Striped bass

"Striper" redirects here. For other uses, see Stripe (disambiguation).
Striped bass
Morone saxatilis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Moronidae
Genus: Morone
Species: M. saxatilis
Binomial name
Morone saxatilis
(Walbaum, 1792)
Synonyms
  • Perca saxatilis Walbaum, 1792
  • Roccus saxatilis (Walbaum, 1792)
  • Sciaena lineata Bloch, 1792
  • Morone lineatus (Bloch, 1792)
  • Roccus lineatus (Bloch, 1792)
  • Perca mitchilli alternata Mitchill, 1815

The striped bass (Morone saxatilis), also called Atlantic striped bass, striper, linesider, rock, or rockfish, is an anadromous Perciforme fish of the Moronidae family found primarily along the Atlantic coast of North America. It has also been widely introduced into inland recreational fisheries across the United States. Striped bass found in the Gulf of Mexico are a separate strain referred to as Gulf Coast striped bass.[2]

The striped bass is the state fish of Maryland, Rhode Island, and South Carolina, and the state saltwater (marine) fish of New York, New Jersey, Virginia, and New Hampshire.

The history of the striped bass fishery in North America dates back to the Colonial period. Many written accounts by some of the first European settlers describe the immense abundance of striped bass, along with alewives, traveling and spawning up most rivers in the coastal Northeast.[3]

Morphology and lifespan

The striped bass is a typical member of the Moronidae family in shape, having a streamlined, silvery body marked with longitudinal dark stripes running from behind the gills to the base of the tail. Common mature size is 8 to 40 pounds. The largest specimen recorded was 124 pounds, netted in 1896. Striped bass are believed to live for up to 30 years.[4] The maximum length is 1.8 m (5.9 ft).[5] The average size is about 67–100 cm (2.20–3.28 ft) and 4.5–14.5 kg (9.9–32.0 lb).

Distribution

A researcher holding up a large striped bass

Natural distribution

Striped bass are native to the Atlantic coastline of North America from the St. Lawrence River into the Gulf of Mexico to approximately Louisiana. They are anadromous fish that migrate between fresh and salt water. Spawning takes place in fresh water.

Introductions outside their natural range

Striped bass have been introduced to the Pacific Coast of North America and into many of the large reservoir impoundments across the United States by state game and fish commissions for the purposes of recreational fishing and as a predator to control populations of gizzard shad.[6][7][8] These include: Elephant Butte Lake in New Mexico; Lake Ouachita, Lake Norman in North Carolina; Lake Norfork, Beaver Lake and Lake Hamilton in Arkansas; Lake Thunderbird in Illinois; Lake Pleasant, and Lake Havasu in Arizona; Lake Powell along the Arizona/Utah border; Castaic Lake, Pyramid Lake, Silverwood Lake, Diamond Valley Lake, and San Francisco Bay-Delta in California; Lewis Smith Lake in Alabama;[9] Lake Cumberland in Kentucky; Lake George in Florida; Lake Murray in South Carolina; Lake Lanier in Georgia; Watts Bar Lake, in Tennessee; Lake Mead, Nevada; Lake Texoma, Lake Tawakoni, Lake Whitney, Possum Kingdom Lake, and Lake Buchanan in Texas; Raystown Lake in Pennsylvania; and in Virginia's Smith Mountain Lake[10] and Leesville Lake.[11]

Striped bass have also been introduced into waters in Ecuador, Iran, Latvia, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, and Turkey, primarily for sport fishing and aquaculture.[4]

Environmental factors

The spawning success of striped bass has been studied in the San Francisco Bay-Delta water system, with a finding that high total dissolved solids (TDS) reduce spawning. At levels as low as 200 mg/l TDS, an observable diminution of spawning productivity occurs.[12] They can be found in lakes, ponds, streams, and wetlands.

Though the population of striped bass was growing and repopulating in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, a study executed by the Wildlife and Fisheries Program at West Virginia University found that the rapid growth of the striped bass population was exerting a tremendous pressure on its prey (river herring, shad, and blueback herring). This pressure on their food source was putting their own population at risk due to the population of prey naturally not coming back to the same spawning areas.[13]

In the United States, the striped bass was designated as a protected game fish in 2007, and executive agencies were directed to use existing legal authorities to prohibit the sale of striped bass caught in federal waters in the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico.[14]

In Canada, the province of Quebec designated the striped bass population of the Saint Lawrence as extirpated in 1996. Analysis of available data implicated overfishing and dredging in the disappearance. In 2002, a reintroduction program was successful.[15][16]

Lifecycle

A striped bass caught off the New Jersey coast
Preserved specimen
X-ray image

Striped bass spawn in fresh water, and although they have been successfully adapted to freshwater habitat, they naturally spend their adult lives in saltwater (i.e., they are anadromous). Four important bodies of water with breeding stocks of striped bass are: Chesapeake Bay, Massachusetts Bay/Cape Cod, Hudson River, and Delaware River. Many of the rivers and tributaries that emptied into the Atlantic, had at one time, bred stock of striped bass. This occurred until the 1860s.[3] One of the largest breeding areas is the Chesapeake Bay, where populations from Chesapeake and Delaware bays have intermingled.[17] The very few successful spawning populations of freshwater striped bass include Lake Texoma, Lake Weiss (Coosa River), the Colorado River and its reservoirs downstream from and including Lake Powell, and the Arkansas River, as well as Lake Marion (South Carolina) that retained a landlocked breeding population when the dam was built; other freshwater fisheries must be restocked with hatchery-produced fish annually. Stocking of striped bass was discontinued at Lake Mead in 1973 once natural reproduction was verified.[18]

Hybrids with other bass

Striped bass have also been hybridized with white bass to produce hybrid striped bass also known as wiper, whiterock bass, sunshine bass, palmetto bass, and Cherokee bass. These hybrids have been stocked in many freshwater areas across the US.[19][20]

Fishing for striped bass

Main article: Striped bass fishing

Striped bass are of significant value for sport fishing, and have been introduced to many waterways outside their natural range. A variety of angling methods are used, including trolling and surf casting with topwater lures a good pick for surf casting, as well as bait casting with live and dead bait. Striped bass will take a number of live and fresh baits, including bunker, clams, eels, sandworms, herring, bloodworms, mackerel, and shad, with the last being an excellent bait for freshwater fishing.

The largest striped bass ever taken by angling was an 81.88-lb (37.14-kg) specimen taken from a boat in Long Island Sound, near the Outer Southwest Reef, off the coast of Westbrook, Connecticut. The all-tackle world record fish was taken by Gregory Myerson[21] on the night of August 4, 2011. The fish took a drifted live eel bait, and fought for 20 minutes before being boated by Myerson. A second hook and leader was discovered in the fish's mouth when it was boated, indicating it had been previously hooked by another angler. The fish measured 54 in length and had a girth of 36 in. The International Game Fish Association declared Myerson's catch the new all-tackle world record striped bass on October 19, 2011.[22] In addition to now holding the All-Tackle record, Meyerson's catch also landed him the new IGFA men’s 37-kg (80-lb) line class record for striped bass, which previously stood at 70 lb. The previous all-tackle world record fish was a 78.5-lb (35.6-kg) specimen taken in Atlantic City, New Jersey on September 21, 1982 by Albert McReynolds, who fought the fish from the beach for 1:20 after it took his Rebel artificial lure.[23] Recreational bag limits vary by state and province.

Landlocked striped bass

Striped bass are an anadromous fish, so their upriver spawning migrations led some individual to become "landlocked" during lake dam constructions. The first area where this was documented was at the Santee-Cooper River during the construction of the two dams that impounded Lakes Moultrie and Marion, and because of this, the state game fish of South Carolina is the striped bass.[24]

Recently, biologists came to believe that striped bass stayed in rivers for long periods of time, with some not returning to sea unless temperature changes forced migration. Once fishermen and biologists caught on to rising striped bass populations, many state natural resources departments started stocking striped bass in local lakes. Striped bass still continue to exhibit upstream migrations from freshwater lakes during the spawning period. Landlocked stripers have a hard time reproducing naturally, and one of the few and most successful rivers they have been documented reproducing successfully is the Coosa River in Alabama and Georgia.[25]

A 70.6-lb (32.0-kg) landlocked bass was caught in February 2013 by James Bramlett on the Warrior River in Alabama, a current world record.[26] This fish had a length of 44 inches (110 cm) and a girth of 37.75 inches (95.9 cm).

One of the only landlocked striped bass populations in Canada is located in the Grand Lake, Nova Scotia. They migrate out in early April into the Shubenacadie River to spawn. These bass also spawn in the Stewiacke River (a tributary of the Shubenacadie). The Shubenacadie River system is one of five known spawning areas in Canada for striped bass, with the others being the St. Lawerence River, Miramichi River, Saint John River, Annapolis River and Shubenacadie/Stewiacke Rivers.[27]

Management

The striped bass population declined to less than 5 million by 1982, but efforts by fishermen and management programs to rebuild the stock proved successful, and in 2007, there were nearly 56 million fish, including all ages. Recreational anglers and commercial fisherman caught an unprecedented 3.8 million fish in 2006. The management of the species includes size limits, commercial quotas, and biological reference points for the health of the species. The Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission states that striped bass are "not overfished and overfishing is not occurring."[28] Another way to replenish and help repopulate the striped bass population is to reintroduce the species back to original spawning grounds in coastal rivers and estuaries in the Northeast.[3]

As food

Striped bass (3 oz, baked)
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 461 kJ (110 kcal)
0 g
3 g
Saturated 1 g
Polyunsaturated
0.8 g
19 g
Minerals
Sodium
(5%)

75 mg

Source: Seafood Nutrition Chart, New York Sea Grant and the New York Seafood Council, 1996.[29]
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Striped bass brisket with a lima-fava bean puree

Striped bass has white meat with a mild flavor and a medium texture. It is extremely versatile in that it can be pan-seared, grilled, steamed, poached, roasted, broiled, sautéed, and deep fried (including batter-frying).[30] The flesh can also be eaten raw or pickled.[31][32]

The primary market forms for fresh bass include headed and gutted (with the head and organs removed) and filets; the primary market forms for frozen bass include headed and gutted and loins. It can also be found in steaks, chunks, or whole.[29] Fresh striped bass is available year-round,[30] and is typically sold in sizes from two to fifteen pounds, and can be sold up to fifty pounds.[32]

Striped bass has firm and flavorful flesh with a large flake.[32] The hybrid striped bass yields more meat, has a more fragile texture, and a blander flavor than wild striped bass.[33] The fish has a mild and distinctive flavor. In recipes, it can be substituted for milder fish like cod, as well as for stronger fish like bluefish. Other fish can substitute it, including weakfish, tilefish, blackfish, small bluefish, catfish, salmon, swordfish, and shark. Striped bass is easily grilled in fillets, and is therefore popular in beach communities.[29]

References

  1. ↑ NatureServe (2015). "Morone saxatilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 4.1 (4.1). International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  2. ↑ Gulf Coast Striped Bass. Welaka National Fish Hatchery. Fws.gov (September 16, 2009). Retrieved on 2016-11-15.
  3. 1 2 3 Little, Michael J. (1995). "A Report on the Historic Spawning Grounds of the Striped Bass, "Morone Saxatilis"". Maine Naturalist. 3 (2): 107–113. JSTOR 3858211.
  4. 1 2 Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2007). "Morone saxatilis" in FishBase. March 2007 version.
  5. ↑ National Audubon Society (May 2001). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Fishes. Knopf, Rev Sub edition (May 21, 2002). ISBN 0375412247.
  6. ↑ Striped Bass Management Plan retrieved on June 10, 2007.
  7. ↑ Pennsylvania State Fish & Boat Commission, Gallery of Pennsylvania Fishes, Chapter 21. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
  8. ↑ Indiana Fish and Wildlife, Evaluation of Striped Bass Stockings at Harden Reservoir. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
  9. ↑ East Fork Lake Fishing Map. ODNR Division of Wildlife. state.oh.us
  10. ↑ Lakes | VDGIF. Dgif.virginia.gov. Retrieved on November 15, 2016.
  11. ↑ Lakes | VDGIF. Dgif.virginia.gov. Retrieved on November 15, 2016.
  12. ↑ Kaiser Engineers, California (1969). Final Report to the State of California, San Francisco Bay-Delta Water Quality Control Program, State of California, Sacramento, CA
  13. ↑ Hartman, K. J. (2003). "Population-level consumption by Atlantic coastal striped bass and the influence of population recovery upon prey communities". Fisheries Management and Ecology. 10 (5): 281. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2400.2003.00365.x.
  14. ↑ "Executive Order 13449: Protection of Striped Bass and Red Drum Fish Populations". Office of the Federal Register. October 20, 2007. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
  15. ↑ "Reintroduction of the striped bass into the St. Lawrence" (PDF) (2nd ed.). Minister of the Environment. 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  16. ↑ "Reproduction of striped bass - A historical first: spawning ground identified in Montmagny". Gouvernement du Québec, 2003-2012. September 1, 2011. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  17. ↑ Striped Bass Morone saxatilis. Chesapeake Bay Program
  18. ↑ Wilde, G. R. and L.J. Paulson (1989). "Food habits of subadult striped bass in Lake Mead Arizona-Nevada". The Southwestern Naturalist. 34 (1): 118–123. JSTOR 3671816.
  19. ↑ Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Status of the Striped Bass/Hybrid Bass Bass Fishery March 2006 retrieved June 10, 2007.
  20. ↑ Pennsylvania State Fish & Boat Commission, Gallery of Pennsylvania Fishes, Chapter 21. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
  21. ↑ Greg Myerson's World Record Striper Official Website. Worldrecordstriper.com. Retrieved on November 15, 2016.
  22. ↑ IGFA all-tackle world record striped bass. Igfa.org. Retrieved on November 15, 2016.
  23. ↑ DiBenedetto, David (October 13, 2009). On the Run: An Angler's Journey Down the Striper Coast. HarperCollins. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-06-187735-3.
  24. ↑ "History of Freshwater Striped Bass". Retrieved March 1, 2010.
  25. ↑ "Striped Bass in River Systems". Retrieved March 1, 2010.
  26. ↑ "Word Record Landlocked Bass". May 2013.
  27. ↑ Aquatic Species at Risk - Striped Bass (Bay of Fundy Population). Fisheries and Oceans Canada
  28. ↑ "Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission: Striped Bass" (PDF). Retrieved July 2, 2009.
  29. 1 2 3 "Striped Bass". New York Seafood Council. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
  30. 1 2 "East Coast Striped Bass: Prep & Nutrition". Seattle Fish Company. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
  31. ↑ Ainsworth, Mark (2009). Fish and Seafood: Identification, Fabrication, Utilization. Clifton Park, New York: Delmar, Cengage Learning. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-4354-0036-8.
  32. 1 2 3 The Culinary Institute of America (2011). The Professional Chef (9th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-470-42135-2. OCLC 707248142.
  33. ↑ McGee, Harold (2004). On Food and Cooking: the Science and Lore of he Kitchen. New York, New York: Scribner. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-684-80001-1. LCCN 2004058999.
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