Strongman (politics)

A strongman is a political leader who rules by force and runs an authoritarian regime or totalitarian regime. The term is often used interchangeably with "dictator" in the western world, but differs from a "warlord" and commonly lacks the negative connotations especially in some Eastern European and Central Asian countries. A strongman is not necessarily always a formal head of state or head of government; sometimes journalists use the term to describe a military or political figure who exercises far more influence over the government than a local constitution allows. General Manuel Noriega, for example, was often dubbed the "Strongman of Panama" for the enormous amount of political power he exercised over Panama, despite the fact that he was not the formal president of the state. Similarly, not every discussion of "strong leadership"[1] (or every promise to provide such[2]) envisages rule by a strongman.

Political figures referred to as "strongmen"

Country Leader
 Afghanistan Mohammed Daoud Khan[3]
 Afghanistan Nur Muhammad Taraki[4]
 Afghanistan Hafizullah Amin[5]
 Afghanistan Babrak Karmal[6]
 Afghanistan Mohammad Najibullah[7]
 Afghanistan Mohammed Omar[8]
 Afghanistan Gulbuddin Hekmatyar[9]
 Afghanistan Hamid Karzai[10]
 Albania Enver Hoxha[11]
 Algeria Houari Boumediene[12]
 Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika[13]
 Angola José Eduardo dos Santos[14]
 Argentina Juan Perón[15]
 Argentina Jorge Rafael Videla[16]
 Argentina Leopoldo Galtieri[17]
 Armenia Garegin Nzhdeh[18]
 Armenia Vazgen Sargsyan[19]
 Austria Engelbert Dollfuss[20]
 Austria Kurt Schuschnigg[21]
 Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev[22]
 Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev[23]
 Bangladesh Ziaur Rahman[24]
 Bangladesh Hussain Muhammad Ershad[25]
 Belarus Alexander Lukashenko[26]
 Benin Mathieu Kérékou[27]
 Bolivia Hugo Banzer[28]
 Bolivia Evo Morales[29]
 Brazil Getúlio Vargas[30]
 Bulgaria Georgi Dimitrov[31]
 Bulgaria Todor Zhivkov[32]
 Burkina Faso Blaise Compaoré[33]
 Burma Ne Win[34]
 Burma Saw Maung[35]
 Burma Than Shwe[36]
 Burundi Michel Micombero[37]
 Burundi Jean-Baptiste Bagaza[38]
 Burundi Pierre Buyoya[39]
 Burundi Pierre Nkurunziza[40]
 Cambodia Lon Nol[41]
 Cambodia Pol Pot[42]
 Cambodia Hun Sen[43]
 Cameroon Ahmadou Ahidjo[44]
 Cameroon Paul Biya[45]
 Central African Republic Jean-Bedel Bokassa[46]
 Central African Republic Francois Bozize[47]
 Central African Republic Michel Djotodia[46]
 Chad Hissène Habré[48]
 Chad Idriss Deby[49]
 Chechnya Ramzan Kadyrov[50]
 Chile Augusto Pinochet[51]
 People's Republic of China Mao Zedong[52]
 People's Republic of China Deng Xiaoping[52]
 People's Republic of China Xi Jinping[53]
 Republic of China Chiang Kai-shek[54]
 Republic of China Chiang Ching-kuo[55]
 Colombia Gustavo Rojas Pinilla[56]
 Republic of the Congo Denis Sassou-Nguesso[57]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo Laurent-Désiré Kabila[58]
 Croatia Ante Pavelić[59]
 Croatia Franjo Tudjman[60]
 Cuba Gerardo Machado[61]
 Cuba Fulgencio Batista[62]
 Cuba Fidel Castro[63]
 Cuba Raúl Castro[64]
 Czechoslovakia Klement Gottwald[65]
 Czechoslovakia Antonín Novotný[66]
 Czechoslovakia Gustáv Husák[67]
 Djibouti Hassan Gouled Aptidon[68]
 Djibouti Ismaïl Omar Guelleh[69]
 Dominican Republic Rafael Trujillo[70]
 Ecuador José María Velasco Ibarra[71]
 Ecuador Rafael Correa[72]
 Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser[73]
 Egypt Anwar Sadat[74]
 Egypt Hosni Mubarak[75]
 Egypt Abdel Fattah el-Sisi[76]
 El Salvador Maximiliano Hernández Martínez[77]
 England Oliver Cromwell[78]
 Equatorial Guinea Francisco Macías Nguema[79]
 Equatorial Guinea Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo[80]
 Eritrea Isaias Afewerki[81]
 Estonia Konstantin Päts[82]
 Ethiopia Mengistu Haile Mariam[83]
 Ethiopia Meles Zenawi[84]
 Fiji Frank Bainimarama[85]
 Finland Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim[86]
 Finland Urho Kekkonen[87]
 France Napoleon[88]
 France Georges Clemenceau[89]
 France Philippe Pétain[90]
 France Charles de Gaulle[91]
 Gabon Omar Bongo[92]
 Gambia Dawda Jawara[93]
 Gambia Yahya Jammeh[94]
 Georgia Eduard Shevardnadze[95]
 German Empire Otto von Bismarck[96]
 German Empire Erich Ludendorff[97]
 Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler[98]
 East Germany Walter Ulbricht[99]
 East Germany Erich Honecker[100]
 West Germany Konrad Adenauer[101]
 West Germany Helmut Kohl[102]
 Ghana Kwame Nkrumah[103]
 Ghana Jerry John Rawlings[104]
 Greece Eleftherios Venizelos[105]
 Greece Ioannis Metaxas[106]
 Greece Georgios Papadopoulos[107]
 Greece Dimitrios Ioannidis[108]
 Guatemala Jorge Ubico[109]
 Guatemala Manuel Estrada Cabrera[110]
 Guatemala Efraín Ríos Montt[111]
 Guinea Ahmed Sékou Touré[112]
 Guinea Lansana Conté[113]
 Guinea Moussa Dadis Camara[114]
 Guyana Forbes Burnham[115]
 Haiti Paul Magloire[116]
 Haiti Francois Duvalier[117]
 Haiti Jean-Claude Duvalier[118]
 Honduras Tiburcio Carías Andino[119]
 Hungary Miklós Horthy[120]
 Hungary Ferenc Szálasi[82]
 Hungary Mátyás Rákosi[121]
 Hungary János Kádár[122]
 Hungary Viktor Orbán[123]
 India Jawaharlal Nehru[124]
 India Indira Gandhi[125]
 India Narendra Modi[126]
 Indonesia Sukarno[127]
 Indonesia Suharto[128]
 Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi[129]
 Iran Ruhollah Khomeini[130]
 Iraq Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr[131]
 Iraq Saddam Hussein[132]
 Ireland Charles Stewart Parnell[133]
 Ireland Éamon de Valera[134]
 Israel David Ben-Gurion[135]
 Israel Yitzhak Rabin[136]
 Israel Ariel Sharon[137]
 Israel Benjamin Netanyahu[138]
 Italy Francesco Crispi[139]
 Italy Benito Mussolini[140]
 Italy Bettino Craxi[141]
 Italy Silvio Berlusconi[142]
 Ivory Coast Félix Houphouët-Boigny[143]
 Ivory Coast Laurent Gbagbo[144]
 Japan Hideki Tojo[145]
 Japan Shigeru Yoshida[146]
 Japan Nobusuke Kishi[147]
 Japan Eisaku Satō[148]
 Japan Kakuei Tanaka[149]
 Japan Shinzō Abe[150]
 Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev[151]
 Kenya Jomo Kenyatta[152]
 Kenya Daniel Arap Moi[153]
 Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta[154]
 Kyrgyzstan Askar Akayev[155]
 Kyrgyzstan Kurmanbek Bakiyev[156]
 Latvia Kārlis Ulmanis[157]
 Lebanon Bachir Gemayel[158]
 Lebanon Amin Gemayel[159]
 Lebanon Hassan Nasrallah[160]
 Liberia William Tubman[161]
 Liberia Samuel Doe[162]
 Liberia Charles Taylor[163]
 Libya Muammar Gaddafi[164]
 Lithuania Antanas Smetona[82]
 Macedonia Nikola Gruevski[165]
 Madagascar Didier Ratsiraka[166]
 Malawi Hastings Banda[167]
 Malawi Bingu wa Mutharika[168]
 Malaysia Mahathir bin Mohamad[169]
 Maldives Maumoon Abdul Gayoom[170]
 Mali Moussa Traoré[171]
 Mauritania Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya[172]
 Mauritania Ely Ould Mohamed Vall[173]
 Mauritania Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz[174]
 Mexico Antonio López de Santa Anna[175]
 Mexico Porfirio Díaz[176]
 Moldova Vladimir Voronin[177]
 Mongolia Khorloogiin Choibalsan[178]
 Montenegro Milo Đukanović[179]
 Nicaragua Anastasio Somoza García[180]
 Nicaragua Anastasio Somoza Debayle[181]
 Nicaragua Daniel Ortega[182]
 Niger Hamani Diori[183]
 Niger Seyni Kountché[184]
 Nigeria Yakubu Gowon[185]
 Nigeria Olusegun Obasanjo[186]
 Nigeria Ibrahim Babangida[187]
 Nigeria Sani Abacha[188]
 Nigeria Muhammadu Buhari[189]
 North Korea Kim Il-sung[190]
 North Korea Kim Jong-il[191]
 North Korea Kim Jong-un[192]
 North Vietnam Ho Chi Minh[193]
 North Vietnam Lê Duẩn[194]
 Ottoman Empire Ismail Enver Pasha[195]
 Pakistan Ayub Khan[196]
 Pakistan Yahya Khan[197]
 Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto[198]
 Pakistan Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq[199]
 Pakistan Pervez Musharraf[200]
 Palestine Yasser Arafat[201]
 Panama Omar Torrijos[202]
 Panama Manuel Noriega[203]
 Paraguay Francisco Solano López[204]
 Paraguay Alfredo Stroessner[205]
 Peru Juan Velasco Alvarado[206]
 Peru Alberto Fujimori[207]
 Philippines Emilio Aguinaldo[208]
 Philippines Ferdinand Marcos[209]
 Philippines Rodrigo Duterte[210][211]
 Poland Józef Piłsudski[212]
 Poland Bolesław Bierut[213]
 Poland Wojciech Jaruzelski[214]
 Poland Jarosław Kaczyński[215]
 Portugal António de Oliveira Salazar[216]
 Rhodesia Ian Smith[217]
 Romania Ion Antonescu[218]
 Romania Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej[219]
 Romania Nicolae Ceaușescu[220]
 Russia Vladimir Putin[221]
Rwanda Juvénal Habyarimana[222]
Rwanda Théoneste Bagosora[223]
 Rwanda Paul Kagame[224]
 Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor[225]
 Serbia Slobodan Milošević[226]
 Serbia Aleksandar Vučić[227]
 Seychelles France-Albert René[228]
 Sierra Leone Siaka Stevens[229]
 Sierra Leone Foday Sankoh[230]
 Sierra Leone Johnny Paul Koroma[231]
 Singapore Lee Kuan Yew[232]
Slovakia Jozef Tiso[82]
 Slovakia Vladimír Mečiar[233]
 Slovakia Robert Fico[234]
 Somalia Siad Barre[235]
 Somalia Mohamed Farrah Aidid[236]
South Africa Hendrik Verwoerd[237]
South Africa Balthazar Johannes Vorster[238]
South Africa Pieter Willem Botha[239]
South African Republic Paul Kruger[240]
 South Korea Syngman Rhee[241]
 South Korea Park Chung-Hee[242]
 South Korea Chun Doo-Hwan[243]
 South Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem[244]
 South Vietnam Dương Văn Minh[245]
 South Vietnam Nguyen Khanh[246]
 Soviet Union Joseph Stalin[247]
 Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev[248]
 Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev[249]
Spain Spain Miguel Primo de Rivera[250]
 Spain Francisco Franco[251]
 Sri Lanka Mahinda Rajapaksa[252]
 Sudan Gaafar Nimeiry[253]
 Sudan Omar al-Bashir[254]
 Sudan Hassan Al-Turabi[255]
 Suriname Dési Bouterse[256]
 Syria Salah Jadid[257]
 Syria Hafez al-Assad[258]
 Syria Bashar al-Assad[259]
 Tanzania Julius Nyerere
 Tajikistan Emomali Rakhmon[260]
 Thailand Plaek Phibunsongkhram[261]
 Thailand Sarit Thanarat[262]
 Thailand Thanom Kittikachorn[263]
 Thailand Prem Tinsulanonda[264]
 Thailand Thaksin Shinawatra[265]
 Thailand Prayuth Chan-ocha[266]
 Togo Gnassingbé Eyadema[267]
 Turkey Mustafa Kemal Atatürk[268]
 Turkey İsmet İnönü[269]
 Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan[270]
 Turkmenistan Saparmurat Niyazov[271]
 Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov[272]
 Tunisia Zine El Abidine Ben Ali[273]
 Uganda Idi Amin Dada[274]
 Uganda Milton Obote[275]
 Uganda Yoweri Museveni[276]
 Ukraine Leonid Kuchma[277]
 Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych[278]
 Uruguay Juan María Bordaberry[279]
 Uzbekistan Islam Karimov[280]
 Venezuela Antonio Guzmán Blanco[281]
 Venezuela Juan Vincente Gomez[281]
 Venezuela Marcos Pérez Jiménez[281]
 Venezuela Hugo Chávez[282]
 Venezuela Nicolás Maduro[281]
 Yemen Ali Abdullah Saleh[283]
 FR Yugoslavia Slobodan Milošević[284]
 SFR Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito[285]
 Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko[286]
 Zambia Kenneth Kaunda[287]
 Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe[288]

See also

References

  1. ↑ For example: Sinclair, Barbara (1992). "The Emergence of Strong Leadership in the 1980s House of Representatives". The Journal of Politics. 54 (3): 657–684. doi:10.2307/2132306. Retrieved 27 October 2013. An explanation for the emergence of strong leadership is offered and tested. I argue that, during the period under study, the costs and benefits to majority party members of strong leadership changed significantly.
  2. ↑ See for example: Rao, Mumtaz Hamid, ed. (May 2010). "David Cameron takes the reins in UK; Vows strong leadership". Pakistan Times. Islamabad. Pakistan Times UK Bureau. ISSN 1729-7915. Retrieved 27 October 2013. Prime Minister David Cameron has said the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition will be united to give Britain a strong and stable leadership for the long term. [...] 'And it will be an administration united behind one key purpose and that is to give our country the strong and stable and determined leadership that we need for the long term.' [...] New Prime Minister David Cameron unveiled more details of his historic coalition on Wednesday, vowing "strong" government after ending 13 years of Labour rule. [...] New Foreign Secretary William Hague insisted the coalition agreement [...] would stand the test of time. [...] 'It will be a strong government,' said Hague.
  3. ↑ Afghanland.com Afghanistan Mohammad Daud Khan
  4. ↑ Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution
  5. ↑ Sinno, Abdulkader H. (2008). Organizations at War in Afghanistan and Beyond. Cornell University Press. pp. 108. ISBN 0-8014-4618-X.
  6. ↑ World: Moscow's New Stand-in
  7. ↑ The United States and South Asia: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Asia
  8. ↑ Foreign Correspondent: Fifty Years of Reporting South Asia
  9. ↑ Afghanistan's Strongmen . - Google News
  10. ↑ Us Issues Veiled Warning To Afghan Warlords After Karzai Drops Militia
  11. ↑ "Yugoslavia accused Albanian strongman Enver Hoxha Tuesday of trying... - UPI Archives". United Press International. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  12. ↑ "1962 Press Photo Col. Houari Boumedienne, Algeria's military strongman".
  13. ↑ Charlotte Florance Charlotte Florance is a writer and policy advisor based in Amman, Jordan She focuses on entrepreneurship (16 April 2014). "Bouteflika for Now -- But What's Next?".
  14. ↑ "Dos Santos: Angola's shy strongman". Africa Review. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  15. ↑ "Admiral Emilio Massera obituary". The Guardian. 10 November 2010.
  16. ↑ Koch, Marc (18 May 2013). "Argentina′s ′dirty war′ dictator dies in prison". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  17. ↑ "Argentina's former strongman Galtieri dies". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 12 January 2003.
  18. ↑ "ARMENIA AND KARABAGH" (PDF). 1991. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
  19. ↑ Corley, Felix (29 October 1999). "Vazgen Sarkissian". The Independent. Archived from the original on 16 June 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
  20. ↑ Domenico, R.P. (2002). Remaking Italy in the Twentieth Century. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 66. ISBN 9781461666134. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  21. ↑ "Times Daily - Google News Archive Search". Google News. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  22. ↑ Antelava, Natalia (1 November 2005). "Dead leader still influences Azeris". BBC News.
  23. ↑ "Azerbaijan's Aliyev Set to Cement Power in Widely Boycotted Vote". Voice of America. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  24. ↑ John Pike. "Ziaur Rahman, 1975-81". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  25. ↑ Was Hussain Muhammad Ershad the greatest Head of State Bangladesh ever had?
  26. ↑ Christopher Harress (31 January 2015). "Scared By Ukraine War, Belarus Strongman Lukashenko Mulls Ditching Russia". International Business Times.
  27. ↑ Comeback for strongman
  28. ↑ "Paz Wins Presidency in Bolivia". Los Angeles Times. 5 August 1985.
  29. ↑ The Rise of Ethnic Politics in Latin America
  30. ↑ Penn, J.R. (2001). Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. p. 9. ISBN 9781576070420. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  31. ↑ Segel, Harold B. (2012). The Walls Behind the Curtain: East European Prison Literature, 1945-1990. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 78. ISBN 0822978024.[ ]
  32. ↑ "Bulgarian Strongman Todor Zhivkov Dies". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  33. ↑ "Exiled strongman: The tricky legacy of Blaise Compaoré".
  34. ↑ "General Ne Win". Obituaries. The Guardian. 6 December 2002.
  35. ↑ Portrait of Burmese military strongman General Saw Maung
  36. ↑ Cotterell, Arthur (2014). A History of South East Asia. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte. p. 304. ISBN 978-981-4634-70-0.
  37. ↑ Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (21 September 2010). "Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes]: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices". ABC-CLIO – via Google Books.
  38. ↑ "Despite Strongman's Vow, Burundi Strife Grows". The New York Times. 19 September 1996.
  39. ↑ McKinley Jr, James C. (19 September 1996). "Despite Strongman's Vow, Burundi Strife Grows". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
  40. ↑ "EU set to invite Burundi for peace talks in Brussels - The London Evening Post".
  41. ↑ Dictionary of Genocide
  42. ↑ "Pol Pot". Los Angeles Times. 30 October 1997.
  43. ↑ "Cambodia strongman gives election pledge". BBC News. 29 April 1998. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  44. ↑ Ahmadou Ahidjo strongman
  45. ↑ Tumanjong, Emmanuel (8 October 2011). "Cameroon's longtime strongman seeks another term". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  46. 1 2 "C.Africa strongman vows to hand over in 3years - Capital News". capitalfm.co.ke. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  47. ↑ Todd Pitman. "Central African Republic strongman faces vote". Deseret News. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  48. ↑ "Africa's trial: Former Chadian strongman Hissène Habré in the dock (part 1)". France 24. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  49. ↑ chad-votes-as-strongman-deby-seeks-fifth-term-in-office
  50. ↑ Parfitt, Tom (21 May 2013). "Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov welcomes Gerard Depardieu and Elizabeth Hurley to Grozny". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  51. ↑ "People's Daily Online – Pinochet, long-time strongman in Chile, dies at 91". People's Daily. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  52. 1 2 Xiang, Lanxin (20 April 2012). "Bo Xilai probe shows up China's outdated system of government". South China Morning Post
  53. ↑ "China's new strongman Xi has a dream". The Japan Times. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  54. ↑ "Taiwan tosses Chiang Kai-shek statues to shed authoritarian past". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  55. ↑ Cao, L.; Huang, L.; Sun, I.Y. (2014). Policing in Taiwan: From Authoritarianism to Democracy. Taylor & Francis. p. 20. ISBN 9781135916497. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  56. ↑ "Gen. Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, former leader of Colombia". Google News. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  57. ↑ "As Zimbabwe Goes...". The Nation. 8 April 2002. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  58. ↑ "Practical work in the Congo". 1 September 2000.
  59. ↑ Wachtel, A.B. (2008). The Balkans in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199882731. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  60. ↑ Jelacic, Nerma (14 November 1999). "Croat Strongman Nears Death". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  61. ↑ Figueredo, D.H.; Argote-Freyre, F. (2008). A Brief History of the Caribbean. Facts On File, Incorporated. p. 139. ISBN 9781438108315. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  62. ↑ U.S. GETS A LOOK AT FULGENCIO BATISTA, STRONG MAN OF CUBA. Life magazine. 5. Time Inc. 21 November 1938. p. 20. ISSN 0024-3019.
  63. ↑ "Castro: Clinton-Obama ticket 'invincible'". CNN. 28 August 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  64. ↑ "Obama Meets With Cuban Strongman Raul Castro, Launches New Era of US-Cuba Ties". algemeiner.com. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  65. ↑ "Communist Becomes New Strong Man In Czechoslovakia". Google News. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  66. ↑ "The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search". Google News. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  67. ↑ "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search". Google News. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  68. ↑ FRUD MISADVENTURES - DJIBOUTI - The Indian Ocean Newsletter 10/05/1997
  69. ↑ Djibouti’s strongman president faces strongest cross-examination of his career
  70. ↑ "DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Strongman's Whimsy". Time. 19 January 1953.
  71. ↑ Military Government and the Movement Toward Democracy in South America
  72. ↑ "Tirano Correa". ElColombiano.com. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  73. ↑ "EGYPT: The Big Lie". Time. 18 November 1957.
  74. ↑ "List of books and articles about Anwar Sadat". questia.com. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  75. ↑ Hardy, Roger (11 February 2011). "Middle East after Hosni Mubarak: impact of a revolution". BBC. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  76. ↑ "Gen. Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi: Egypt's new strongman". theweek.com. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  77. ↑ Novels of Testimony and Resistance from Central America
  78. ↑ "Members 1604-1629". History of Parliament Online. 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  79. ↑ 2015-01-20-afcon-festivities-belie-equatorial-guineas-tyrannical-history
  80. ↑ "Equatorial Guinea's strongman lambasts Libya intervention, then attends NTC celebration". Foreign Policy. 21 September 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  81. ↑ "wadanka - The bad boy of the Horn of Africa: How Eritrea's strongman uses Kenya as a terror finance hub". wadanka.com.
  82. 1 2 3 4 Aarebrot, F.H. (2014). The handbook of political change in Eastern Europe. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. p. 26. ISBN 9781781954294. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  83. ↑ "Ethiopia's military strongman Mengistu Haile Mariam steps down and flies to exile in Zimbabwe after fourteen years of brutal rule". South African History Online. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  84. ↑ "Ethiopians mourn strongman ruler Meles, dead at 57". Reuters. 21 August 2012.
  85. ↑ Cocktails and Kava - how some New York diplomacy bought Key to Fiji strongman's table
  86. ↑ Breuer, William B. (2002). Deceptions of World War II. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-09590-7.
  87. ↑ "Retrospective: Short-term govts a regular feature of the 50s and 70s". yle.fi. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  88. ↑ Claus Telp (2005). The Evolution Of Operational Art, 1740–1813: From Frederick The Great To Napoleon. Frank Cass. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-7146-5722-6.
  89. ↑ Papers Past — Dominion — 18 January 1918 — FRANCE'S STRONG MAN
  90. ↑ Stratigakos, Despina (2015). Hitler at Home. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18381-8.
  91. ↑ "Putin's Strongman Model Is Charles de Gaulle". connection.ebscohost.com. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  92. ↑ "'Gabon weeps' for strongman despite lost riches".
  93. ↑ The Postcolonial State in Africa
  94. ↑ "Gambia's President Yahya Jammeh orders end of English as official language". South China Morning Post. 12 March 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  95. ↑ "Prison abuse videos dominate Georgia poll". Financial Times. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  96. ↑ "Blood and iron; origin of German empire as revealed by character of its founder, Bismarck : Greusel, John Hubert, b. 1868 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". archive.org. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  97. ↑ Taylor, F. (2013). The Downfall of Money: Germany's Hyperinflation and the Destruction of the Middle Class. Bloomsbury. p. 311. ISBN 9781408839911. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  98. ↑ Smaldone, William (2010). Confronting Hitler: German Social Democrats in Defense of the Weimar Republic, 1929–1933. Lexington Books. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-7391-3211-1.
  99. ↑ Gilman, S.L. (2003). Jurek Becker: A Life in Five Worlds. University of Chicago Press. p. 59. ISBN 9780226293936. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  100. ↑ Caldwell, Peter C.; Shandley, Robert R. (2011). German Unification: Expectations and Outcomes. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-230-33795-4.
  101. ↑ "Adenauer Gains Strong Man Role". Toledo Blade. 13 September 1949. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
  102. ↑ Chancellor Helmut Kohl of Germany, the strongman of Europe
  103. ↑ Nkrumah Out Of Country Ghana Strongman Ousted Bodyguard Fighting Rebels
  104. ↑ Mawuko-Yevugah, Lord (1 June 2013). "African Time: Essays on Contemporary Politics and Governance". AuthorHouse – via Google Books.
  105. ↑ "GREECE: Land of Invasion". Time (Subscription required.). Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  106. ↑ "Profile: Greece's far-right Golden Dawn party - BBC News". BBC. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  107. ↑ Steen, Gonda A.H. Van (2000). Venom in Verse: Aristophanes in Modern Greece. Princeton University Press. p. 181. ISBN 1-4008-2375-7.
  108. ↑ R. Craig Nation (edited by Stephen J.Blank) (1999). Venom in Verse: Aristophanes in Modern Greece. DIANE Publishing. p. 295. ISBN 1428912320.
  109. ↑ On the Trail of the Maya Explorer
  110. ↑ The Intelligence War in Latin America, 1914-1922
  111. ↑ Ex-Guatemala strongman's genocide trial begins after 30 years Efrain Rios Montt accused of genocide, crimes against humanity
  112. ↑
  113. ↑ A bad sequel plays out in Guinea
  114. ↑ Moussa Dadis Camara | Getty Images
  115. ↑ George K. Danns (1 January 1982). Domination and Power in Guyana: A Study of the Police in a Third World Context. Transaction Publishers. pp. 141–. ISBN 978-1-4128-2190-2.
  116. ↑ Trouillot, M.R. (1990). Haiti: State Against Nation. Monthly Review Press. p. 135. ISBN 9780853457565. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  117. ↑ Senauth, F. (2011). The Making and the Destruction of Haiti. AuthorHouse. p. 32. ISBN 9781456753832. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  118. ↑ "COLUMN ONE : The Sorry Exile of Baby Doc : Haiti's previous dictator, Jean-Claude Duvalier, fled to France in 1986, supposedly with $120 million. Now he lives in near-poverty--a cautionary figure for his nation's military leaders.". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  119. ↑ Honduras Country Study Guide. International Business Publications. 2003. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-7397-9525-5.
  120. ↑ Tucker, S.C. (2014). World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. p. 863. ISBN 9781851099658. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  121. ↑ "The Milwaukee Journal - Google News Archive Search". Google News. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  122. ↑ "Fall of the wall". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  123. ↑ Stephan Faris (22 January 2015). "Power Hungary: Viktor Orban, Europe's New Strongman - Bloomberg Business". Bloomberg L.P.
  124. ↑
  125. ↑ Linda Charlton (1 November 1984). "Assassination in India: A Leader of Will and Force; Indira Gandhi, Born to Politics, Left Her Own Imprint on India - New York Times". The New York Times.
  126. ↑ "India's strongman". The Economist. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  127. ↑ Inc, Time (1965). Life. Time. p. 76. ISSN 0024-3019.
  128. ↑ Tadjoeddin, Mohammad Zulfan (2014). Explaining Collective Violence in Contemporary Indonesia: From Conflict to Cooperation. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-137-27064-1.
  129. ↑ Lawrence A. Peskin, Edmund F. Wehrle (2011). America and the World: Culture, Commerce, Conflict. JHU Press. p. 236. ISBN 9781421402963. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  130. ↑ Rhode, H. (2010). The Sources of Iranian Negotiating Behavior. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, Institute for Contemporary Affairs. p. 7. ISBN 9789652180896. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  131. ↑ Reviews Of Jawad Hashim's Book
  132. ↑ Anderson, Dale (2004). Saddam Hussein. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-8225-5005-1.
  133. ↑ Charles Stewart Parnell blue plaque in Steyning
  134. ↑ Éamon de Valera by Ronan Fanning
  135. ↑ Shindler, C. (2013). A History of Modern Israel. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 9781107311213. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  136. ↑ Karsh, Efraim (5 November 2013). "From Rabin to Netanyahu: Israel's Troubled Agenda". Routledge – via Google Books.
  137. ↑ "Ariel Sharon: Israel's Soldier and Strongman, 1928-2014". Time. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  138. ↑ Jeffrey Heller. "Netanyahu's strongman image boosts ratings, countering U.S. rift". Reuters. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  139. ↑ "IL PRIMO GOVERNO CRISPI (1887-1891)". homolaicus.com. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  140. ↑ Fleischman, Stephen (2007). Short Jabs to the Head: Snapshots of History 2005–2007. iUniverse. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-595-46445-6.
  141. ↑ "Ecco le cinque ragioni per cui Bettino Craxi piacque ai missini". Il Secolo d'Italia. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  142. ↑ "Donald Trump is America's Silvio Berlusconi". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  143. ↑ Ph.D, Toyin Falola; Jean-Jacques, Daniel (14 December 2015). "Africa: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society". ABC-CLIO – via Google Books.
  144. ↑ "Former Ivory Coast strongman Laurent Gbagbo makes history at ICC".
  145. ↑ Henderson, H.E. (2001). The Greatest Blunders of World War II. AuthorHouse. p. 634. ISBN 9780595162673. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  146. ↑ Traditional Power In Japan Slipping From Hidden Men . - Google News
  147. ↑ Year Zero: A History of 1945
  148. ↑ Sato Dead At .Age .74 .
  149. ↑ Japan in the 21st Century: Environment, Economy, and Society
  150. ↑ THE ASIAN VOICE An era of the strongman: The Daily Star columnist
  151. ↑ "75th birthday of Kazakhstan strongman raises questions on country's future". Reuters. 4 July 2015.
  152. ↑ "Economic Freedom: Country Studies - Kenya - Democracy Web".
  153. ↑ Phombeah, Gray (5 August 2002). "Moi's legacy to Kenya". BBC News. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  154. ↑ https://kwezitabaro.wordpress.com/2014/12/03/uhuru-kenyatta-east-africas-next-strongman/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  155. ↑ Another domino for the pope
  156. ↑ "Kyrgyzstan votes in historic national election". arkansasonline.com. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  157. ↑ "Soviet Russia's Persecution of Latvia, 1918 to the Present". ihr.org. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  158. ↑ Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947
  159. ↑ Amin Gemayel Says His Family's History 'Runs Parallel To Lebanon's' | WRMEA
  160. ↑ "Hassan Nasrallah". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  161. ↑ "Africa's First President for Life Turns 120: The bequests of Liberia's William Tubman - Daily Maverick".
  162. ↑ "1990: Samuel K. Doe". 9 September 2008.
  163. ↑ "US lifts sanctions against jailed Liberian strongman Taylor".
  164. ↑ "The Wall Street Journal Online – Featured Article". Opinionjournal.com. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  165. ↑ "Strongman Nikola Gruevski blamed for Macedonia's ills".
  166. ↑ The Rough Guide to Madagascar
  167. ↑ "Hastings Banda".
  168. ↑
  169. ↑ "Malaysia crisis | Profile: Malaysia's strongman Mahathir". BBC News. 10 November 1999. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  170. ↑ Maumoon Abdul Gayoom - Web - Search the Now: Waazon
  171. ↑ "Moussa Traoré".
  172. ↑ Ould Taya wins election, but still faces growing discontent
  173. ↑ Mauritania's military strong man Ely Ould Mohamed Vall, now in control of the country poses in the 'Palais de la Republique' during an audience.
  174. ↑ Mauritania's President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz: The strongman who took on Al-Qaeda
  175. ↑ Rosales, F.A. Chicano! The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement. Arte Publico Press. p. 3. ISBN 9781611920949. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  176. ↑ Mexican strongman's descendants want to bring his body home
  177. ↑ "Moldova strongman Voronin resigns". 11 September 2009.
  178. ↑ "WHKMLA : History of Mongolia, 1924-1945".
  179. ↑ "Djukanovic Named 'Criminal of the Year' in Poll :: Balkan Insight".
  180. ↑ "Daughter of former Nicaraguan strongman dies in Washington". The Miami Herald. 17 May 2003.
  181. ↑ Fleming, T. (2003). A Bat Man in the Tropics: Chasing El Duende. University of California Press. p. 133. ISBN 9780520929487. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  182. ↑ "Nicaraguan junta strongman Daniel Ortega announced a massive confiscation... - UPI Archives". United Press International. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  183. ↑ Helped found the PPN with future Niger strongman and President Hamani Diori
  184. ↑ Dictionary of Niger
  185. ↑ "Gowon: Indiscretions of a leader".
  186. ↑ "Former Nigerian president Olosegun Obasa Pictures - Getty Images".
  187. ↑ "Nigeria: Ambassador Cohen's Take on Babangida, Corruption, Oil Money".
  188. ↑ "Abacha dies at 54". 8 June 1998 – via bbc.co.uk.
  189. ↑ AFP, Reuters,. "'Strongman' for Nigeria".
  190. ↑ Perret, Geoffrey (2008). Commander in Chief: How Truman, Johnson, and Bush Turned a Presidential Power into a Threat to America's Future. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-4299-2308-8.
  191. ↑ "Is North Korean dictator Kim Jong Il ready to trade away his growing nuclear arsenal, or is he just playing for time? – US News and World Report". Usnews.com. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  192. ↑ "Kim Jong Un Crowned As Party Leader At North Korean Congress".
  193. ↑ Gann, Lewis H.; Duignan, Peter. World War II and the beginning of the Cold War. Hoover Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8179-3773-7.
  194. ↑ Nui An Song Tra - DỊCH CHUYỂN QUYỀN LỰC TRONG
  195. ↑ Demant, P.R. (2006). Islam Vs. Islamism: The Dilemma of the Muslim World. Praeger. p. 25. ISBN 9780275990787. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  196. ↑ "The Virgin Islands Daily News - Google News Archive Search | Discontent Seen Erupting Against Strongman Ayub". Google News. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  197. ↑ Wang, J.C.F. (1994). Comparative Asian Politics: Power, Policy, and Change. Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780131554580. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  198. ↑
  199. ↑ Mills, N. (2007). Karzai: The Failing American Intervention and the Struggle for Afghanistan. Wiley. p. 62. ISBN 9780470134009. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  200. ↑ William Mervin Gumede (2007). Thabo Mbeki and the Battle for the Soul of the ANC. Zebra. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-77007-099-8.
  201. ↑ Ajagu, A. (2013). Building A Virile Nation: ...The Private Sector Perspective. AuthorHouse UK. p. 467. ISBN 9781481780674. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  202. ↑ "Panama Leader Killed in Crash in Bad Weather". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  203. ↑ "Manuel Noriega Biography". Notablebiographies.com. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  204. ↑ Spencer C. Tucker (23 December 2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. p. 1442. ISBN 9781851096725. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  205. ↑ "Obituary: Alfredo Stroessner". BBC News. 16 August 2006.
  206. ↑ Buckman, R.T. (2013). Latin America 2013. Stryker Post. p. 354. ISBN 9781475804812. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  207. ↑ "An elected strongman brought to book". The Economist. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  208. ↑ Hedman, Eva-Lotta; Sidel, John (2005). Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth Century: Colonial Legacies, Post-Colonial Trajectories. Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-134-75421-2.
  209. ↑ "Ferdinand Marcos". multied.com.
  210. ↑ Richard Javad Heydarian (26 May 2016). "Duterte, the Filipino Strongman". Foreign Affairs. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  211. ↑ David Iaconangelo (23 August 2016). "What's behind Filipino strongman Duterte's popularity?". The Christian Science Monitor. Boston. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  212. ↑ Elster, Jon (1996). The Roundtable Talks and the Breakdown of Communism. University of Chicago Press. p. 13. ISBN 0226206289.
  213. ↑ Cold War Europe: The Politics of a Contested Continent
  214. ↑ Lutz, Ellen L.; Reiger, Caitlin (2009). Prosecuting Heads of State. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-521-49109-9.
  215. ↑ "'Vindictive' Polish leaders using new war museum to rewrite history, says academic". The Guardian. 24 April 2016.
  216. ↑ Bilefsky, Dan (23 July 2007). "Nostalgia for António de Oliveira Salazar divides the Portuguese". The New York Times.
  217. ↑ Ian Smith Under Fire For Criticizing
  218. ↑ Ford, Franklin L. (1985). Political Murder: From Tyrannicide to Terrorism. Harvard University Press. p. 274. ISBN 0674686365.
  219. ↑ LIFE. Time. p. 125. ISSN 0024-3019. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  220. ↑ "Europe - Twenty years after fall, ghost of Ceausescu's gov't still haunts Romanians". France 24.
  221. ↑ Angus Roxburgh (2012). The Strongman: Vladimir Putin and the Struggle for Russia. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78076-016-2.
  222. ↑ Encyclopedia of Human Rights
  223. ↑ Conflict and Peacebuilding in the African Great Lakes Region
  224. ↑ "Profile: Rwanda's strongman". BBC News. 25 January 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  225. ↑ The Mind Of The African Strongman
  226. ↑ "Milosevic: Serbia's fallen strongman". BBC News. 30 March 2001.
  227. ↑ "Serbia champions new pro-European strongman". Financial Times. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  228. ↑ Albert Rene's Legacy: President Albert Rene, the Left-Leaning Strong Man Who Has Ruled the Indian Ocean Island State of Seychelles for 27 Years Is about to Step Down. What Has Been His Economic and Social Legacy. Fletcher Erwood and Sassi Latrach Report from the 'Paradise Islands'
  229. ↑ "Late President Siaka Stevens's Aid blasts APC for ungratefulness - Standard Times Press".
  230. ↑ Asuzu, Okechukwu Jones (1 August 2005). "The Politics of Being Nigerian". Lulu.com – via Google Books.
  231. ↑ Photo: Former APC strongman and military junta leader – Johnny Paul Koroma still wanted by the ICC
  232. ↑ "The Strongman of Singapore". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  233. ↑ Krushelnycky, Askold (20 September 2002). "Slovak strongman stares election defeat in the face". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  234. ↑ "Slovakia's Strongman Heading for a Defeat? | Cato @ Liberty". cato.org. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  235. ↑ "Mohamed Siad Barre, Schema-Root news".
  236. ↑ "Articles about Mohammed Farah Aidid - latimes".
  237. ↑ "Jewish Post 1 November 1963 — Hoosier State Chronicles: Indiana's Digital Historic Newspaper Program". newspapers.library.in.gov. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  238. ↑ "Sarasota Journal - Google News Archive Search | South Africa Selects New Strong Man". Google News. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  239. ↑ "SOUTH AFRICA: FORMER APARTHEID STRONGMAN P.W. BOTHA FOUND GUILTY OF CONTEMPT FOR FLOUTING SOUTH AFRICA'S TRUTH COMMISSION". itnsource.com. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  240. ↑ "Orania leader true racists love to hate". iol.za. 27 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  241. ↑ "Strongman Syngman". Time. 30 June 1952. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  242. ↑ Sang-Hun, Choe (20 August 2012). "Ex-Dictator's Daughter Nominated for South Korean Presidency". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  243. ↑ "South Korea goes after the fortune of Chun Doo-hwan, its last military strongman". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  244. ↑ Gunn, Geoffrey C. (2014). Rice Wars in Colonial Vietnam: The Great Famine and the Viet Minh Road to Power. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-4422-2303-5.
  245. ↑ Henry R. Luce, Time, and the American Crusade in Asia
  246. ↑ 1964 Press Photo Viet Nam's Strongman Major General Nguyen Khanh Takes A Dip
  247. ↑ "Russia: The Quick & the Dead". Time. 2 April 1956. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  248. ↑ "Amazon.com: Russian Legends: The Life and Legacy of Nikita Khrushchev eBook: Charles River Editors: Kindle Store". web.archive.org. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  249. ↑ Bakshi, G.D. (2002). Afghanistan: The First Faultline War. Lancer. p. 50. ISBN 9788170622208. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  250. ↑ Tucker, S.C. (2013). Encyclopedia of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: A New Era of Modern Warfare: A New Era of Modern Warfare. ABC-CLIO. p. 43. ISBN 9781610692809. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  251. ↑ Joy Hakim (2002). War, Peace, and All That Jazz. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-19-515335-4.
  252. ↑ "Former Sri Lankan strongman Rajapaksa aims for a political comeback - LA Times". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  253. ↑ Strongman of the Sudan Gaafar al‐Nimeiry
  254. ↑ http://www.freedomhouse.org/article/freedom-house-condemns-sudanese-government%E2%80%99s-killing-12-during-protests
  255. ↑ Gilani & Sudan: The Turabi Connection
  256. ↑ "Suriname: The Dictator Who Came In From The Cold". Time. 12 August 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  257. ↑ Moubayed, Sami M. (2006). Steel and Silk. Cune Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-885942-41-8.
  258. ↑ Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla (2008). The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History [4 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-85109-842-2.
  259. ↑ Totten, Michael J. (2013). The Road to Fatima Gate: The Beirut Spring, the Rise of Hezbollah, and the Iranian War Against Israel. Encounter Books. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-59403-655-2.
  260. ↑ "Strongmen standing together". The Economist. 11 November 2013.
  261. ↑ Fineman, D. (1997). A Special Relationship: The United States and Military Government in Thailand, 1947-1958. University of Hawaii Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780824818180. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  262. ↑ Warr, P.G.; Nidhiprabha, B. (1996). Thailand's Macroeconomic Miracle: Stable Adjustment and Sustained Growth. World Bank. p. 13. ISBN 9780821326541. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  263. ↑ "Former Thai strongman, booted out in 1973, dies". Taipei Times. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  264. ↑ Stamatopoulos, S. (2015). The Ultimate Travel Guide to Thailand: The Most Exotic Destination in South-East Asia. Stamatis Stamatopoulos. ISBN 9781628902839. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  265. ↑ Crime and Corruption in New Democracies: The Politics of (In)Security
  266. ↑ "The Strongman of Siam". Foreign Policy. 21 May 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  267. ↑ "Togo holds state funeral for strongman Gnassingbe Eyadema". 13 March 2005.
  268. ↑ "Quezon and Ataturk: a study of strongman rule". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  269. ↑ "Daytona Beach Sunday News-Journal - Google News Archive Search". Google.
  270. ↑ Editorial Board (3 June 2013). "Prime Minister Erdogan's strongman response to Turkey's protests". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  271. ↑ "Turkmenistan ex-leader Niyazov's golden statue toppled". BBC News. 26 August 2010.
  272. ↑ "Turkmenistan Strongman Erects First Gold Statue to Himself". EurasiaNet.org. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  273. ↑ "Ousted Tunisian strongman convicted of corruption charges - CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  274. ↑ "Idi Amin seeks kidney donor". BBC News. 14 August 2003. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  275. ↑ "Milton Obote Dies at 80; Strongman in Uganda, Twice Overthrown". The New York Times. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  276. ↑ Lorch, Donatella (29 January 1995). "Uganda Strongman a Favorite of World Lenders". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  277. ↑ "Two Viktors, only one victor". The Economist. Retrieved 14 May 2016 – via web.archive.org.
  278. ↑ "Viktor Yanukovych: can the great survivor of Ukraine politics hang on?". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  279. ↑ "Uruguay High Court Declares Amnesty Law Unconstitutional". Latin American Herald Tribune. n.d. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  280. ↑ "Uzbek strongman re-elected in landslide victory". Financial Times. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  281. 1 2 3 4 Davis, Charles L. (2015). Working-Class Mobilization and Political Control: Venezuela and Mexico. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 42. ISBN 978-0-8131-6280-5.
  282. ↑ Delacour, Justin. "The Op-Ed Assassination of Hugo Chávez". Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  283. ↑ "Yemen ex-strongman Saleh amassed up to $60 billion: UN".
  284. ↑ Judah, Tim (30 March 2001). "Milosevic: Serbia's fallen strongman". BBC News.
  285. ↑ Leonard, Thomas M. (2013). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Taylor & Francis. p. 1418. ISBN 978-1-135-20515-7.
  286. ↑ Daniszewski, John; Simmons, Ann M. (8 September 1997). "Ex-Dictator Mobutu Dies In Exile -- Brutal Strongman Became Rich As Zaire Descended Into Poverty". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  287. ↑ "TM-EX Newsletter: TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION EX-MEMBERS SUPPORT GROUP". Meditation Information Network. Fall 1991. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  288. ↑ Graham K. Brown; Arnim Langer (2013). Elgar Handbook of Civil War and Fragile States. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 387. ISBN 978-1-84844-842-1.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 12/5/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.