Global Competitiveness Report

The Global Competitiveness Report (GCR)[1] is a yearly report published by the World Economic Forum. Since 2004, the Global Competitiveness Report ranks countries based on the Global Competitiveness Index,[2] developed by Xavier Sala-i-Martin and Elsa V. Artadi.[3] Before that, the macroeconomic ranks were based on Jeffrey Sachs's Growth Development Index and the microeconomic ranks were based on Michael Porter's Business Competitiveness Index. The Global Competitiveness Index integrates the macroeconomic and the micro/business aspects of competitiveness into a single index.

The report "assesses the ability of countries to provide high levels of prosperity to their citizens. This in turn depends on how productively a country uses available resources. Therefore, the Global Competitiveness Index measures the set of institutions, policies, and factors that set the sustainable current and medium-term levels of economic prosperity."[4][5]

Description

Since 2004, the report ranks the world's nations according to the Global Competitiveness Index.[6] The report states that it is based on the latest theoretical and empirical research.[7] It is made up of over 110 variables, of which two thirds come from the Executive Opinion Survey, and one third comes from publicly available sources such as the United Nations. The variables are organized into twelve pillars,[8] with each pillar representing an area considered as an important determinant of competitiveness.

One part of the report is the Executive Opinion Survey which is a survey of a representative sample of business leaders in their respective countries. Respondent numbers have increased every year and is currently just over 13,500 in 142 countries (2010).[9]

The report notes that as a nation develops, wages tend to increase, and that in order to sustain this higher income, labor productivity must improve for the nation to be competitive. In addition, what creates productivity in Sweden is necessarily different from what drives it in Ghana. Thus, the GCI separates countries into three specific stages: factor-driven, efficiency-driven, and innovation-driven, each implying a growing degree of complexity in the operation of the economy.

In the factor-driven stage countries compete based on their factor endowments, primarily unskilled labor and natural resources. Companies compete on the basis of prices and sell basic products or commodities, with their low productivity reflected in low wages. There are twelve pillars of competitiveness. These are:

  1. institutions
  2. appropriate infrastructure
  3. a stable macroeconomic framework
  4. good health and primary education
  5. higher education and training
  6. efficient goods markets
  7. efficient labor markets
  8. developed financial markets
  9. the ability to harness the benefits of existing technologies
  10. and its market size, both domestic and international
  11. by producing new and different goods using the most sophisticated production processes
  12. innovation

To maintain competitiveness at this stage of development, competitiveness hinges mainly on well-functioning public and private institutions (pillar 1), appropriate infrastructure (pillar 2), a stable macroeconomic framework (pillar 3), and good health and primary education (pillar 4).

As wages rise with advancing development, countries move into the efficiency-driven stage of development, when they must begin to develop more efficient production processes and increase product quality. At this point, competitiveness becomes increasingly driven by higher education and training (pillar 5), efficient goods markets (pillar 6), efficient labor markets (pillar 7), developed financial markets (pillar 8), the ability to harness the benefits of existing technologies (pillar 9), and its market size, both domestic and international (pillar 10).

Finally, as countries move into the innovation-driven stage, they are only able to sustain higher wages and a higher standard of living if their businesses are able to compete by providing new or unique products. At this stage, companies must compete by producing new and different goods using the most sophisticated production processes (pillar 11) and through innovation (pillar 12).

Thus, the impact of each pillar on competitiveness varies across countries, in function of their stages of economic development. Therefore, in the calculation of the GCI, pillars are given different weights depending on the per capita income of the nation.[10] The weights used are the values that best explain growth in recent years[11] For example, the sophistication and innovation factors contribute 10% to the final score in factor and efficiency-driven economies, but 30% in innovation-driven economies. Intermediate values are used for economies in transition between stages.

The Global Competitiveness Index's annual reports are somewhat similar to the Ease of Doing Business Index and the Indices of Economic Freedom, which also look at factors affecting economic growth (but not as many as the Global Competitiveness Report).

2016–2017 rankings

This is the top 30 of the 2016–2017 report:[12]

  1.   Switzerland 5.81 (—)
  2.  Singapore 5.72 (—)
  3.  United States 5.7 (—)
  4.  Netherlands 5.57 (+1)
  5.  Germany 5.57 (-1)
  6.  Sweden 5.53 (+3)
  7.  United Kingdom 5.49 (+3)
  8.  Japan 5.48 (-2)
  9.  Hong Kong 5.48 (-2)
  10.  Finland 5.44 (-2)
  11.  Norway 5.44 (—)
  12.  Denmark 5.35 (—)
  13.  New Zealand 5.31 (+3)
  14.  Taiwan 5.28 (+1)
  15.  Canada 5.27 (-2)
  16.  United Arab Emirates 5.26 (+1)
  17.  Belgium 5.25 (+2)
  18.  Qatar 5.23 (-4)
  19.  Austria 5.22 (+4)
  20.  Luxembourg 5.2 (—)
  21.  France 5.2 (+1)
  22.  Australia 5.19 (-1)
  23.  Ireland 5.18 (+1)
  24.  Israel 5.18 (+3)
  25.  Malaysia 5.16 (-7)
  26.  South Korea 5.03 (—)
  27.  Iceland 4.96 (+2)
  28.  China 4.95 (—)
  29.  Saudi Arabia 4.84 (-4)
  30.  Estonia 4.78 (—)

2015–2016 rankings

This is the top 30 of the 2015–2016 report:[13]

  1.   Switzerland 5.76 (—)
  2.  Singapore 5.68 (—)
  3.  United States 5.61 (—)
  4.  Germany 5.53 (+1)
  5.  Netherlands 5.50 (+3)
  6.  Japan 5.47 (—)
  7.  Hong Kong 5.46 (—)
  8.  Finland 5.45 (-4)
  9.  Sweden 5.43 (+1)
  10.  United Kingdom 5.43 (-1)
  11.  Norway 5.41 (—)
  12.  Denmark 5.33 (+1)
  13.  Canada 5.31 (+2)
  14.  Qatar 5.30 (+2)
  15.  Taiwan 5.28 (-1)
  16.  New Zealand 5.25 (+1)
  17.  United Arab Emirates 5.24 (-5)
  18.  Malaysia 5.23 (+2)
  19.  Belgium 5.20 (-1)
  20.  Luxembourg 5.20 (-1)
  21.  Australia 5.15 (+1)
  22.  France 5.13 (+1)
  23.  Austria 5.12 (-2)
  24.  Ireland 5.11 (+1)
  25.  Saudi Arabia 5.07 (-1)
  26.  South Korea 4.98 (—)
  27.  Israel 4.98 (—)
  28.  China 4.89 (—)
  29.  Iceland 4.83 (+1)
  30.  Estonia 4.71 (-1)

2014–2015 rankings

This is the top 30 of the 2014–2015 report:[14]

  1.   Switzerland 5.80 (—)
  2.  Singapore 5.65 (—)
  3.  United States 5.54 (+2)
  4.  Finland 5.50 (-1)
  5.  Germany 5.49 (-1)
  6.  Japan 5.47 (+3)
  7.  Hong Kong 5.46 (—)
  8.  Netherlands 5.45 (—)
  9.  United Kingdom 5.41 (+1)
  10.  Sweden 5.41 (-4)
  11.  Norway 5.35 (—)
  12.  United Arab Emirates 5.33 (+7)
  13.  Denmark 5.29 (+2)
  14.  Taiwan 5.25 (-2)
  15.  Canada 5.24 (-1)
  16.  Qatar 5.26 (-3)
  17.  New Zealand 5.20 (+1)
  18.  Belgium 5.18 (-1)
  19.  Luxembourg 5.17 (+3)
  20.  Malaysia 5.16 (+4)
  21.  Austria 5.16 (-5)
  22.  Australia 5.08 (-1)
  23.  France 5.08 (—)
  24.  Saudi Arabia 5.06 (-4)
  25.  Ireland 4.98 (+3)
  26.  South Korea 4.96 (-1)
  27.  Israel 4.95 (—)
  28.  China 4.89 (+1)
  29.  Estonia 4.71 (+3)
  30.  Iceland 4.71 (+1)

2013–2014 rankings

This is the top 30 of the 2013–2014 report:[15]

  1.   Switzerland 5.67 (—)
  2.  Singapore 5.61 (—)
  3.  Finland 5.54 (—)
  4.  Germany 5.51 (+2)
  5.  United States 5.48 (+2)
  6.  Sweden 5.48 (-2)
  7.  Hong Kong 5.47 (+2)
  8.  Netherlands 5.42 (-3)
  9.  Japan 5.40 (+1)
  10.  United Kingdom 5.37 (-2)
  11.  Norway 5.33 (+4)
  12.  Taiwan 5.29 (+1)
  13.  Qatar 5.24 (-2)
  14.  Canada 5.20 (—)
  15.  Denmark 5.18 (-3)
  16.  Austria 5.15 (—)
  17.  Belgium 5.13 (—)
  18.  New Zealand 5.11 (+5)
  19.  United Arab Emirates 5.11 (+5)
  20.  Saudi Arabia 5.10 (-2)
  21.  Australia 5.09 (-1)
  22.  Luxembourg 5.09 (—)
  23.  France 5.05 (-2)
  24.  Malaysia 5.03 (+1)
  25.  South Korea 5.01 (-6)
  26.  Brunei 4.95 (+2)
  27.  Israel 4.94 (-1)
  28.  Ireland 4.92 (-1)
  29.  China 4.84 (—)
  30.  Puerto Rico 4.67 (+1)

2012–2013 rankings

This is the top 30 of the 2012–2013 report:[16]

  1.   Switzerland 5.72 (—)
  2.  Singapore 5.67 (—)
  3.  Finland 5.55 (+1)
  4.  Sweden 5.53 (-1)
  5.  Netherlands 5.50 (+2)
  6.  Germany 5.48 (—)
  7.  United States 5.47 (-2)
  8.  United Kingdom 5.45 (+2)
  9.  Hong Kong 5.41 (+2)
  10.  Japan 5.40 (-1)
  11.  Qatar 5.38 (+3)
  12.  Denmark 5.29 (-4)
  13.  Taiwan 5.28 (—)
  14.  Canada 5.27 (-2)
  15.  Norway 5.27 (+1)
  16.  Austria 5.22 (+3)
  17.  Belgium 5.21 (-2)
  18.  Saudi Arabia 5.19 (+1)
  19.  South Korea 5.12 (+5)
  20.  Australia 5.12 (—)
  21.  France 5.11 (-3)
  22.  Luxembourg 5.09 (+1)
  23.  New Zealand 5.09 (+2)
  24.  United Arab Emirates 5.07 (+3)
  25.  Malaysia 5.06 (−4)
  26.  Israel 5.02 (-4)
  27.  Ireland 4.91 (+2)
  28.  Brunei 4.87 (—)
  29.  China 4.83 (-3)
  30.  Iceland 4.74 (—)

2011–2012 rankings

This is the top 30 of the 2011–2012 report:[17][18]

  1.   Switzerland 5.75 (—)
  2.  Singapore 5.63 (+1)
  3.  Sweden 5.61 (−1)
  4.  Finland 5.47 (+3)
  5.  United States 5.43 (−1)
  6.  Germany 5.41 (−1)
  7.  Netherlands 5.41 (+1)
  8.  Denmark 5.40 (+1)
  9.  Japan 5.40 (−3)
  10.  United Kingdom 5.39 (+2)
  11.  Hong Kong 5.36 (—)
  12.  Canada 5.33 (−2)
  13.  Taiwan 5.26 (—)
  14.  Qatar 5.24 (+3)
  15.  Belgium 5.20 (+4)
  16.  Norway 5.18 (−2)
  17.  Saudi Arabia 5.17 (+4)
  18.  France 5.14 (−4)
  19.  Austria 5.14 (−1)
  20.  Australia 5.11 (−4)
  21.  Malaysia 5.08 (+5)
  22.  Israel 5.07 (+2)
  23.  Luxembourg 5.03 (−3)
  24.  South Korea 5.02 (−2)
  25.  New Zealand 4.93 (−2)
  26.  China 4.90 (+1)
  27.  United Arab Emirates 4.89 (−2)
  28.  Brunei 4.78 (—)
  29.  Ireland 4.77 (—)
  30.  Iceland 4.75 (+1)

2010–2011 rankings

This is the top 30 of the 2010–2011 report:[19]

  1.   Switzerland 5.63
  2.  Sweden 5.56
  3.  Singapore 5.48
  4.  United States 5.43
  5.  Germany 5.39
  6.  Japan 5.37
  7.  Finland 5.37
  8.  Netherlands 5.33
  9.  Denmark 5.32
  10.  Canada 5.30
  11.  Hong Kong 5.27
  12.  United Kingdom 5.25
  13.  Taiwan 5.21
  14.  Norway 5.14
  15.  France 5.13
  16.  Australia 5.11
  17.  Qatar 5.10
  18.  Austria 5.09
  19.  Belgium 5.07
  20.  Luxembourg 5.05
  21.  Saudi Arabia 4.95
  22.  South Korea 4.93
  23.  New Zealand 4.92
  24.  Israel 4.91
  25.  United Arab Emirates 4.89
  26.  Malaysia 4.88
  27.  China 4.84
  28.  Brunei 4.75
  29.  Ireland 4.74
  30.  Chile 4.69

2009–2010 rankings

This is the top 30 of the 2009–2010 report:[20]

  1.   Switzerland 5.60
  2.  United States 5.59
  3.  Singapore 5.55
  4.  Sweden 5.51
  5.  Denmark 5.46
  6.  Finland 5.43
  7.  Germany 5.37
  8.  Japan 5.37
  9.  Canada 5.33
  10.  Netherlands 5.32
  11.  Hong Kong 5.22
  12.  Taiwan 5.20
  13.  United Kingdom 5.19
  14.  Norway 5.17
  15.  Australia 5.15
  16.  France 5.13
  17.  Austria 5.13
  18.  Belgium 5.09
  19.  South Korea 5.00
  20.  New Zealand 4.98
  21.  Luxembourg 4.96
  22.  Qatar 4.95
  23.  United Arab Emirates 4.92
  24.  Malaysia 4.87
  25.  Ireland 4.84
  26.  Iceland 4.80
  27.  Israel 4.80
  28.  Saudi Arabia 4.75
  29.  China 4.74
  30.  Chile 4.70

2008–2009 rankings

This is the top 30 of the 2008–2009 report:[21]

  1.  United States 5.74
  2.   Switzerland 5.61
  3.  Denmark 5.58
  4.  Sweden 5.53
  5.  Singapore 5.53
  6.  Finland 5.50
  7.  Germany 5.46
  8.  Netherlands 5.41
  9.  Japan 5.38
  10.  Canada 5.37
  11.  Hong Kong 5.33
  12.  United Kingdom 5.30
  13.  South Korea 5.28
  14.  Austria 5.23
  15.  Norway 5.22
  16.  France 5.22
  17.  Taiwan 5.22
  18.  Australia 5.20
  19.  Belgium 5.14
  20.  Iceland 5.05
  21.  Malaysia 5.04
  22.  Ireland 4.99
  23.  Israel 4.97
  24.  New Zealand 4.93
  25.  Luxembourg 4.85
  26.  Qatar 4.83
  27.  Saudi Arabia 4.72
  28.  Chile 4.72
  29.  Spain 4.72
  30.  China 4.70

You can find the computation and structure of the GCI p 49-50 of the Global Competitiveness Report 2013-2013

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Global Competitiveness Report 2014-2015 - Reports - World Economic Forum". Global Competitiveness Report 2014-2015.
  2. ↑ "Global Competitiveness Report 2014-2015 - Reports - World Economic Forum". Global Competitiveness Report 2014-2015.
  3. ↑ "Sala-i-Martin, Xavier and Elsa V. Artadi, "The Global Competitiveness Index", Global Competitiveness Report, Global Economic Forum 2004
  4. ↑ "Global Competitiveness Network: Frequently Asked Questions". Retrieved 2009-04-17.
  5. ↑ "Global Competitiveness".
  6. ↑ Sala-i-Martin, Xavier and Elsa V. Artadi, "The Global Competitiveness Index", Global Competitiveness Report, Global Economic Forum, 2004
  7. ↑ http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gcr_2006/gcr2006_summary.pdf
  8. ↑ See appendix in Page 47 pf the 2011-12 report. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GCR_Report_2011-12.pdf
  9. ↑ http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/FAQs/index.htm
  10. ↑ http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gcr_2006/chapter_1_1.pdf
  11. ↑ http://www.columbia.edu/~xs23/papers/WEC_00220_00701_Snowdon.pdf
  12. ↑ "Global Competitiveness Report 2016-2017" (PDF). World Economic Forum.
  13. ↑ "Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016". Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016.
  14. ↑ "Global Competitiveness Report 2014-2015 - Reports - World Economic Forum". Global Competitiveness Report 2014-2015.
  15. ↑ http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2013-14.pdf
  16. ↑ http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2012-13.pdf
  17. ↑ "US Competitiveness Ranking Continues to Fall; Emerging Markets Are Closing the Gap | World Economic Forum - US Competitiveness Ranking Continues to Fall; Emerging Markets Are Closing the Gap". Weforum.org. 2011-09-07. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
  18. ↑ http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GCR_CompetitivenessIndexRanking_2011-12.pdf
  19. ↑ World Economic Forum. "Table 4: The Global Competitiveness Index 2010–2011 rankings and 2009–2010 comparisons" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-09-10.
  20. ↑ World Economic Forum. "Table 4: The Global Competitiveness Index 2009–2010 rankings and 2008–2009 comparisons" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-09-09.
  21. ↑ World Economic Forum. "The Global Competitiveness Index rankings and 2007–2008 comparisons" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-09-10.
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