Taarof

T'aarof, ta'arof, or tarof (Persian: تعارف‎‎) is a Persian form of civility emphasizing both deference and social rank, similar to the Chinese art of etiquette, limao.[1] The term encompasses a range of social behaviors; one example of taarof could be described as posing false invitations and promising future services or deeds to primarily strangers or distant relatives and expecting them not to take the offer and keep declining it. However, the closer two people get in a relationship, the less taarof appears in their behavior towards one another.

The prevalence of taarof often gives rise to different styles of negotiation to those one would see in a non-Iranian culture.[2] For example, a worker negotiating a salary might begin with a eulogy of the employer, followed by a lengthy bargaining session consisting entirely of indirect, polite language – both parties are expected to understand the implied topic of discussion. It is quite common for an Iranian worker (even one employed in an Iranian neighborhood within Europe) to work unpaid for a week or two before the issue of wages is finally broached. Likewise, a shopkeeper may initially refuse to quote a price for an item, suggesting that it is worthless ("ghaabel nadaareh"). T'aarof obliges the customer to insist on paying, possibly several times (three times), before a shopkeeper finally quotes a price and real negotiation can begin.

Taarof also governs the rules of hospitality: a host is obliged to offer anything a guest might want, and a guest is equally obliged to refuse it. This ritual may repeat itself several times (three times) before the host and guest finally determine whether the host's offer and the guest's refusal are real or simply polite. It is possible to ask someone not to t'aarof ("t'aarof nakonid"), but that raises new difficulties, since the request itself might be a devious type of taarof.[3]

At times, taarof can lead to one performing a task that one does not want to perform. For instance, if one friend offers a ride to another friend only because they are being polite, they may become stuck in the situation if the friend agrees to get the ride. Of course if one was going by the rules of taarof, one would refuse the offer many times before accepting.

It is a way of denying one's will to please your counterpart, although sometimes the will is only denied because of the custom and not just to please the counterpart. But there are situations where taarof persist upon a request to make the counterpart genuinely satisfied. Taarof may cause misunderstandings between both parties and can be a source for awkward situations in a social setting.

History

Some political theorists have argued that during the period of serfdom, at princely courts, taarof regulated diplomatic discourse. It involved a sharp curbing of one's comportment, speech, and action to make people, honour, and prestige calculable as instruments for political advancement.

According to D. M. Rejali, for the feudal elite the ornamentation of speech symbolises prestige. With the advent of capitalism and its scientific paradigm, communication became more precise and the formality of t'aarof a hindrance in the pursuit for rapid capital accumulation.[4]

In the West

The closest one can come to taarof in the Western culture is the question of "Who's paying the restaurant bill?" This is an awkward situation where everybody in the company is reaching for their wallets and it's usually resolved by social status: the one with the highest income, the most legitimate reason, or most power pays. But still, everyone insists on paying. In Southern Italy a custom similar to taarof exists (fare i complimenti), and is part of table manners.

Vocabulary

Further information: Persian language

Common words used in tarof:

For an extensive treatement of tarof vocabulary and language strategies see Beeman. William O., Language, Status and Power in Iran[5]

Examples

'Fake' taarof

A customer comes to the cashier to pay for groceries. The cashier says “it's okay, you honor me with your presence.” When the customer insists on paying, the charade of tarof continues with a customary word exchange which is culturally learned from a young age. The discussion concludes with a minor argument and the cashier is finally paid the full amount of the groceries and the customer leaves. The cashier wants the cash and the customer just wants to pay but this is a cultural and social game. Another common practice of Taarof includes when someone invites another to their house at a bad time (e.g. midnight) after giving them a ride or suddenly asking someone to join them for a meal when they don't actually want their company. This kind of situation is usually dodged by saying "I will trouble you at a better or more proper time." or by making a lie statement such as "I have an urgent business and I'm in a hurry." or by changing the subject immediately like arranging the next time to see each other again.

'Genuine' taarof

A person will offer guests every comfort available by discomforting him/herself. Sometimes this leads to offering things above one's means. As an example, the host will use the last funds to buy groceries to make an overly pleasant stay for the guest. This may have dire consequences for the host, but this is the generous side of taarof and its only purpose is to satisfy the guest. The host is satisfying the guests and feeling good about being a generous and humble person, independent of its consequences.

'Forced' taarof

A host insists upon a request for the guest to sleep on the main bed while the host him/herself sleeps on the floor. Or a host piling food on a guest’s plate since the host is believing that the guest is taarofing, while the guest is actually full and satisfied with the meal. The guest feels uneasy by putting the host in an uncomfortable situation. The guest might be forced to finish all the food to show respect to the host.

At times, not doing taarof can be considered very rude and almost offensive. For example, if one offers a present that you already have, telling the truth would be very rude. Likewise, if someone offers to take you for dinner, you must refuse at first, professing their great kindness. This will normally be two to three cycles of back and forth taarof, but one must be careful not to do it in excess, and to always end in a yes, so as to avoid offense. It is not expected of young children to taarof, but most Iranian children over the age of ten are aware of, and engage in, the custom.

See Also

References

  1. ↑ "Limao and Ta'arof Similarities" (PDF).
  2. ↑ "In the Persian world of 'ta'arof,' they make offers that will be refused". LA Times. 2015-07-06. Retrieved 2015-11-30.
  3. ↑ "The Persian art of declining what you really want and offering what you'll never give could play a role in US-Iran nuclear talks". Public Radio International (PRI). 2014-11-05. Retrieved 2015-11-30.
  4. ↑ D M Rejali, "Torture & Modernity: Self, Society, and the State in Modern Iran". An exception would be the Japanese Tea Ceremony, which seems to have adapted well to modern requirements (see MT issue no 1).
  5. ↑ Beeman, William O. (1986). Language, Status and Power in Iran. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-33139-7.

Further reading

External links

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