The Agnew Clinic
 | |
| Artist | Thomas Eakins |
|---|---|
| Year | 1889 |
| Medium | Oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 214 cm × 300 cm ( 84 3⁄8 in × 118 1⁄8 in) |
| Location | John Morgan Building at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
The Agnew Clinic, or, The Clinic of Dr. Agnew, is an 1889 oil painting by American artist Thomas Eakins, Goodrich #235. It was commissioned to honor anatomist and surgeon David Hayes Agnew, on his retirement from teaching at the University of Pennsylvania.
Background
The Agnew Clinic depicts Dr. Agnew performing a partial mastectomy in a medical amphitheater. He stands in the left foreground, holding a scalpel. Also present are Dr. J. William White, applying a bandage to the patient; Dr. Joseph Leidy (nephew of paleontologist Joseph Leidy), taking the patient's pulse; and Dr. Ellwood R. Kirby, administering anesthetic. In the background, Dr. Agnew's nurse, Mary Clymer, and University of Pennsylvania medical school students observe. Eakins placed himself in the painting – he is the rightmost of the pair behind the nurse – although the actual painting of him is attributed to his wife, Susan Macdowell Eakins.[1] The painting, also, records the significant transition, in just 14 years, from the earlier status quo — the participants' black frock coats represented in The Gross Clinic (1875) — to the "white coats" of 1889.[2]
The painting is Eakins's largest work.[3] It was commissioned for $750 (equivalent to $19,786 today) in 1889 by three undergraduate classes at the University of Pennsylvania, to honor Dr. Agnew on the occasion of his retirement.[3] The painting was completed quickly, in three months, rather than the year that Eakins took for The Gross Clinic. Eakins carved a Latin inscription into the painting's frame. Translated, it says: "D. Hayes Agnew M.D. Most experienced surgeon, clearest writer and teacher, most venerated and beloved man."[4][5]
Style
The work is a prime example of Eakins's scientific realism. The rendering is almost photographically precise - so much so that art historians have been able to identify everyone depicted in the painting, with the exception of the patient.[1] It largely repeats the subject of Eakins's earlier The Gross Clinic (1875), seen at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. The painting echoes the subject and treatment of Rembrandt's famous Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp (1632) (in the Mauritshuis museum in The Hague, the Netherlands), and other earlier depictions of public surgery such as the frontispiece of Andreas Vesalius's De humani corporis fabrica (1543), the Quack Physicians' Hall (c. 1730) by the Dutch artist Egbert van Heemskerck, and the fourth scene in William Hogarth's The Four Stages of Cruelty (1751).
Controversy
The Agnew Clinic is one of Eakins's most hotly debated works.[6] His decision to portray a partially nude woman observed by a roomful of men (even though they were doctors, and in an undeniably medical setting) was controversial. It was rejected for exhibition at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in 1891, and at New York's Society of American Artists in 1892. Its exhibition at Chicago's 1893 World's Columbian Exposition was criticized.[6] Modern art historian David M. Lubin asserts psychological and sexual overtones, e.g., "...the depiction of masculinity subjugating femininity does seem an essential component of this work."[7]
Related works
Eakins made preparatory sketches for The Agnew Clinic - a drawing of Dr. David Hayes Agnew, an oil study of Agnew, and a compositional sketch for the entire work. Individual studies of all 33 figures were probably made, but none are known to survive.
Eakins painted a second version in black and white specifically to be reproduced by photography.[8] His friend and protégé, Samuel Murray, modeled a statuette of Eakins at work on the painting.[9]
As of 2009, The Agnew Clinic was on loan from the University of Pennsylvania to the Philadelphia Museum of Art.[1]
G-235A. Drawing of Dr. Agnew.
G-237. Oil study of Dr. Agnew, Yale University Art Gallery
G-236. Compositional sketch, private collection.
Statuette: Thomas Eakins at work on The Agnew Clinic (1889) by Samuel Murray.
Notes
- 1 2 3 Medical Class of 1889 and Thomas Eakins' painting of "The Agnew Clinic". University of Pennsylvania Archives and Records Center.
- ↑ Hardy, Susan and Corones, Anthony, "Dressed to Heal: The Changing Semiotics of Surgical Dress", Fashion Theory, (2015), pp.1-23. doi=10.1080/1362704X.2015.1077653
- 1 2 Stefan C. Schatzki. The Agnew Clinic. The American Journal of Roentgenology. Volume 160, Issue 5, 1993.
- ↑ Kirkpatrick, 396.
- ↑ Agnew Clinic with frame from Flickr.
- 1 2 Kirkpatrick, 390.
- ↑ David M. Lubin, Act of Portrayal: Eakins, Sargent, James (New Haven:CT: Yale University Press, 1985), p. 64.
- ↑ Philadelphia Museum of Art Website
- ↑ Thomas Eakins by Samuel Murray from Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Sources
- Sidney Kirkpatrick. The Revenge of Thomas Eakins. Yale University Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-300-10855-2.