Taiwan blue magpie

Taiwan blue magpie
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Corvidae
Genus: Urocissa
Species: U. caerulea
Binomial name
Urocissa caerulea
Gould, 1863

The Taiwan blue magpie[2] (Urocissa caerulea), also called the Taiwan magpie, Formosan blue magpie (Chinese: 臺灣藍鵲; pinyin: Táiwān lán què), or the "long-tailed mountain lady" (Chinese: 長尾山娘; pinyin: Chángwěi shānniáng; Taiwanese Hokkien: Tn̂g-boé soaⁿ-niû), is a species of bird of the crow family. It is endemic to Taiwan.

Taxonomy and systematics

The Taiwan blue magpie was collected by Robert Swinhoe and described by John Gould.[3] Swinhoe called it the "Long-tailed Mountain-Nymph".[4] The Taiwan blue magpie is sometimes placed in the genus Cissa. It forms a superspecies with the yellow-billed blue magpie (Urocissa flavirostris) and the red-billed blue magpie (Urocissa erythroryncha). The species is monotypic.[5]

Distribution and habitat

The Taiwan blue magpie is endemic to Taiwan. It lives in broadleaf forests at elevations of 300–1,200 m (980–3,940 ft).[5]

Description

Taiwan blue magpie in flight

It is 63–68 cm (25–27 in) in length. The tail measures around 34–42 cm (13–17 in) in length. The wings are 20 cm (7.9 in) long.[6] It weighs 254–260 g (9.0–9.2 oz).[5]

The plumages of the male and female are similar. The head, neck and breast are black. The eyes are yellow. The bill and feet are red. The rest of the plumage on the bird is mostly blue. The wings and tail feathers have white tips.[7] The underwing-coverts are dark grey, and the flight feathers are light grey. The uppertail-coverts have black tips.[6] The central pair of tail feathers are the longest. The other tail feathers have black bands. Chicks are greyish, with a short tail and greyish-blue eyes.[7]

Behavior

Taiwan blue magpies are not very afraid of people. They can be found near human residences in the mountains or newly cultivated lands.[8] They are gregarious and are usually found in groups of three to twelve. The birds often fly in a line, following each other.[7] This is sometimes called "long-tailed formation".[9]

Similar to other members of the crow family, they have a raucous call which is described as a high-pitched cackling chatter, kyak-kyak-kyak-kyak. They also have calls like ga-kang, ga-kang, kwee-eep and gar-suee.[10]

Food and feeding

Taiwan blue magpies are scavengers and omnivores. Their diet includes snakes, rodents, small insects, carrion, eggs and chicks of other birds, plants, fruits, and seeds. They also feed on food waste of humans.[7] They sometimes store leftovers on the ground and cover them with leaves for future retrieval. Sometimes they store food in the leaves or branches.[11]

Breeding

The breeding season is from March to July.[7] The Taiwan blue magpie is monogamous. Females incubate eggs while males help with nest building and feeding. Their nests are built on high branches of trees. The nest is in the shape of a bowl and is made of twigs. Usually there are 3–8 eggs in a clutch. Eggs are light green in color, with brown marks.[7] Hatching takes 17–19 days. There are 3–7 chicks per nest. Chicks leave the nest after 21–24 days. They can start flying for short distances after a few days.[12] Some pairs breed a second time after this. The Taiwan blue magpie has helpers at the nest. Helpers are mostly juveniles from previous breeding seasons. They help to feed the chicks and defend the nest. Taiwan blue magpies have a strong nest defence behaviour, and will attack intruders until they leave.[12]

Threats

Taiwan blue magpies may be hit by cars or captured by humans. They are also killed by predators, such as the crested goshawk.[13]

Relationship with humans

Taiwan blue magpies have attacked humans to defend their nests.[12][14] Taiwan blue magpies are sometimes illegally captured by humans, but the number of cases of this seems to have decreased.[15]

In the 2007 National Bird Voting Campaign held by the Taiwan International Birding Association, there were over 1 million votes cast from 53 countries.[16] The Taiwan blue magpie defeated the Mikado pheasant in the vote, but the vote was not formally accepted.

Status

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has currently assessed the species to be of least concern as it does not meet the criteria to be vulnerable. The population trend is suspected to be stable.[1] Due to its endemism, however, the Taiwan blue magpie has been listed as other convervation-deserving wildlife (Chinese: 其他應予保育之野生動物)[17] and protected by Taiwan's Wildlife Conservation Act (Chinese: 野生動物保育法).

There is a small population of red-billed blue magpies that has been introduced to Wuling Farm in Taichung County (now part of Taichung City). In 2007, three hybrid chicks were found in a nest in Taichung, with red-billed and Taiwan magpie parents tending them. This caused some concern to conservationists, given the decline of the Taiwan hwamei due to the invasion of the Chinese hwamei. However, the Endemic Species Research Institute of Taiwan has been working to control red-billed magpie populations by capturing individual birds and relocating their nests.[18]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 BirdLife International (2012). "Urocissa caerulea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  2. ↑ Gill, F; D Donsker, eds. (2016). "Crows, mudnesters & birds-of-paradise". IOC World Bird List (version 6.3). Retrieved 18 August 2016.
  3. ↑ Gould, John (1862). "Descriptions of Sixteen New Species of Birds from the Island of Formosa, collected by Robert Swinhoe, Esq., Her Majesty's Vice-Consul at Formosa". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1862: 282.
  4. ↑ Swinhoe, Robert (October 1863). "The Ornithology of Formosa, or Taiwan". Ibis. British Ornithologists' Union. 5 (4): 384–386.
  5. 1 2 3 "Taiwan Blue Magpie (Urocissa caerulea)". HBW Alive. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  6. 1 2 Madge, Steve (2010). Crows and Jays. A&C Black. pp. 103–104. ISBN 978-1-40-813169-5.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Urocissa caerulea Gould, 1863". 臺灣生命大百科 (in Chinese). Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  8. ↑ "長尾山娘". The Society Of Wilderness (in Chinese). The Society Of Wilderness. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  9. ↑ "Formosan Magpie". Birding in Taiwan. Taiwan International Birding Association. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  10. ↑ MacKinnon, John; Phillips, Karen (2000). A Field Guide to the Birds of China. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-19-854940-6.
  11. ↑ 台灣藍鵲的故事－食性 (in Chinese)
  12. 1 2 3 Hsu, Ching Y.; Severinghaus, L. Liu. 陽明山國家公園內 台灣藍鵲合作生殖之研究 [Cooperative Breeding of Formosan Blue Magpie in Yang-Ming Shan National Park] (PDF). ymsnp.gov.tw (in Chinese). Retrieved 12 August 2016.
  13. ↑ Hsu, Ching-Yen. "保育專題—台灣藍鵲" (PDF). 林務局 自然保育網 (in Chinese). Retrieved 27 August 2016.
  14. ↑ 邱惠恩 (29 May 2014). "台灣藍鵲警戒心高 是驅離、非攻擊". 台灣醒報 (in Chinese). Taipei. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  15. ↑ "Formosan Blue Magpie conservation efforts bear fruit". The China Post. Taipei, Taiwan. 3 January 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  16. ↑ "Taiwan National Bird Vote Results". Birding In Taiwan. Taiwan International Birding Association. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  17. ↑ "保育類野生動物名錄修正規定" (pdf). 林務局 自然保育網. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  18. ↑ "Blue Crisis". Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior, R.O.C.(Taiwan). Retrieved 13 August 2016.
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