Sultan of Pahang

Sultan of Pahang
Provincial/State
Arms of His Royal Highness the Sultan of Pahang
Incumbent
Ahmad Shah
Details
Style	His Royal Highness
Heir apparent	Tengku Abdullah
First monarch	Muhammad Shah
Formation	1470

Sultan of Pahang is the title of the constitutional head of Pahang, Malaysia. The current sultan is Ahmad Shah. He is the Head of the Islam in the state and the source of all titles, honours and dignities in the state.

History

After the Srivijaya empire collapsed, around the 1000, Pahang was claimed first by Majapahit, Siam, and then by Sultanate of Malacca. Pahang was fought over by the Portuguese, the Dutch, Johor, and Aceh for most of the 16th century. During this time, its population was mostly killed or enslaved, its rulers murdered and its economy ruined.

After the decline of Aceh in the mid-17th century, Pahang came under the rule of Johor. However, Sultans of Pahang, descended from the Malacca and the Bendahara Johor royal dynasties, have ruled the state almost continuously from 1470, and gradually recovered a great degree of autonomy.

As the Johor Empire was falling apart with the loss of the Riau-Lingga territories, Temenggung Ibrahim of Johor understood this situation and quickly signed a treaty with Bendahara Tun Mutahir of Pahang in 1861.^[1] The treaty recognizes the territories of Johor (mainland), the Temenggung and his descendent's right to rule it, mutual protection and mutual recognitions of Pahang and Johor. With the signing of this treaty, the remnants of the Empire became 2 independent states, Johor and Pahang.

From 1858 to 1863, Pahang was fought over in a civil war between the two sons of the reigning Bendahara of Pahang. The war ended when Wan Ahmad was proclaimed the new sultan in 1887, but his role from that point onward was largely ceremonial, as the British forced him to sign a treaty bringing the country under control of a British Resident.

List of rulers

House of Melaka

Sultan of Pahang

1. 1470-1475: Muhammad Shah
2. 1475-1497: Ahmad Shah
3. 1495-1512: Abdul Jamil Shah reign jointly with Mansur Shah I
4. 1495-1519: Mansur Shah I reign jointly with Abdul Jamil Shah
5. 1519-1530: Mahmud Shah
6. 1530-1540: Muzaffar Shah
7. 1540-1555: Zainal Abidin Shah
8. 1555-1560: Mansur Shah II
9. 1560-1575: Abdul Jamal Shah
10. 1575-1590: Abdul Kadir Alauddin Shah
11. 1590-1592: Ahmad Shah II
12. 1592-1614: Abdul Ghafur Muhiuddin Shah
13. 1614-1615: Alauddin Riayat Shah
14. 1615-1617: Abdul Jalil Shah III first time
15. 1617-1623: Interregnum

Sultan of Johor-Pahang-Riau-Lingga (Johor Empire)

From 1623, Pahang was nominally merged with Johor when Johor's Sultan Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah died and Raja Bujang emerged as the new ruler of Johor-Pahang. Installed as Abdul Jalil Riayat Shah III, he reigned until 1677. With the decline of Aceh, Johor-Pahang gradually extend its suzerainty over the Riau-Lingga islands.

1. 1623-1677: Abdul Jalil Shah III
   • 1641-1676: Yamtuan Muda Raja Bajau - heir apparent to the Johor throne who ruled Pahang as separate dominion until his death in 1676.
2. 1677-1685: Ibrahim Shah
3. 1685-1699: Mahmud Shah II

House of Bendahara

Sultan of Johor-Pahang-Riau-Lingga (Johor Empire)

When Mahmud Shah II died in 1699, Bendahara Tun Abdul Jalil became Sultan of Johor-Pahang-Riau-Lingga and assumed the title Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah IV. His appointment was accepted by Johor chiefs based on an understanding that the Bendahara would succeed to the throne if the Sultan died without heirs.

1. 1699-1720: Abdul Jalil Shah IV (Bendahara Tun Abdul Jalil)
2. 1722-1760: Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah
3. 1760-1761: Abdul Jalil Muazzam Shah
4. 1761-1761: Ahmad Riayat Shah
5. 1761-1770: Mahmud Shah III

Raja Bendahara of Pahang

By the early 19th century, the Johor-Pahang-Riau-Lingga empire had begun to break up. After 1806, the empire's constituent parts effectively became principalities, and the cultural unity that had hitherto existed between the Malay Peninsula and the islands of Riau-Lingga was gradually destroyed. The signing of Anglo-Dutch Treaty in 1824 further undermined the cohesion of the Johor-Pahang-Riau-Lingga empire and contributed to the emergence of Pahang and Johor as independent states. The Treaty confirmed, among other things, that the islands south of Singapore, including Java and Sumatra, were to remain the preserve of the Dutch, while the Peninsula would be within the British sphere of influence. The Malay Rulers were not consulted about the Treaty, and the Johor-Pahang-Riau-Lingga empire became irrevocably divided when a succession dispute gave rise to two centres of power, one in Riau-Lingga (under Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah, r. 1812-1832) and the other in Johor (under Hussein Shah, r.1819-1835).

From here, the Raja Bendahara of Pahang grew increasingly independent. While Bendahara Tun Ali had acknowledged Abdul Rahman as his overlord, the Anglo-Dutch Treaty confined the Sultan to Riau-Lingga, where he was deemed a vassal of the Dutch, and prevented him from exercising his control over the Malay Peninsula, which had come under the British. Bendahara Tun Ali declared his autonomy from the empire by 1853. He was able to maintain peace and stability during his reign, but his death in 1856 precipitated civil war among his sons, Tun Mutahir and Tun Ahmad, the result of which the formation of modern Pahang Sultanate.

1. 1770-1802: Tun Abdul Majid
2. 1802-1803: Tun Muhammad
3. 1803-1806: Tun Koris
4. 1806-1847: Tun Ali
5. 1847-1863: Tun Mutahir
6. 1863-1881: Tun Ahmad later proclaimed as Sultan^[2]

Sultan of Modern Pahang

1. 1881-1914: Ahmad Muazzam Shah
2. 1914-1917: Mahmud Shah
3. 1917-1932: Abdullah
4. 1932-1974: Abu Bakar
5. 1974–present: Ahmad Shah

Family tree

Rulers of Pahang from both the Melaka and the Bendahara dynasties, belong to the principal royal house of Malay world that claimed descent from the legendary founder of Singapura, Sang Nila Utama. The Melaka branch originated from Melaka Sultanate (1400-1511) had close marriage relationship with the Bendahara branch that traditionally hold the position of Bendahara since the time of Singapura. Sang Nila Utama's cognatic descendants have historically reigned in Melaka, Aceh and Pattani, and also have been reigning in Pahang, Johor, Perak and Terengganu until today.

The honorific Malay title "Tun" in this tree is hereditary (ambilineal) and strictly for nobility of Bendahara family. It differs from modern usage that awarded to commoners. "♀Putri" ('princess') is used for a female descendant with unidentified name.

  A Monarch   Raja Bendahara of Pahang

Sri Tri Buana Singapura r. 1299-1347

Tun Perpatih Pramuka Berjajar Bendahara of Singapura

Sri Wikrama Wira Singapura r. 1347-1362

Sri Rana Wikrama Singapura r. 1362-1375

Tun Perpatih Tulus Bendahara of Singapura - Melaka

Tun Perpatih Besar Sri Nara Diraja

Sri Maharaja Singapura r. 1375-1389

Iskandar Shah Singapura r. 1389-1398 Melaka r. 1400-1414

Mani Purindan

♀Tun Ratna Sendari

Megat Iskandar Shah Melaka r. 1414-1424

Tun Ali Bendahara of Melaka V

♀Tun Ratna Wati

Muhammad Shah Melaka r. 1424-1444

Tun Perpatih Pramuka Berjajar II Bendahara of Melaka II

Abu Syahid Shah Melaka r. 1444-1446

Tun Tahir

Tun Mutahir Bendahara of Melaka VIII

Seri Amar Diraja Bendahara of Melaka III

♀Tun Sadah

♀Raja Mahadewi

Ibrahim Siak

Tun Perpatih Sedang Bendahara of Melaka IV

Muzaffar Shah Melaka r. 1446-1459

Dewa Sura Pahang

Khoja Ahmad Siak

Tun Perak Bendahara of Melaka VI

Tun Perpatih Putih Bendahara of Melaka VII

♀Putri

Mansur Shah Melaka r. 1456-1477

♀Putri Wanang Seri Lela Wangsa

Tun Pikrama

Tun Tepok Bendahara of Melaka IX

Alauddin Riayat Shah Melaka r. 1477-1488

Ahmad Shah r. 1475-1497^(2)

Muhammad Shah r. 1470-1475^(1)

Tun Khoja Ahmad Bendahara of Johor I

Mahmud Shah Melaka r. 1488-1511

Mansur Shah I r. 1512-1519^(4)

♀Raja Putri Olah

Mahmud Shah r. 1519-1530^(5)

Abdul Jamil Shah r. 1495-1512^(3)

Muzaffar Shah I Perak r. 1528-1549

Alauddin Riayat Shah II Johor r. 1528-1564

Muzaffar Shah r. 1530-1540^(6)

Tun Isap Barakah

Mansur Shah I Perak r. 1549-1577

♀Raja Putri Dewi

Zainal Abidin Shah r. 1540-1555^(7)

♀Tun Kamala

Muzaffar Shah II Johor r. 1564-1570

♀Raja Fatimah

Mansur Shah II r. 1555-1560^(8)

Abdul Jamal Shah r. 1560-1575^(9)

♀Raja Putih

Raja Asif Siak

Tun Mahmud Bendahara of Johor III

♀Putri

♀Raja Kemala Dewi

Raja Ahmad of Terengganu

Abdul Kadir Alauddin Shah r. 1575-1590^(10)

Tun Isap Misai Bendahara of Johor IV

Alauddin Mansur Syah Aceh r. 1579-1586

Ahmad Tajuddin Shah Perak r. 1577-1584

Tajul Ariffin Shah Perak r. 1584-1594

♀Putri

A Sultan of Aceh

Tun Ahmad

Mukaddam Shah Perak r. 1603-1619

Mahmud Shah Perak r. 1627-1630

Raja Inu

♀Raja Putri Zohra Putri of Saiful Rijal of Brunei

Abdul Ghafur Muhiuddin Shah r. 1592-1614^(12)

♀Ratu Ungu Pattani r. 1624-1635

Sallehuddin Shah Perak r. 1630-1635

♀Putri

Raja Abdullah

Alauddin Riayat Shah r. 1614-1615^(13)

♀Ratu Kuning Pattani r. 1635-1688

Tun Sri Lanang Bendahara of Johor V

♀Putri

Abdullah ibn Shaykh al-Aydarus

Alauddin Shah Perak r. 1594-1603

Mansur Shah II Perak r. 1619-1627

Tun Jenal Bendahara of Johor VII

Ali Jalla Abdul Jalil Shah II Johor r. 1571-1597

♀Putri of Saiful Rijal of Brunei

Ahmad Shah II r. 1590-1592^(11)

♀Putri Bongsu Chandra Dewi

Raja Mahmud Siak

♀Tun Kaishi

Sayyid Zainal Abidin a.k.a Tun Dagang

Abdul Jalil Shah I Johor r. 1570-1571

Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah Johor r. 1615-1623

♀Raja Putri Kamarliah

Iskandar Thani Aceh r. 1610-1641

Alauddin Riayat Shah III Johor r. 1597-1615

Tun Muhammad Ali

Abdul Jalil Shah III Pahang r. 1615-1617^(14) Johor-Pahang r. 1623-1677^(15)

Raja Bajau Yamtuan Muda of Pahang r. 1641–1676^(16)

♀Raja Putri Fatima Puteh

Muzaffar Shah II Perak r. 1636-1654

Sayyid Jaafar Raja Temenggung of Muar

Tun Habib Abdul Majid Bendahara of Johor XII

Ibrahim Shah Johor-Pahang r. 1677-1685^(17)

Mahmud Iskandar Shah Perak r. 1654-1720

Raja Mansur

♀Putri Bakal

Mahmud Shah II Johor-Pahang r. 1685-1699^(18)

Alauddin Mughayat Shah Perak r. 1720-1728

Muzaffar Shah III Perak r. 1728-1752

Muhammad Shah Perak r. 1744-1750

Zainal Abidin I Terengganu r. 1725-1733

Tun Abdullah Bendahara of Johor XV

Tun Mas Anum Bendahara of Johor XIV

Abdul Jalil Shah IV Bendahara of Johor XIII 1697-1699 Sultan of Johor r. 1699-1718

Iskandar Zulkarnain Shah Perak r. 1752-1765

Mahmud Shah Perak r. 1765-1773

Ahmaddin Shah Perak r. 1786-1806

Alauddin Mansur Shah Perak r. 1773-1786

Mansur Riayat Shah Terengganu r. 1733-1793

Tun Abbas Bendahara of Johor XVII 1722-1736

Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah Johor r. 1722-1760

Raja Syed Hitam of Siak

♀Raja Mandak

Raja Inu Muhammad Saleh

Raja Abdul Rahman

Tengku Muhammad

Zainal Abidin II Terengganu r. 1793-1808

Abdul Jalil Muazzam Shah Johor r. 1760-1761

Ismail Mua'bidin Riayat Shah Perak r. 1871-1874

Shahbuddin Riayat Shah Perak r. 1830-1851

Abdullah Muhammad Shah Perak r. 1851-1857

Abdul Rahman Shah Terengganu r. 1830-1831

Mansur Shah II Terengganu r. 1831-1836

Ahmad Riayat Shah Johor 1761-1761

Mahmud Shah III Johor 1761-1812

Ali Al-Mukammal Inayat Shah Perak r. 1865-1871

Yusuf Sharifuddin Mudzaffar Shah Perak r. 1877-1887

Muhammad Shah Terengganu r. 1836-1839

Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah Johor 1812-1819

Hussein Muazzam Shah Johor 1819-1835

Abdul Malik Mansur Shah Perak r. 1806-1825

Ali Iskandar Shah Johor r. 1835-1855 Sultan of Muar r. 1855-1877

Daeng Parani

Ahmad Shah I Terengganu r. 1808-1830

Tun Hassan Bendahara of Johor XVIII 1736-1770

Tun Abdul Majid Bendahara of Johor XIX Raja Bendahara of Pahang I r. 1770-1802

Tun Abdul Jamal Temenggong of Johor

♀Daeng Maimuna

Tun Koris Bendahara of Johor XXI Raja Bendahara of Pahang III 1803-1806

Tun Muhammad Bendahara of Johor XX Raja Bendahara of Pahang II 1802-1803

Tun Abdul Hamid (Engku Daeng Kechil) Temenggong of Johor

Daud Terengganu r. 1831

Omar Terengganu r. 1839-1876

Tun Ali Bendahara of Johor XXII Raja Bendahara of Pahang IV 1806-1847

Ungku Abdul Rahman Temenggong of Johor

Raja Ahmad

Abdullah Muazzam Shah Perak r. 1825-1830

Ahmad al-Muadzam Shah Raja Bendahara of Pahang VI 1863-1881 Sultan of Pahang r. 1881-1914

Tun Mutahir Bendahara of Johor XXII Raja Bendahara of Pahang V 1847-1863

Tun Daeng Ibrahim Temenggong of Johor

Jaafar Muazzam Shah Perak r. 1857-1865

Raja Alang Iskandar

Raja Musa

Abdullah Muhammad Shah II Perak r. 1874-1876

Idris Murshidul'azzam Shah Perak r. 1887-1916

Tengku Mahmud

Mahmud Shah r. 1914-1917

Abdullah al-Mu'tassim Billah r. 1917-1932

Abu Bakar Temenggong of Johor 1862-1868 Sultan of Johor r. 1868-1886

Abdul Aziz Al-Mu'tasim Billah Shah Perak r. 1938-1948

Iskandar Shah Perak r. 1918-1938

Abdul Jalil Karamatullah Shah Perak r. 1916-1918

Ahmad Muazzam Shah Terengganu r. 1876-1881

Tengku Muhammad

Abu Bakar Riayatuddin Al-Muadzam Shah r. 1932-1974

Ibrahim Johor r. 1895-1959

Idris Iskandar Al-Mutawakkil Alallah Shah Perak r. 1963-1984

Yusuf Izzuddin Shah Perak r. 1948-1963

Zainal Abidin III Muazzam Shah Terengganu r. 1881-1918

♀Tengku Afzan

Ahmad Shah r. 1974-present

Muhammad Muazzam Shah Terengganu r. 1918-1920

Ismail Nasiruddin Shah Terengganu r. 1945-1979

Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah Terengganu r. 1920-1942

Ismail Johor r. 1959-1981

Mahmud Al-Muktafi Billah Shah Terengganu r. 1979-1998

Ali Shah Terengganu r. 1942-1945

Iskandar Johor r. 1981-2010

Azlan Muhibbuddin Shah Perak r. 1984-2014

Mizan Zainal Abidin Terengganu r. 1998-present

Tengku Abdullah

♀Tunku Azizah Aminah Maimunah Iskandariah

Ibrahim Ismail Johor r. 2010-present

♀Raja Zarith Sofia

Nazrin Shah Perak r. 2014-present

See also

• Pahang

References

1. Ahmad Fawzi Basri, Johor 1855-1917 : Pentadbiran dan Perkembangannya, Fajar Bakti, 1988, pages 33-34
2. History of the Sultanate of Pahang, National Archives, mdpekan.gov.my