Susan B. Anthony abortion dispute

Susan B. Anthony image and quoted text, used by Feminists for Life to portray her as "anti-choice". The quote deals with child custody in estate law rather than abortion.[1]

American suffragist Susan B. Anthony's position on abortion has been the subject of a modern-day dispute. Since 1989, pro-life feminists promoted the idea that she was anti-abortion and would support the pro-life side of the modern debate over the issue. However, a number of scholars, pro-choice activists, and journalists have said that this narrative is a case of invented historical revisionism.[2][3]

Background

Susan B. Anthony and her signature

Susan B. Anthony (1820–1906) is widely known for her dedication to three issues: abolition, temperance and women's suffrage. She was raised by abolitionist Quaker parents, later attending Unitarian churches and becoming an agnostic.[4] As a young woman she worked in the temperance movement and as a speaker and organizer for the American Anti-Slavery Society. She is known primarily, however, for her leadership in the women's suffrage movement, a cause to which she devoted most of her life. The Nineteenth Amendment, which guarantees the right of women to vote, was popularly known as the Susan B. Anthony Amendment because of her efforts to achieve its passage.[5] In 1979 she was honored as the first American woman to be represented on U.S. currency, the Susan B. Anthony dollar.[6]

Pro-life feminism separated from the mainstream U.S. feminist movement in the early 1970s.[7] The split was based on disagreement about abortion: the majority of second-wave feminists such as Betty Friedan said that open access to elective abortion was part of the political platform of feminism, but some Catholic and other feminists held that a belief in non-violence meant not killing the unborn child.[7] They believed that the availability of abortion contributed to the devaluing of motherhood.[7] Mainstream feminism's insistence on gender equality and abortion rights was seen by the pro-life feminists as having an undesirable masculinizing influence on womanhood, forcing women to be like men in order to succeed in a society dominated by men.[7]

Several pro-life feminist groups such as Feminists for Life (FFL) (founded in the early 1970s),[7] as well as conservative organizations such as Concerned Women for America (founded in 1979) have used Anthony's words and image extensively to promote the pro-life cause, saying that Anthony was pro-life.[8] Catholic theologian Michael Novak wrote in February 1989 that FFL had "unearthed quotations showing that many of the founders of the feminist movement had grave reservations about abortion."[9] Ann Dexter Gordon, a 30-year scholar of Anthony and the leader of the Rutgers University "Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony Papers Project", says she, too, noticed in 1989 that such assertions were being made about Anthony, and disagreed with these assertions.[10] In 1993, the Susan B. Anthony List (SBA List) was founded; it is a political group with the ultimate goal of ending abortion in the United States by supporting pro-life politicians, especially women.[11] The organization was so named because its founder, Rachel MacNair, who was also the president of FFL, believed that Anthony opposed abortion and had once called it "child-murder".[12]

Arguments

A 2006 article by Allison Stevens for Women's eNews said "a scholarly disagreement ...is growing into a heated skirmish over the famous suffragist's position on reproductive rights."[13] Stevens said pro-choice activists were "outraged over what they say is an unproven claim and concerned that their heroine is being appropriated by a community led by the very people Anthony battled during her lifetime: social conservatives."[13] Nora Bredes, the director of the Susan B. Anthony Center for Women's Leadership at the University of Rochester in New York and a pro-choice Democratic politician, said that she wished to "reclaim" Anthony's legacy.[13] In the anti-alcohol Temperance speech "Social Purity", which Anthony gave repeatedly in the 1870s, she includes "infanticides and abortions" among the examples of "perpetual reminders of men’s incapacity to cope successfully with this monster evil of society," meaning drunkenness which leads to licentiousness.[14] However, Anthony scholars Lynn Sherr and Ann Gordon contend that Anthony expressed her disapproval of an abortion only once, privately in a diary entry which is open to other interpretations, and that she did not publicly or politically work against abortion.[3][15]

A week after the Stevens article appeared, author and columnist Stacy Schiff wrote, "There is no question that [Anthony] deplored the practice of abortion, as did every one of her colleagues in the suffrage movement",[16] but Schiff criticized the practice of using "history plucked from both text and time" to create "Anthony the pro-lifer".[16] Schiff said that abortion in the 19th century, unlike today, was a very dangerous and unpredictable procedure.[17] She concluded, "The bottom line is that we cannot possibly know what Anthony would make of today’s debate" over the abortion issue, because "the terms do not translate".[16]

In answer to the position that Anthony was pro-life, Gordon wrote that "she never voiced an opinion about the sanctity of fetal life ... and she never voiced an opinion about using the power of the state to require that pregnancies be brought to term."[8][13] Gloria Feldt, a former head of Planned Parenthood, said of Anthony that "there's absolutely nothing in anything that she ever said or did that would indicate she was anti-abortion."[13] Gordon said that the issue of abortion was "a political hot potato", one to avoid; it distracted from Anthony's main goal of gaining women the vote.[13] Gordon said the suffrage movement in the 19th century held political and social views—"secularism, the separation of church and state, and women's self-ownership" (women's autonomy)—that do not fit with modern pro-life concerns.[8][13]

In early 2007, Cat Clark, an editor of FFL's quarterly magazine, acknowledged that Anthony spent little time on the subject of abortion, but cited FFL researcher Mary Krane Derr who said Anthony's "stance on abortion" was integral to "her commitment to undo gender oppression".[18]

Law professor Tracy Thomas, writing in the Seattle University Law Review, said the "strategy of creating a narrative of feminist history against abortion"[19] was developed by Feminists for Life in the early 1990s. Thomas published a lengthy analysis of what she considered to be inaccuracies in that narrative, saying, "... the narrative is simply not true. Sound bites that have been excised from history are taken out of context to convey a meaning not originally intended."[20] She quoted Annette Ravinsky, a former vice president of the FFL turned pro-choice advocate, as saying in published comments, "I really wish my former colleagues would stop twisting the words of dead people to make them mean something they don't ... The early leaders of the women's movement were not against women controlling their bodies."[21]

In May 2010, Sarah Palin addressed the SBA List, saying Anthony was one of her heroes, and that Palin's own opposition to abortion rights was influenced by her "feminist foremothers".[15] She said "Organizations like the Susan B. Anthony List are returning the woman's movement back to its original roots, back to what it was all about in the beginning. You remind us of the earliest leaders of the woman's rights movement: They were pro-life."[15] In response to this, journalist Lynn Sherr, author of Failure is Impossible: Susan B. Anthony in Her Own Words, joined with Gordon to write an opinion piece for The Washington Post. They said: "We have read every single word that this very voluble—and endlessly political—woman left behind. Our conclusion: Anthony spent no time on the politics of abortion. It was of no interest to her, despite living in a society (and a family) where women aborted unwanted pregnancies."[15] Sherr and Gordon said that their argument "is not over abortion rights. Rather it is about the erosion of accuracy in history and journalism."[15]

Women's rights activists Elizabeth Cady Stanton (seated) and Susan B. Anthony

SBA List president Marjorie Dannenfelser published her response to Sherr and Gordon, saying that their conclusion "that abortion was nowhere on [Anthony's] radar" was "unfounded on many levels".[22] She said that in Anthony's day, "abortion wasn't even a hot political issue ...Abortion simply wasn't up for debate at a time when society itself was firmly against the practice."[22] Thomas disputed Dannenfelser's assertion that abortion was not a political issue during that period, and she disputed the idea that society firmly opposed abortion. Thomas cited three academic histories, including a history of abortion by James Mohr, who discussed what he called the doctrine of quickening, the belief that it was legally and morally permissible to terminate pregnancy prior to the perception of fetal movement.[23] Mohr said this belief was almost universal during the first decades of the 1800s[24] and was pervasive through the 1870s.[25] As a result, he said, "women believed themselves to be carrying inert non-beings prior to quickening",[26] and if a women missed her period, an early sign of pregnancy, either she or her doctor could take steps to "restore menstrual flow".[27] Mohr said there was a surge in abortions after 1840 and that a study of abortion in New York City published in 1868 concluded that there was approximately one abortion there for every four live births.[28]

Dannenfelser said that while the pro-life cause was not "the issue that earned Susan B. Anthony her stripes in American history books, historians would be wrong to conclude that Anthony was agnostic on the issue of abortion."[22] She quoted Anthony's business partner, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who referred to both the killing of infants and abortion as "infanticide",[9] as saying, "When we consider that women are treated as property, it is degrading to women that we should treat our children as property to be disposed of as we see fit."[22] Attempts to authenticate this quote, however, have been unsuccessful. After Thomas notified the FFL in 2011 that she could not locate the source for this alleged quote,[29] the FFL acknowledged the problem by saying that, "Earlier generations of pro-life feminists informed us that these words were written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, in a letter tucked into Julia Ward Howe’s diary on October 16, 1873," but that they could not locate the letter.[30] Thomas and the FFL agree that Howe's entry in her diary for that same date, October 16, 1873, said that she had argued about infanticide with Stanton, who, according to Howe, "excused infanticide on the grounds that women did not want to bring moral monsters into the world, and said that these acts were regulated by natural law. I differed from her strongly".[30][31]

Thomas said it is a mistake to believe that the views of Anthony and Stanton are compatible with those of the modern anti-abortion movement. She called attention to the case of Hester Vaughn, who was sentenced to hang for killing her newborn child in 1868.[32] An editorial in The Revolution described Vaughn as a "poor, ignorant, friendless and forlorn girl who had killed her newborn child because she knew not what else to do with it" and said that Vaughn's execution would be "a far more horrible infanticide than was the killing of her child."[33] The Revolution launched a campaign in Vaughn's defense, which was conducted largely by the Working Women's Association (WWA), an organization formed in the offices of The Revolution with Anthony's participation.[34]

The National Susan B. Anthony Museum and House, located in Anthony's former home in Rochester, New York, expressed concern about the association of Anthony's name with what it considered to be misleading political campaign material produced by the Susan B. Anthony List. In a press release the museum said, "The List’s assertions about Susan B. Anthony’s position on abortion are historically inaccurate."[35] Deborah Hughes, president of the museum, said, "People are outraged by their actions, causing harm to Anthony’s name and the mission of our Museum."[35]

Quotes

Anthony wrote very little about abortion.[18] The few existing quotes that are cited by pro-life organizations have been disputed by Anthony scholars and abortion rights activists who say that the quotes are misleading, taken out of context, or misattributed.[13]

"Guilty?"

Some pro-life groups cite as Anthony's own words an anonymous[15] essay entitled "Marriage and Maternity" published in 1869 in The Revolution, a newspaper owned for two years by Anthony and edited by fellow women's rights activists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Parker Pillsbury.[22] The essay is against abortion and the societal problems which cause it, but the author believes any proposed law prohibiting abortion would fail to "reach the root of the evil, and destroy it."[36] The cited text includes this admonition against abortion:

"Guilty? Yes, no matter what the motive, love of ease, or a desire to save from suffering the unborn innocent, the woman is awfully guilty who commits the deed. It will burden her conscience in life, it will burden her soul in death; but oh! thrice guilty is he who, for selfish gratification, heedless of her prayers, indifferent to her fate, drove her to the desperation which impelled her to the crime."[36]

The piece, which identifies uncaring husbands as the "thrice guilty" party,[37] was signed simply "A." Because it was published in The Revolution, Dannenfelser wrote that "most logical people would agree, then, that writings signed by 'A.' in a paper that Anthony funded and published were a reflection of her own opinions."[22] Responding to the equating of Anthony's beliefs with those voiced in The Revolution, Gordon said that people "have a hard time wrapping their minds around the fact that The Revolution was a paper of debate—presenting both sides of an issue."[10] Gordon, whose project at Rutgers has examined 14,000 documents related to Stanton and Anthony,[38] wrote that there is no proof that Anthony wrote the cited essay since she was not known to sign "A.".[15] However, Derr says Anthony was known to sign "S.B.A." and was affectionately referred to as "Miss A." by others.[39] Schiff says "what is generally not mentioned [by pro-life organizations] is that the essay argues against an anti-abortion law; its author did not believe legislation would resolve the issue of unwanted pregnancy."[16] Gordon, referring to the article's many scriptural quotes and appeals to God, says that its style does not fit with Anthony's "known beliefs".[13]

Speaking for the FFL, Clark said, "Feminists for Life is cautious about the attribution of 'Marriage & Maternity.' In FFL materials, it is simply said to have appeared in Susan B. Anthony’s publication, The Revolution."[18]

"Sweeter even"

Frances Willard, president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, gave a speech on October 4, 1888, in which she described Anthony's reaction to a "leading publicist" who asked her why she, with such a generous heart, had never been a wife or mother. Willard quoted Anthony's response:

"I thank you kind sir, for what I take to be the highest compliment, but sweeter even than to have had the joy of caring for children of my own has it been to me to help bring about a better state of things for mothers generally, so that their unborn little ones could not be willed away from them."[1][40][41]

This quote has been presented by both the SBA List and FFL to indicate Anthony's stance on abortion. Tracy Clark-Flory wrote on Salon.com that the quote was "a statement that can conveniently be taken to mean any number of things."[8] Dannenfelser of SBA List connected the quote to abortion in 2010: "in case there's still lingering doubt about where Susan B. Anthony's convictions lie, her words to Frances Willard in 1889 speak for themselves".[22] However, in the 1990s, pro-life feminist Derr contextualized Anthony's words not to abortion but rather to Anthony's opposition to a law which held that, if a child was unborn at the time of its father's death, custody of the newborn infant could be taken away from the mother if there was a guardian appointed in the father's will.[1] After these findings were published by Derr in a 1995 book[42] and in FFL's own journal in 1998, the quote was used in 2000 by FFL in a promotional poster, one of eight produced for college campuses, alongside an assertion that Anthony was "another anti-choice fanatic", leading the reader to an abortion-related interpretation of the quote.[7]

Social Purity

Susan B. Anthony

Derr describes "Social Purity", an anti-alcohol, anti-prostitution and pro-suffrage speech given repeatedly by Anthony in the 1870s, as one that is "more explicit" about abortion.[18] Derr says that "this speech clearly represents abortion as a symptom of the problems faced by women, especially when subjected 'to the tyranny of men's appetites and passions.'"[18]

In her speech, after naming alcohol abuse as a major social evil and estimating that there are 600,000 American men who are drunkards, Anthony describes how liquor traffic extends "deep and wide into the financial structure of the government" and that it must be fought with "one earnest, energetic, persistent force."[43] She continues:

"The prosecutions on our courts for breach of promise, divorce, adultery, bigamy, seduction, rape; the newspaper reports every day of every year of scandals and outrages, of wife murders and paramour shooting, of abortions and infanticides, are perpetual reminders of men's incapacity to cope successfully with this monster evil of society."[43]

Later in the speech, Anthony mentions abortion again:

"The true relation of the sexes never can be attained until woman is free and equal with man. Neither in the making nor executing of the laws regulating these relations has woman ever had the slightest voice. The statutes for marriage and divorce, for adultery, breach of promise, seduction, rape, bigamy, abortion, infanticide—all were made by men."[43]

"She will rue the day"

According to Gordon and Sherr, the only clear reference to abortion in writings known to be Anthony's came in her diary in a passage that was discovered by Gordon.[15] Anthony wrote in 1876 that she visited her brother and learned that her sister-in-law had aborted her pregnancy.[18] "Things did not go well", say Gordon and Sherr, and her sister-in-law was bedridden.[15] Anthony wrote, "Sister Annie in bed — been sick for a month — tampering with herself — & was freed this A.M. what ignorance & lack of self-government the world is filled with."[44] Three days later, Anthony wrote, "Sister Annie better — but looks very slim — she will rue the day she forces nature".[45] According to Gordon, the phrase "tampering with herself" refers to "inducing an abortion."[44]

Gordon and Sherr wrote, "Clearly Anthony did not applaud her sister-in-law's action, but the notation is ambiguous. Is it the act of abortion that will be regretted? Or is it being bedridden, the risk taken with one's own life?" Moreover, Gordon and Sherr wrote, there is no indication in the quote that Anthony considered abortion a social or political issue rather than a personal one, that she passionately hated it, or that she was active against it.[15]

Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum

In August 2006, Carol Crossed, a pro-life feminist and advisory board member of the SBA List, purchased the house in Adams, Massachusetts, where Anthony was born.[46] The house was to be managed by Feminists for Life of America.[46] Crossed transformed the house into the Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum which opened by appointment in February 2010, with a permanent opening in May.[47] The museum's mission includes "raising public awareness" of Anthony's "wide-ranging legacy" including her being "a pioneering feminist and suffragist as well as a noteworthy figure in the abolitionist, pro-life and temperance movements of the 19th century"[48] (emphasis added.)

A local newspaper said the "she will rue the day" quote is displayed in the museum, though none of the others are.[49] Among the exhibits is one on 19th century activism against Restellism, a euphemism for abortion, in reference to Madame Restell, one of many who sold abortifacients in the 19th century.[49] Anthony refused to publish advertisements for abortifacients in The Revolution. According to the local reporter, the display implies that the rejection of advertisements frames Anthony's personal views about abortion, though she "never specifically states her position."[49]

At its opening, the museum was leafleted by protesters who said the museum's leadership was "inferring upon [Anthony] an unproven historical stance."[50] The protesters said that the directors were using the museum to put forward a pro-life agenda.[49] Answering this assertion, Crossed said, "the pro-life views expressed in Anthony's newspaper, The Revolution, will not be excluded from the exhibition. This vision represented a very small part of Anthony's life, and while it will be presented, it will not be an overwhelming theme of the birthplace. Anthony's own anti-abortion stance is mentioned in just one of the museum's ten exhibits."[47]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Derr, Mary Krane (Spring 1998). "herstory Worth Repeating" (PDF). The American Feminist. Feminists For Life. 5 (1): 19.
  2. ↑ Stansell, Christine (July 11, 2011). "Meet the Anti-Abortion Group Pushing Presidential Politics to the Extreme Right". The New Republic.
  3. 1 2 Schenwar, Maya (November 29, 2010). "What Would Susan B. Anthony Say?". Ms. magazine blog.
  4. ↑ Stanton, Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1885). "Susan B. Anthony". Our famous women: An authorized record of the lives and deeds of distinguished American women of our times. A.D. Worthington. p. 59.
  5. ↑ "Senators to Vote on Suffrage Today; Fate of Susan B. Anthony Amendment Hangs in Balance on Eve of Final Test". New York Times. September 26, 1918.
  6. ↑ "Susan B. Anthony Dollar". Susan B. Anthony House. 2009. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Oaks, Laury (Spring 2009). "What Are Pro-Life Feminists Doing on Campus?". NWSA Journal. 21 (1): 178–203. ISSN 1040-0656.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Clark-Flory, Tracy (October 6, 2006). "Susan B. Anthony, against abortion?". Salon.com. Salon Media Group.
  9. 1 2 Novak, Michael. "Second Thoughts on Feminism". Crisis. Brownson Institute. 7: 4.
  10. 1 2 Huberdeau, Jennifer (February 17, 2010). "Local group at odds with museum over question of Anthony's stance on abortion". North Adams Transcript. Adams, Massachusetts.
  11. ↑ "SBA List Mission: Advancing, Mobilizing and Representing Pro-Life Women". Susan B. Anthony List. 2008. Retrieved October 18, 2010. To accomplish our ultimate goal of ending abortion in this country...
  12. ↑ Richardson, Valerie (November 7, 1992). "Feminist launches PAC for pro-lifers – Sees lopsided 'Year of the Woman'". The Washington Times.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Stevens, Allison (2006-10-06). "Susan B. Anthony's Abortion Position Spurs Scuffle". Women's eNews. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
  14. ↑ Anthony, Susan B. "Social Purity". Not For Ourselves Alone. PBS. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sherr, Lynn; Gordon, Ann D. (May 21, 2010). "Sarah Palin is no Susan B. Anthony". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 3, 2010.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Schiff, Stacy (2006-10-13). "Desperately Seeking Susan". New York Times. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
  17. ↑ Abortion was more dangerous than childbirth throughout the 19th century. By 1930, medical procedures had improved for both childbirth and abortion but not equally, and induced abortion in the first trimester had become safer than childbirth. In 1973, Roe vs. Wade acknowledged that abortion in the first trimester was safer than childbirth.
     • "The 1970s". Time communication 1940–1989: retrospective. Time Inc. 1989. Blackmun was also swayed by the fact that most abortion prohibitions were enacted in the 19th century when the procedure was more dangerous than now.
     • Will, George (1990). Suddenly: the American idea abroad and at home, 1986–1990. Free Press. p. 312. ISBN 0-02-934435-2.
     • Lewis, J.; Shimabukuro, Jon O. (January 28, 2001). "Abortion Law Development: A Brief Overview". Congressional Research Service. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
     • Schultz, David Andrew (2002). Encyclopedia of American law. Infobase Publishing. p. 1. ISBN 0-8160-4329-9.
     • George Washington University. Population Information Program, George Washington University. Dept. of Medical and Public Affairs, Johns Hopkins University. Population Information Program (1980). "Pregnancy termination". Population reports. Population Information Program, The Johns Hopkins University (7).
     • Lahey, Joanna N. (September 24, 2009). "Birthing a Nation: Fertility Control Access and the 19th Century Demographic Transition". Colloquium. Pomona College.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Clark, Cat (Spring 2007). "The Truth About Susan B. Anthony: Did One of America's First Feminists Oppose Abortion?". The American Feminist. Feminists for Life: 1–5. ISSN 1532-6861. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  19. ↑ Thomas, Tracy A. "Misappropriating Women's History in the Law and Politics of Abortion", Seattle University Law Review, Vol. 36, No. 1 (2012), p. 8
  20. ↑ Thomas (2012). "Misappropriating Women's History in the Law and Politics of Abortion", p. 4
  21. ↑ Ravinsky, Annette (November–December 1990). "Letters to the Editors". Daughters of Sarah: The Magazine for Christian Feminists. Chicago, Illinois: Daughters of Sarah. Quoted in Thomas, p. 14
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dannenfelser, Marjorie (May 21, 2010). "Susan B. Anthony: Pro-life feminist". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
  23. ↑ Thomas (2012)."Misappropriating Women's History in the Law and Politics of Abortion", p. 20. She referred to Dannenfelser's statements in footnote 134 on page 21.
  24. ↑ Mohr, James C. Abortion in America: The Origins and Evolution of National Policy, p. 5. Oxford University Press, 1978. ISBN 0-19-502616-0.
  25. ↑ Mohr (1979), p. 73
  26. ↑ Mohr (1979), p. 6
  27. ↑ Mohr (1979), p. 4
  28. ↑ Mohr (1979), pp. 75, 78–79.
  29. ↑ Thomas (2012). "Misappropriating Women's History in the Law and Politics of Abortion", pp. 36–37
  30. 1 2 Cat Clark. "Did Elizabeth Cady Stanton Say That?". Feminists for Life. Retrieved February 5, 2015.
  31. ↑ Thomas (2012). "Misappropriating Women's History in the Law and Politics of Abortion", p. 38. Thomas says that Howe's diary is at the Harvard Houghton Library.
  32. ↑ Thomas (2012). "Misappropriating Women's History in the Law and Politics of Abortion", pp. 40–51
  33. ↑ "Infanticide", The Revolution, August 6, 1868, p. 74
  34. ↑ DuBois, Ellen Carol (1978). Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women's Movement in America, 1848-1869, pp. 125, 133, 145. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8641-6.
  35. 1 2 "Rochester Icon Defamed by National Political Action Group". Susan B. Anthony Museum and House. October 31, 2014. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
  36. 1 2 "Marriage and Maternity". The Revolution. July 8, 1869. p. 4. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
  37. ↑ McConnell, Michael W. (June 1, 1991). "Review: How Not To Promote Serious Deliberation About Abortion". The University of Chicago Law Review. 58 (3): 1188.
  38. ↑ "Documentary Editing: What Is It and Why Is It Needed?". The Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Papers Project. Rutgers University. Retrieved August 3, 2010.
  39. ↑ Derr, Mary Krane (2005). Pro-Life Feminism: Yesterday and Today. Feminism & Nonviolence Studies Association. p. 413. ISBN 1-4134-9576-1.
  40. ↑ Willard, Frances E., "The Dawn of Woman's Day," in Our Day: a Record and Review of Current Reform, Vol. 2, July–December 1888. Boston: Our Day Publishing Company, p. 347.
  41. ↑ "A Notable Address by President Frances E. Willard". Chicago Tribune. October 7, 1888. p. 27.
  42. ↑ Derr, Mary Krane; Macnair, Rachel; Naranjo-Huebl, Linda (1995). ProLife Feminism: Yesterday and Today. pp. 42–43.
  43. 1 2 3 "Social Purity". Public Broadcasting Service. April 3, 2005. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
  44. 1 2 Gordon, Ann D., ed. (2003). The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: National Protection for National Citizens, 1873 to 1880, Vol. 3 of 6, p. 213. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2319-2.
  45. ↑ Gordon (2003), p. 214
  46. 1 2 "Pro-Life Feminist Purchases Birthplace of Susan B. Anthony". Feminists for Life. August 5, 2006. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
  47. 1 2 McLaughlin, Peter (February 11, 2010). "Susan B. Anthony (Birthplace) House opens". The Eagle. Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
  48. ↑ "Mission". Adams, Massachusetts: The Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
  49. 1 2 3 4 Daniels, Tammy (February 15, 2010). "Anthony Museum Opening Sparks Debate on Abortion". iBerkshires.com. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
  50. ↑ "Home Page: Our Story". Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum. 2010. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
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