Tarocco Bolognese

Modern cards by Dal Negro.

The Tarocco Bolognese is a tarot deck found in Bologna and is used to play tarocchini. It is a 62 card Italian suited deck which influenced the development of the Tarocco Siciliano and the obsolete Minchiate deck.[1][2]

The earliest mention of tarocchi in connection to Bologna was in 1442 when a Bolognese merchant sold two decks of trionfi in the city of Ferrara.[3] The earliest known mention of trionfi in Bologna itself dates to 1459. This is one of the oldest decks in continual use, dating back to at least the 15th century. It is an expansion of the pre-existing Primiera Bolognese deck by adding queens, the Fool, and an extra suit of 21 trumps.[4]

The two decks began to diverge during the 16th century. The Tarocco set removed ranks 2 to 5 bringing down the number of cards from 78 to the present 62 perhaps to simplify the game.[1][5] The Primiera set removed ranks 8, 9, and 10 to create the 40-card pack as they are not needed to play Primero.[6][7] All ranks that they share in common appear very similar but are not identical.

The tarocco deck then underwent a few more modifications. The imperial and papal trumps, having been of equal rank, were converted to four moors, two of which are identical, during the early 18th century.[8] Later in that century the face cards and trumps became reversible and most trumps added Arabic numerals. None of the cards are labelled and only trumps 5 to 16 are numbered. The hierarchy of cards in the long suits (swords and batons) goes from King (highest), Queen, Knight, Knave, 10 to 6, and Ace (lowest). For the round suits of cups and coins it is King (highest), Queen, Knight, Knave, Ace, and 6 to 10 (lowest).[9]

Historically, this deck and its games have been confined to the city of Bologna yet there are decks in France and Belgium that show traces of designs borrowed from the Tarocco Bolognese. There are also tarot games played in present-day Piedmont that show the influence of tarocchini.[10] In most games played with the Tarocco Piemontese, players treat trump 20 higher than 21 reflecting that the Angel outranks the World in Bolognese games. There are also regional games in Piedmont where pip cards are removed and the imperial and papal trumps are treated equally. The only surviving record of a tarot game being played in Ferrara showed it to be a three-player tarocchini game.[11] The Tarocco Bolognese is also the earliest tarot deck to be used in cartomancy, predating de Gébelin and Etteilla by at least half a century.[12][13] Due to similarities in Bolognese cartomancy and Etteilla's system, it is possible the latter learned it from some Italian source (he claimed to have been taught by a Piedmontese). Unlike cartomantic traditions elsewhere, Bolognese practitioners have always used the same deck as local players instead of inventing dedicated decks and do not make a pretense of a mystical origin of their pack.

17th-century personalized luxury pack by Giuseppe Maria Mitelli.[14]

The trump cards are as follows:

TrumpName of the card
(20)Angel (Anzel) or Judgement
(19)World (Mond)
(18)Sun (Sole)
(17)Moon (Louna)
16Star (Strela)
15Tower (Torr) or Lightning
14Devil (Dievel)
13Death (Morte)
12Traitor (Traditour)
11Hermit (Eremeta) or Time
10Fortune (Furtouna)
9Fortitude (Forza)
8Justice (Giustezzia)
7Virtue (Virto) or Temperance
6Chariot (Car)
5Love (Amour)
(1-4)four Moors (Murett)
(0)Magician (Begkett)

References

  1. 1 2 Dummett, Michael (1980). The Game of Tarot. London: Duckworth. pp. 334; 387–434.
  2. ↑ Pollett, Andrea. Birth of regional tarots at Andy's Playing Cards. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  3. ↑ Caldwell, Ross G. R. (2007). "Giovanni del Ponte and the dating of the Rothschild cards in the Louvre". The Playing-Card. 36 (1): 51–54.
  4. ↑ Mann, Sylvia (1990). All Cards on the Table. Leinfelden: Deutsches Spielkarten-Museum. pp. 22–31.
  5. ↑ Tarocco Bolognese pattern sheet at the International Playing-Card Society. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  6. ↑ Zorli, Girolamo. Cardano's Primero Game at TreTre. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  7. ↑ Primiera deck at Alta Carta. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  8. ↑ Starna, Domenico. Tarocco Bolognese at the World Web Playing Card Museum. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  9. ↑ McLeod, John. Rules for Ottocento at pagat.com. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  10. ↑ Zorli, Girolamo (2007). "A tarocchini terziglio in 1550 Ferrara". The Playing-Card. 36 (2): 84.
  11. ↑ Pratesi, Franco (1989). "Italian Cards: New Discoveries, no. 9". The Playing-Card. 17 (4): 136–145.
  12. ↑ Dummett, Michael (2003). "Tarot Cartomancy in Bologna". The Playing-Card. 32 (2): 79–88.
  13. ↑ Pollett, Andrea. Mitelli's Tarocchino at Andy's Playing Cards. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
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