Tavayvaam

Tavayvaam (English)
Тавайваам (Russian)
-  Rural locality[1]  -
Selo[1]

Location of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in Russia
Tavayvaam
Location of Tavayvaam in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Coordinates: 64°45′N 177°22′E / 64.750°N 177.367°E / 64.750; 177.367Coordinates: 64°45′N 177°22′E / 64.750°N 177.367°E / 64.750; 177.367
Administrative status (as of June 2011)
Country Russia
Federal subject Chukotka Autonomous Okrug[2]
Administratively subordinated to Town of okrug significance of Anadyr[1]
Municipal status (as of November 2004)
Urban okrug Anadyr Urban Okrug[3]
Statistics
Population (2010 Census) 472 inhabitants[4][5]
Population (January 2016 est.) 459 inhabitants[6]
Time zone PETT (UTC+12:00)[7]

Tavayvaam (Russian: Тавайва́ам) is a rural locality (a selo) under the administrative jurisdiction of the town of okrug significance of Anadyr in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia.[1] Within the framework of municipal divisions, it is a part of Anadyr Urban Okrug.[3] Its population of 472 (as of the 2010 Census)[4][5] is predominantly indigenous Chukchi and Yupik people.[8]

Etymology

The locality's name is of Chukchi origin and literally means river on which one rides.[9]

Economy

The economy is driven primarily by traditional activities. Reindeer farming used to be the main occupation, but following the economic crisis caused by the dissolution of the Soviet Union all the reindeer owned by the residents were lost. The effects of this loss can still be seen as around 20% of the population are unemployed. The lack of reindeer mean that the economy is instead now supported by fishing, seasonal labor, and the production of traditional indigenous crafts for sale to tourists and to the population of nearby Anadyr.

Soviet era

During the Soviet period, Tavayvaam's main economic focus was the state farm.[10] Originally, the farm was called "Stalin" (after Joseph Stalin), but following his death the name was changed to "Twenty-Second Party Congress"[10][11] Reindeer herding was the predominant occupation for the farm and at its most prosperous point during the 1970s there were up to ten separate brigades operating at any one time out in the tundra, tending to over 27,000 reindeer.[10] This farm employed the majority of Tavayvaam's population.[10] Individuals not directly involved in the herding of reindeer were employed in sewing workshops where the skin of the reindeer would be used, or in the fish processing plant attached to the farm.[10] It was the indigenous population that did all of the manual, practical work; the incomers were those who filled administrative or support positions.[10] During the summer, children would live with their families on the tundra following the reindeer, only returning at the start of a new academic year to attend school.[10] Beyond this steady employment, the fur and meat from the reindeer and other game, as well as mushrooms and berries foraged, provided a vital source of sustenance for Tavayvaam's residents.[10]

Post-Soviet era

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Boris Yeltsin initiated the privatization of all state-run enterprises.[10] Tavayvaam's state farm was technically dissolved, although the residents continued to refer to it as such, so key to their life it had been.[10] In its place, four private enterprises (Chirynai, Kenkeren, Eupolian, and Topolovoye) were established.[10] Unfortunately, it was not a case of business as usual for the four new enterprises. Normally, when a state enterprise was privatized, there would be some form of remnant that would ensure a degree of economic continuity, but in this case, upon the dissolution of the state farm the assets were simply divided amongst the four new enterprises and the state element disappeared entirely.[10] The indigenous people now running these private enterprises were completely unprepared for the demands of a free market environment.[10] By 1995, the total number of reindeer owned by the combined enterprises had fallen by nearly two-thirds from the total recorded in 1985, and by 1998, all four enterprises had closed permanently as there were no reindeer herds left.[10] Smaller industries like the sewing workshops had closed as well.[10]

It is claimed that the town of Anadyr annexed the "ethnic village" of Tavayvaam in May 1994, and that this was done by then governor Alexander Nazarov with a view to saving money from the autonomous okrug budget. If the national village had indeed been absorbed into the town of Anadyr then there would have been no obligation for the autonomous okrug to allocate specific funds for the indigenous population there.[10]

Demographics and culture

Tavayvaam has a status of an "ethnic village", namely a "place of compact residence of small-numbered peoples of the north".[12] Whereas Anadyr had an indigenous population of around 8.5% in 2005, Tavayvaam had an indigenous population of around 78%.[13] Tavayvaam preserves its indigenous culture through the Chukchi language Club Murgin Vetgav and a native crafts society.

Climate

Tavayvaam has a Continental Subarctic or Boreal (taiga) climate (Dfc).[14]

Climate data for Tavayvaam
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 1.2
(34.2)		 2.2
(36)		 5.1
(41.2)		 5
(41)		 14
(57)		 26
(79)		 28
(82)		 25.6
(78.1)		 23.4
(74.1)		 10.8
(51.4)		 5
(41)		 3.6
(38.5)		 28
(82)
Average high °C (°F) −19.7
(−3.5)		 −17.4
(0.7)		 −14.5
(5.9)		 −8.2
(17.2)		 2
(36)		 11.2
(52.2)		 15.8
(60.4)		 13.7
(56.7)		 7.9
(46.2)		 −1.8
(28.8)		 −8.9
(16)		 −16.6
(2.1)		 −3.0
(26.6)
Average low °C (°F) −26.6
(−15.9)		 −24.6
(−12.3)		 −21.8
(−7.2)		 −15.7
(3.7)		 −3.8
(25.2)		 3.8
(38.8)		 8.8
(47.8)		 7.5
(45.5)		 2.1
(35.8)		 −7.1
(19.2)		 −15.7
(3.7)		 −23.4
(−10.1)		 −9.7
(14.5)
Record low °C (°F) −44
(−47)		 −44.1
(−47.4)		 −39
(−38)		 −32.5
(−26.5)		 −22.5
(−8.5)		 −5.7
(21.7)		 −12.1
(10.2)		 −5
(23)		 −10.4
(13.3)		 −25.3
(−13.5)		 −35.8
(−32.4)		 −40
(−40)		 −44.1
(−47.4)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 42
(1.65)		 45
(1.77)		 33
(1.3)		 24
(0.94)		 16
(0.63)		 25
(0.98)		 42
(1.65)		 45
(1.77)		 37
(1.46)		 29
(1.14)		 39
(1.54)		 32
(1.26)		 408
(16.06)
Average snowy days 15 14 13 15 14 1 0 0 3 16 18 15 124
Source: [15]

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 Directive #517-rp
  2. ↑ Law #33-OZ
  3. 1 2 Law #40-OZ
  4. 1 2 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  5. 1 2 This figure is given for all rural population of Anadyr Urban Okrug, a municipal formation of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. According to Law 40-OZ, Tavayvaam is the only rural locality on the territory of this municipal formation.
  6. ↑ Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service. Численность постоянного населения Чукотского автономного округа по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2016 года (Russian)
  7. ↑ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №271-ФЗ от 03 июля 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #271-FZ of July 03, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
  8. ↑ Gray, p. 130
  9. ↑ В. В. Леонтьев и К. А. Новикова (V. V. Leontyev and K. A. Novikova). "Топонимический словарь северо-востока СССР" (Toponymic Dictionary of the Northeastern USSR). Magadan, 1989, pp. 348–349
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Gray, pp. 133–135
  11. ↑ Gray (p. 237) notes that, despite the apparent blandness of the new name, this is a particularly significant change as it was during the 22nd party congress when Nikita Khrushchev ordered Stalin's body to be removed from Lenin's tomb, a clear acknowledgement of his fall from grace.
  12. ↑ Resolution #1237
  13. ↑ Gray, p. 131
  14. ↑ McKnight and Hess, pp. 232-235
  15. ↑ "Weather Averages — Tavayvaam". www.meoweather.com. Retrieved June 29, 2012.

Sources

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