OPERATING MODE: Partial body SAR = 10 W/kg – (8 W/kg * exposed patient mass / patient mass)
FIRST LEVEL CONTROLLED OPERATING MODE: Partial body SAR = 10 W/kg – (6 W/kg * exposed patient mass / patient mass)

(c) In cases where the orbit is in the field of a small local RF transmit coil, care should be taken to ensure that the temperature rise is limited to 1 °C.

Criticism

SAR limits set by law don't consider that the human body is particularly sensitive to the power peaks or frequencies responsible for the microwave hearing effect.[5][6] Frey reports that the microwave hearing effect occurs with average power density exposures of 400 μw/cm2, well below SAR limits (as set by government regulations).[5]

Notes:

In comparison to the short term, relatively intensive exposures described above, for long term environmental exposure of the general public there is a limit of 0.08 W/kg averaged over the whole body.[3] A whole-body average SAR of 0.4 W/kg has been chosen as the restriction that provides adequate protection for occupational exposure. An additional safety factor of 5 is introduced for exposure of the public, giving an average whole-body SAR limit of 0.08 W/kg.

FCC advice

The FCC Guide, "Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) For Cell Phones: What It Means For You," after detailing the limitations of SAR values, offers the following "bottom line" editorial:

"ALL cell phones must meet the FCC’s RF exposure standard, which is set at a level well below that at which laboratory testing indicates, and medical and biological experts generally agree, adverse health effects could occur. For users who are concerned with the adequacy of this standard or who otherwise wish to further reduce their exposure, the most effective means to reduce exposure are to hold the cell phone away from the head or body and to use a speakerphone or hands-free accessory. These measures will generally have much more impact on RF energy absorption than the small difference in SAR between individual cell phones, which, in any event, is an unreliable comparison of RF exposure to consumers, given the variables of individual use." [7]

MSBE (minimum SAR with biological effect)

In order to find out possible advantages and the interaction mechanisms of Electromagnetic fields (EMF), the minimum SAR (or intensity) that could have biological effect (MSBE) would be much more valuable in comparison to studying high intensity fields. Such studies can possibly shed light on thresholds of non-ionizing radiation effects and cell capabilities (e.g., oxidative response). In addition, it is more likely to reduce the complexity of the EMF interaction targets in cell cultures by lowering the exposure power, which at least reduces the overall rise in temperature. This parameter might differ regarding the case under study and depends on the physical and biological conditions of the exposed target.[8]

FCC regulations

The FCC regulations for SAR are contained in 47 C.F.R. 1.1307(b), 1.1310, 2.1091, 2.1093 and also discussed in OET Bulletin No. 56, "Questions and Answers About the Biological Effects and Potential Hazards of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields."[9]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sun, J; Hynynen, K (2013-08-12) [September 1998]. "Focusing of therapeutic ultrasound through a human skull: a numerical study". J Acoust Soc Am. 104 (3 Pt 1): 1705–15. Bibcode:1998ASAJ..104.1705S. doi:10.1121/1.424383. PMID 9745750.
  2. ↑ Jin, Jianming (1998). Electromagnetic Analysis and Design in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. CRC Press. pp. §5.3.3 pp. 226ff. ISBN 978-0-8493-9693-9.
  3. 1 2 "ICNIRP Guidelines For Limiting Exposure To The Time-Varying Electric, Magnetic And Electromagnetic Fields (Up To 300 GHz)" (PDF). International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. 1998. Retrieved 2013-12-12.
  4. ↑ "Stringent Mobile Radiation Standards Come into Force from tomorrow New Mobile Handsets to comply with SAR Value of 1.6W/KG - Penalty, Random Checks Introduced for Enforcement". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 2012-08-31. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
  5. 1 2 Frey, Allan H (1962). "Human auditory system response to modulated electromagnetic energy". Journal of Applied Physiology. 17 (4): 689–692. PMID 13895081.
  6. ↑ Frey, Allan H (1998). "Headaches from cellular telephones: are they real and what are the implications?". Environmental Health Perspectives. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. 106 (3): 101–103. doi:10.1289/ehp.98106101. PMC 1533043Freely accessible. PMID 9441959.
  7. ↑ "Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) For Cell Phones: What It Means For You". Federal Communications Commission. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
  8. ↑ Sefidbakht, Yahya; Moosavi-Movahedi, Ali Akbar; Hosseinkhani, Saman; Khodagholi, Fariba; Torkzadeh-Mahani, Masoud; Foolad, Forough; Faraji-Dana, Reza (April 2014). "Effects of 940 MHz EMF on Bioluminescence and Oxidative Response of Stable Luciferase Producing HEK Cells". Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences. 13 (7): 1082. doi:10.1039/C3PP50451D. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  9. ↑ OET Radio Frequency Safety, https://transition.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety/background.html. Accessed 17 August 2015}

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/28/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.