Treponema pallidum

Treponema pallidum
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Spirochaetes
Order: Spirochaetales
Family: Spirochaetaceae
Genus: Treponema
Species: T. pallidum
Binomial name
Treponema pallidum
Schaudinn & Hoffmann, 1905

Treponema pallidum is a spirochaete bacterium with subspecies that cause treponemal diseases such as syphilis, bejel, pinta, and yaws. The treponemes have a cytoplasmic and an outer membrane. Using light microscopy, treponemes are only visible using dark field illumination. They are Gram negative, but some regard them too thin to be Gram stained.

Subspecies

At least four subspecies are known:

Some variation occurs as to which are considered subspecies, and which are species. The cause of pinta is sometimes described as Treponema carateum, rather than a subspecies of T. pallidum, even when the subspecies convention is used for the other agents.[1]

Laboratory identification

Micrograph showing T. pallidum (black and thin) - Dieterle stain

This bacterium can be detected with special stains, such as the Dieterle stain. T. pallidum is also detected by serology, including nontreponemal VDRL, rapid plasma reagin, and treponemal antibody tests (FTA-ABS), T. pallidum immobilization reaction, and syphilis TPHA test).[2]

Clinical significance

T. p. pallidum is a motile spirochaete that is generally acquired by close sexual contact, entering the host via breaches in squamous or columnar epithelium. The organism can also be transmitted to a fetus by transplacental passage during the later stages of pregnancy, giving rise to congenital syphilis. The helical structure of T. p. pallidum allows it to move in a corkscrew motion through mucous membranes or enter minuscule breaks in the skin. In women the initial lesion is usually on the labia, the walls of the vagina, or the cervix; in men it is on the shaft or glans of the penis.[3] It gains access to the host's blood and lymph systems through tissue and mucous membranes.

The subspecies causing yaws, pinta, and bejel are morphologically and serologically indistinguishable from T. p. pallidum (syphilis); however, their transmission is not venereal in nature and the course of each disease is significantly different.[4]

Genome

The genome of T. pallidum was sequenced in 1998.[5] The recent sequencing of the genomes of several spirochetes permits a thorough analysis of the similarities and differences within this bacterial phylum. T. p. pallidum has one of the smallest bacterial genomes at 1.14 million base pairs, and has limited metabolic capabilities, reflecting its adaptation through genome reduction to the rich environment of mammalian tissue. The shape of T. pallidum is flat and wavy, unlike the other spirochetes, which are helical.[6]

Vaccine

No vaccine for syphilis is available as of 2015. The outer membrane of T. pallidum has too few surface proteins for an antibody to be effective. Efforts to develop a safe and effective syphilis vaccine have been hindered by uncertainty about the relative importance of humoral and cellular mechanisms to protective immunity, and because T. pallidum outer membrane proteins have not been unambiguously identified.[7] [8]

References

  1. ↑ Antal GM, Lukehart SA, Meheus AZ (January 2002). "The endemic treponematoses". Microbes Infect. 4 (1): 83–94. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01513-1. PMID 11825779.
  2. ↑ Fisher, Bruce; Harvey, Richard P.; Champe, Pamela C. Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-8215-5.
  3. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7716/
  4. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7716/
  5. ↑ Fraser CM, Norris SJ, Weinstock GM, et al. (July 1998). "Complete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete". Science. 281 (5375): 375–88. doi:10.1126/science.281.5375.375. PMID 9665876.
  6. ↑ Clark, D.P., Dunlap, P.V, Madigan, J.T., Martinko, J.M. Brock Biology of Microorganism. San Francisco: Pearson. 2009. 79 p.
  7. ↑ Tomson FL, Conley PG, Norgard MV, Hagman KE (September 2007). "Assessment of cell-surface exposure and vaccinogenic potentials of Treponema pallidum candidate outer membrane proteins". Microbes Infect. 9 (11): 1267–75. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2007.05.018. PMC 2112743Freely accessible. PMID 17890130.
  8. ↑ Cameron CE, Lukehart SA (2014). "Current status of syphilis vaccine development: Need, challenges, prospects". Vaccine. 32 (14): 1602–1609. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.053. PMC 3951677Freely accessible. PMID 24135571.

Further reading

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