Thomas J. Carroll

For other people named Thomas Carroll, see Thomas Carroll (disambiguation).
Father Thomas J. Carroll
Born (1909-08-06)August 6, 1909
Died April 24, 1971(1971-04-24)

Father Thomas J. Carroll (August 6, 1909 – April 24, 1971)[1] was a Catholic priest, pioneer and leader in the liturgical movement in the U.S.,[2] pioneer in treatment for people who became blind later in their lives,[3][4][5][6] and active in the civil rights movement.[7][8]

Early adult life

Father Thomas Carroll graduated from The College of the Holy Cross in 1932 and from St. Johns Seminary in Brighton, Massachusetts in 1938.[3][9]

He was ordained May 20, 1938 by Bishop Spellman.[8][10]

U.S. liturgical movement

Liturgy is the fixed set of ceremonies, words, etc. that are used during public worship in a religion, or a rite or body of rites prescribed for public worship. Rev. Thomas J. Carroll was a pioneer and leader in the liturgical movement in the U.S.[8][11][12] He was the president of the New England Regional Unit of the National Liturgical Conference, and founded a newsletter "the Mediator". He was president of the National Liturgical Conference from 1946–1949,[13] and was on both the Executive Committee and the Advisory Council.[2][14] [15]

Work with the blind

In addition to his work on Liturgical reform, he is best known for his work with the blind, especially those who become blind as adults.[16][17][18] [19] He was a pioneer in rehabilitation for the blind [20][21] and in the specific area of Orientation and Mobility (O&M).[4][8][22][23] In 1938, Father Thomas Carroll's first assignment after ordination was as the Assistant Director of the Catholic Guild for The Blind, an agency of the Archdiocese of Boston, Massachusetts.[7] [24]

In October 1944, he was appointed Chaplain of St. Raphael's Hall in Newton, Massachusetts.[8]

Father Thomas Carroll played a key role in the establishment of low vision and blind services for the military and veterans administrations.[25][26] Father Carroll was auxiliary Chaplain working with blinded serviceman at the U.S. Army's Ophthalmological Center located at Valley Forge, PA and at the Avon Center (Avon Old Farms Convalescent Hospital) in CT from 1944 to 1947.[7][24] He helped to found the Blinded Veterans Association (BVA) and was its National Chaplain until his death in 1971.[27][28] Father Carroll was official Chaplain at the U.S. Army rehabilitation unit at Old Farms.[9]

In 1945, the U.S. Army established the "Honorary Civilian Advisory Committee, Program for the War Blinded of the United States Army". Members included Robert Irwin (Chairman of the Committee), Colonel Baker (Canada), Reverend Thomas Carroll, Joseph G. Cauffma, Dr. Roma S. Cheek, Dr. Gabriel Farrell, Philip N. Harrison, R. Henry P. Johnson, Mrs. Lee Johnson, W.L.McDaniel, Eber L. Palmer, Peter J. Salmon. The Committee was disbanded in 1946, but the members, plus three additional members, then became the VA's Committee on the Blinded Veteran with the permission of General Omar Bradley, the new head of the VA. [9] Father Carroll served on the President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped.[8] He served on the program for the war-blinded of the U.S. Army.[8] In November 1946, he became Executive Director of the Catholic Guild for all of the blind replacing Father Connolly.[8][10]

Father Carroll was a fencer. While working with the blinded vets in Avon Old Farms Convalescent Hospital he saw blinded vets fencing, which was easily accepted by the vets as a competitive skill for combat. Father Carroll saw the connection between fencing and cane travel, so he introduced fencing to the trainees at the St. Paul's Rehabilitation Center for Newly Blinded Adults when he got it going. The fencing program Father Carroll implemented in the 1940s was the first designed for the blind.[29] Father Carroll introduced the fencing program at the Carroll Center in 1954 with Larry Dargle. They then brought in Eric Sollee in 1968. Eric Sollee took over in 1972 and continued to teach there for four decades.[29][30][31] [32]

In 1953, in the United States, there were only 40 full-time mobility restoration experts. Recognizing a lack of sufficient experts, Father Carroll helped to organize the first conference on mobility restoration at his family's home near Gloucester, Massachusetts. This three-day conference gathered thirty experts in a range of fields regarding blind activities. During the conference, the non-blind experts (five were blind) were blindfolded for two hours. Speaking of this experience, Father Carroll said, "We recognized immediately our feeling of fright, insecurity, groping, and awkwardness … this shows, in a way that no amount of discussion could, how great is the need for coordinated scientific mobility training." As a result of this conference, a Committee on Mobility Restoration was formed. Dr. A.B.C Knudsen, director of the Veteran's Administration physical medicine and rehabilitation, one of the attendees, advocated for a national program, patterned after the Army's program for rehabilitation of the blind.[9][33][34][35]

In 1954, under Father Carroll's direction and based on his experience with blinded servicemen, the Guild founded St. Paul's Rehabilitation Center for newly blinded Adults on the Guild's grounds.[36][37] Prior to this, the Guild consisted of St. Raphael's Hall, which was primarily a safe haven for elderly blind women. At St. Paul, all of the blind, including the elderly, were taught to do as much as they could do for themselves. The name of the hall (as part of St. Paul's) was changed to St. Raphael's Geriatric Adjustment Center for the Blind and the Visually handicapped.[10] Skills taught included operating power tools including a buzz saw, and cooking using an electric mixer and gas stove. In addition to building skills, each blind person developed confidence and independence.[3][38]

In 1957 to 1958, Father Carroll stayed at the Rusk Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in New York for surgery on and rehabilitation of his leg following a traffic accident. At the beginning of these 13 months, Dr. Howard Rusk told him that it would be about a ten-day stay.[7][10] Dr. Rusk had presented the AFB Migel Medal to Father Carroll earlier in 1957.[7]

Father Thomas Carroll wrote Blindness: What it is, What it Does and How to Live with it in 1961.[39][40][41] In it, he characterized blindness in terms of 20 losses,[42][43] and as the 'death' of the sighted individual.[44][45][46]

The Greater Pittsburgh Guild for the Blind located in Bridgeville, PA was created under the influence of Father Carroll. In 1959, the Catholic Guild for the blind was dissolved and replaced by the non-sectarian Greater Pittsburgh Guild where "... we continue the Carroll Revolution" using his book Blindness: What it is, What it Does and How to Live with it[47] as their textbook.[36][37][48]

In 1959, the American Foundation for the Blind funded a national conference to establish the criteria for selecting O&M personnel. This group included the people who had helped to develop Orientation and Mobility (O&M) training procedures for the visually impaired: Richard Hoover, Father Carroll, Frederick Jervis, and other practitioners and administrators.[35]

In 1963, Father Carroll founded the American Center for Research and Blindness in Newton, Massachusetts. This was one of the first laboratories devoted to the medical, psychological, sociological, and rehabilitation problems of the blind.[8]

In 1964, the center was renamed to the Catholic Guild for All the Blind to reflect the fact that it served people regardless of their religion. In 1972, it was renamed to the Carroll Rehabilitation Center for the Visually Impaired, in memory of Father Carroll who had died in 1971.[4][9] He introduced rehabilitation concepts into the program at the Catholic Guild, including many firsts such as mobility training for blind persons in the community, the American Center for Research in Blindness and Rehabilitation, and St. Raphael's Geriatric Adjustment Center.[7]

Father Thomas Carroll worked with the American Foundation for the Blind.[28]

Civil rights

Father Carroll was active in the civil rights movement of the 1960s being active in national and local civil rights groups.[7][49] He helped to organize Boston clergy to participate in the Selma to Montgomery march in 1965.[7][8] He participated in the Selma march [50] including "Turnaround Tuesday" and is seen in the referenced video.[49][51]

Author

In addition to his book "Blindness" which was translated into several languages, he also wrote free verse. Among his published poems were: "Lines written on the death of Reverend Jame Reeb", "To Paul Dever" (former Governor of Massachusetts), and Search for Identification (on the death of Malcolm X).[7][47]

Death

Rev. Thomas J. Carroll died April 24, 1971 at St. Elizabeth's Hospital at the age of 61.[8][23]

Honors and awards

Father Carroll received close to 100 awards for his work with the blind,[4] including the Associated Services for the Blind's Louis Braille Award [52] in 1961, the National Rehabilitation Association's Outstanding Achievement Award in 1960, the Migel Medal of the American Foundation of the Blind (AFB), the Leslie Dana award from the St. Louis Society for the blind (awarded annually since 1925)[8][53] and the Bell Greve Memorial award of the National Rehabilitation Association.[4] He is in the American Printing House for the blind Hall of Fame.[4] Awards in his memory include the Carroll Society Award, given annually [54] and the Father Carroll Award given alternate years.[55] In addition, the BVA has a speech in his memory at the annual Father Carroll luncheon at their national convention.[1]

Additional Awards:

References

  1. 1 2 "Father Carroll Legacy Still Alive, Still Vibrant". Blinded Veterans Association/.
  2. 1 2 "Thomas Carroll". liturgicalleaders.blogspot.com/.
  3. 1 2 3 Black, Herbert (1 March 1964). "Blind Guild's Fr. Carroll hailed by Optometrists". Boston Globe.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Father Thomas Carroll, American Printing House for the Blind Hall of Fame". American Printing House for the Blind.
  5. ↑ "Father Thomas J. Carroll — A short biography". Carroll Center.
  6. ↑ Thomas H. O'Connor (1998). Boston Catholics: A History of the Church and Its People. UPNE. pp. 268–. ISBN 978-1-55553-359-5.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Dedication". Listen. page 1: The Catholic Guild For All The Blind. Summer 1971.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Fr. Carroll, Head of Blind Guild, Died April 24, Native of Gloucester, Pioneered New Liturgy". Boston Pilot. 2 May 1971.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Frances A. Koestler (2004). The Unseen Minority: A Social History of Blindness in the United States. American Foundation for the Blind. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-89128-896-1.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Banks, Harold (12 December 1965). "Eyes to the Blind". Pictoral Living Colorado Magazine. pages 28-29.
  11. ↑ Thomas Carroll (1953). Liturgical Week: What is it? . People's participation and holy week: National Week,Elsberry MO. Liturgical conference Inc. pp. 4–12.
  12. ↑ "Father Carroll's Remarks" (PDF).
  13. ↑ Kathleen Hughes (1991). The Monk's Tale: A Biography of Godfrey Diekmann, O.S.B. Liturgical Press. pp. 135–. ISBN 978-0-8146-1984-1.
  14. ↑ "Thomas J Carroll Papers".
  15. ↑ "AccessCollection National Liturgical Conference".
  16. ↑ Thomas J. Carroll; John F. Muldoon; Thomas F. Furlong (1990). Essays on Blindness Rehabilitation in Honor of Thomas J. Carroll: A Festschrift. American Foundation for the Blind. ISBN 978-0-89128-164-1.
  17. ↑ Dorothy Herrmann (15 December 1999). Helen Keller: A Life. University of Chicago Press. pp. 162–. ISBN 978-0-226-32763-1.
  18. ↑ Cecil R. Reynolds; Elaine Fletcher-Janzen (26 February 2007). Encyclopedia of Special Education: A Reference for the Education of Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Disabilities and Other Exceptional Individuals, 3 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1376–. ISBN 978-0-470-17419-7.
  19. ↑ Cecil R. Reynolds; Elaine Fletcher-Janzen (25 March 2004). Concise Encyclopedia of Special Education: A Reference for the Education of the Handicapped and Other Exceptional Children and Adults. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 641–. ISBN 978-0-471-65251-9.
  20. ↑ Esther Urdang (5 October 2015). Human Behavior in the Social Environment: Interweaving the Inner and Outer Worlds. Taylor & Francis. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-1-317-69945-3.
  21. ↑ David Feeney (2007). Toward an Aesthetics of Blindness: An Interdisciplinary Response to Synge, Yeats, and Friel. Peter Lang. pp. 203–. ISBN 978-0-8204-8662-8.
  22. ↑ Scot Danforth; Susan Lynn Gabel (2006). Vital Questions Facing Disability Studies in Education. Peter Lang. pp. 169–. ISBN 978-0-8204-7834-0.
  23. 1 2 The New York Times Biographical Service. New York Times & Arno Press. March 1971.
  24. 1 2 Gary L Albrecht (7 October 2005). Encyclopedia of Disability. SAGE Publications. pp. 2099–. ISBN 978-1-4522-6520-9.
  25. ↑ Joseph Sassani (1995). A history of low vision and blind rehabilitation in the United States.
  26. ↑ Stephen Miyagawa (1999). Journey to Excellence: Development of the Military and VA Blind Rehabilitation Programs in the 20th Century. Galde Press, Inc. pp. 81–. ISBN 978-1-880090-76-3.
  27. ↑ "Pre-Convention Bulletin 2015". www.bva.org/.
  28. 1 2 Ronald J. Ferguson (2007). The Blind Need Not Apply: A History of Overcoming Prejudice in the Orientation and Mobility Profession. IAP. pp. 103–. ISBN 978-1-59311-575-3.
  29. 1 2 "Eric Sollee". Carroll Center for the Blind.
  30. ↑ http://www.bu.edu/bostonia/summer11/fencing/
  31. ↑ "Knowing beyond seeing". Boston Globe.
  32. ↑ http://www.matildaziegler.com/2010/04/12/feature-writer-john-christie-first-known-blind-fencing-competition-is-a-success/
  33. ↑ "Medicine – Sightless Motion". Newsweek. 16 November 1953.
  34. ↑ The Cane as a Mobility Aid for the Blind: A Report of a Conference, Washington, D. C., September 10-11, 1971. National Academies. 1972. pp. 2–. NAP:11745.
  35. 1 2 William R. Wiener; Richard L. Welsh; Bruce B. Blasch (2010). Foundations of Orientation and Mobility. American Foundation for the Blind. pp. 487–. ISBN 978-0-89128-448-2.
  36. 1 2 Msgr. Paul M. Lackner (25 June 1981). "A Leader in Training of the Blind". The Pittsburgh Catholic.
  37. 1 2 Msgr. Paul M. Lackner (25 June 1981). "A Leader in Training of the Blind". The Guild Approach. The Greater Pittsburgh Guild for the Blind.
  38. ↑ Ernest Hartmann (16 December 2007). Dreams and Nightmares. Basic Books. pp. 212–. ISBN 978-0-465-01126-1.
  39. ↑ "Vocational Strategies for Persons Who are Blind and Visually Impaired" (PDF). Workplace Inclusion & Sustainable Employment.
  40. ↑ Robert A. Scott (1 January 1981). The Making of Blind Men: A Study of Adult Socialization. Transaction Publishers. pp. 80–. ISBN 978-1-4128-3770-5.
  41. ↑ The Catholic Charities Review. 1963.
  42. ↑ "The Twenty Losses of Blindness". Balance for Blind Adults.
  43. ↑ Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness. American Foundation for the Blind. 1991.
  44. ↑ The New Outlook for the Blind. American Foundation for the Blind. 1976.
  45. ↑ Richard E. Hardy (1 January 1972). Social and Rehabilitation Services for the Blind. C. C. Thomas. ISBN 978-0-398-02309-6.
  46. ↑ "Coping with Loss as a Result of Diabetes and Visual Impairment". the American Foundation for the Blind (AFB) and Reader's Digest Partners for Sight Foundation.
  47. 1 2 Thomas J. Carroll (1961). Blindness, What It Is, What It Does, and How To Live With It. Little, Brown. ASIN B0007EY4F6. LCCN 61012808.
  48. ↑ Narinder Kapur (21 July 2011). The Paradoxical Brain. Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–. ISBN 978-1-139-49579-0.
  49. 1 2 "Blindness Field of Legend Selma Marches". American Publishing House for the Blind.
  50. ↑ "Father Carroll Talk on Selma". American Publishing House for the Blind.
  51. ↑ "Turnaround Tuesday video". National Archives.
  52. ↑ "Louis Braille Awards". Associated Services for the Blind and Visually Impaired.
  53. ↑ "Over A Century of Service to the Community". St. Louis Society for the Blind and Visually Impaired/.
  54. ↑ "the Carroll Awards". Carroll Center.
  55. ↑ "NE/AER Awards Descriptions". NorthEast chapter Association for Education and Rehabilitation of the blind and visually impaired.
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