Cotangent sheaf

In algebraic geometry, given a morphism f: X → S of schemes, the cotangent sheaf on X is the sheaf of ${\mathcal {O}}_{X}$-modules that represents (or classifies) S-derivations ^[1] in the sense: for any ${\mathcal {O}}_{X}$-modules F, there is an isomorphism

$\operatorname {Hom}_{{{\mathcal {O}}_{X}}}(\Omega _{{X/S}},F)=\operatorname {Der}_{S}({\mathcal {O}}_{X},F)$

that depends naturally on F. In other words, the cotangent sheaf is characterized by the universal property: there is the differential $d:{\mathcal {O}}_{X}\to \Omega _{{X/S}}$ such that any S-derivation $D:{\mathcal {O}}_{X}\to F$ factors as $D=\alpha \circ d$ with some $\alpha :\Omega _{{X/S}}\to F$.

In the case X and S are affine schemes, the above definition means that $\Omega _{{X/S}}$ is the module of Kähler differentials. The standard way to construct a cotangent sheaf (e.g., Hartshorne, Ch II. § 8) is through a diagonal morphism (which amounts to gluing modules of Kähler differentials on affine charts to get the globally-defined cotangent sheaf.) The dual module of the cotangent sheaf on a scheme X is called the tangent sheaf on X and is sometimes denoted by $\Theta _{X}$.^[2]

There are two important exact sequences:

1. If S →T is a morphism of schemes, then

   $f^{*}\Omega _{{S/T}}\to \Omega _{{X/T}}\to \Omega _{{X/S}}\to 0.$

2. If Z is a closed subscheme of X with ideal sheaf I, then

   $I/I^{2}\to \Omega _{{X/S}}\otimes {\mathcal {O}}_{Z}\to \Omega _{{Z/S}}\to 0.$^[3][4]

The cotangent sheaf is closely related to smoothness of a variety or scheme. For example, an algebraic variety is smooth of dimension n if and only if Ω_X is a locally free sheaf of rank n.^[5]

Construction through a diagonal morphism

Let $f:X\to S$ be a morphism of schemes as in the introduction and Δ: X → X ×_S X the diagonal morphism. Then the image of Δ is locally closed; i.e., closed in some open subset W of X ×_S X (the image is closed if and only if f is separated). Let I be the ideal sheaf of Δ(X) in W. One then puts:

$\Omega _{{X/S}}=\Delta ^{*}(I/I^{2})$

and checks this sheaf of modules satisfies the required universal property of a cotangent sheaf (Hartshorne, Ch II. Remark 8.9.2). The construction shows in particular that the cotangent sheaf is quasi-coherent. It is coherent if S is Noetherian and f is of finite type.

The above definition means that the cotangent sheaf on X is the restriction to X of the conormal sheaf to the diagonal embedding of X over S.

Relation to a tautological line bundle

The cotangent sheaf on a projective space is related to the tautological line bundle O(-1) by the following exact sequence: writing ${\mathbf {P}}_{R}^{n}$ for the projective space over a ring R,

$0\to \Omega _{{{\mathbf {P}}_{R}^{n}/R}}\to {\mathcal {O}}_{{{\mathbf {P}}_{R}^{n}}}(-1)^{{\oplus (n+1)}}\to {\mathcal {O}}_{{{\mathbf {P}}_{R}^{n}}}\to 0.$

(See also Chern class#Complex projective space.)

Cotangent stack

For this notion, see § 1 of

A. Beilinson and V. Drinfeld, Quantization of Hitchin’s integrable system and Hecke eigensheaves ^[6]

There, the cotangent stack on an algebraic stack X is defined as the relative Spec of the symmetric algebra of the tangent sheaf on X. (Note: in general, if E is a locally free sheaf of finite rank, ${\mathbf {Spec}}(\operatorname {Sym}({\check {E}}))$ is the algebraic vector bundle corresponding to E.)

See also: Hitchin fibration (the cotangent stack of $\operatorname {Bun} _{G}(X)$ is the total space of the Hitchin fibration.)

Notes

1. http://stacks.math.columbia.edu/tag/08RL
2. In concise terms, this means:

   $\Theta _{X}{\overset {{\mathrm {def}}}=}{\mathcal {H}}om_{{{\mathcal {O}}_{X}}}(\Omega _{X},{\mathcal {O}}_{X})={\mathcal {D}}er({\mathcal {O}}_{X}).$

3. Hartshorne, Ch. II, Proposition 8.12.
4. http://mathoverflow.net/questions/79956/jacobian-criterion-for-smoothness-of-schemes as well as (Hartshorne, Ch. II, Theorem 8.17.)
5. Hartshorne, Ch. II, Theorem 8.15.
6. see also: § 3 of http://www.math.harvard.edu/~gaitsgde/grad_2009/SeminarNotes/Sept22(Dmodstack1).pdf

See also

• cotangent complex

References

• http://stacks.math.columbia.edu/tag/01UM
• Hartshorne, Robin (1977), Algebraic Geometry, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 52, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-90244-9, MR 0463157

External links

• http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1001941/questions-about-tangent-and-cotangent-bundle-on-schemes