Thymus pannonicus

Thymus pannonicus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Lamiaceae
Genus:	Thymus
Species:	T. pannonicus
Binomial name
Thymus pannonicus All.

Thymus pannonicus, known by its common name Hungarian thyme or Eurasian thyme is a perennial herbaceous plant, distributed in central and eastern Europe and Russia. It grows over open dry meadows, grasslands and rocks.

In Serbia, this plant species contributes to several xerothermous grass formations which develop on warm, dry silicate terrains at altitude above 160 meters, mostly over plains or mild slopes, on acidic soils derived from crystalline albite-muscovite schist and gneiss-like granite. In southern Banat (Serbia), the dried herb is used to make tasty and refreshing herbal tea drinks, owing to its peculiar and pleasant lemon-like scent. Fresh leaves are used for aromatisation of homemade jams, candies and similar confections. Traditionally, it is used also for coughs and other respiratory complaints, as well as certain gastrointestinal disorders.^[1]

Chemical composition

In a survey of available literature, only a few publications relevant to the chemical composition of Thymus pannonicus were found, suggesting that a substantial dearth of information in this field still exists. According to Karuza-Stojaković et al., the principal constituents of T. pannonicus essential oil from southern parts of Vojvodina province (northern Serbia) were terpinyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol, thymol, carvacrol and geranyl acetate (listed in order of descending quantity).^[2] Recent comprehensive studies of chemical variability in hydrodistilled essential oils of different wild growing and cultivated populations of T. pannonicus from Hungary, as well as supercritical fluid extracts of various Lamiaceae species, confirmed that high concentrations of both thymol and p-cymene are the main chemosystematic attributes of T. pannonicus essential oil,.^[3][4] Further research efforts of Pluhár Zs. et al. on the volatile oil composition of T. pannonicus from nineteen different localities of Hungary, confirmed a significant essential oil polymorphism in this plant species, as twelve different chemovarieties were determined, namely: thymol, thymol/p-cymene, thymol/p-cymene/γ-terpinene, thymol/p-cymene/neral, thymol/p-cymene/γ-terpinene/β-bisabolene, thymol/p-cymene/isoborneol/γ-terpinene, thymol/linalyl acetate/γ-terpinene/α-cubebene, p-cymene/geraniol/linalyl acetate, linalyl acetate/geranyl acetate, germacrene-D/β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide/α-cubebene/linalool, and germacrene-D/β-caryophyllene/farnesol.^[5]

On the other hand, a T. pannonicus population, which is located over the southern slopes of Vršac Mountains in southern Banat (Vojvodina province, Serbia) was characterised by exceptionally high percentage of oxygenated monoterpenes (91.75%). The most abundant components of its essential oil were identified as geranial (41.42%, w/w) and neral (29.61%, w/w), the mixture of which is frequently referred to as citral.^[1]

Biological activity

The antimicrobial activity of essential oil was evaluated using the agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, two strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and two strains of Candida albicans. The essential oil exhibited antimicrobial activity to varying degrees against all tested strains. The maximum activity of T. pannonicus oil was observed against E. coli, S. aureus and both tested strains of C. albicans (MIC = 50 μl/ml, each). Moderate activity was observed against P. aeruginosa and one of the tested strains of K. pneumoniae (MIC = 200 μl/ml), while E. faecalis and the other strain of K. pneumoniae expressed a higher degree of resistance (MIC > 200 μl/ml))^[1]

References

1. Zoran Maksimović, Marina Milenković, Dragana Vučićević, Mihailo Ristić. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Thymus pannonicus All. (Lamiaceae) essential oil. Cent. Eur. J. Biol. • 3(2) • 2008 • 149–154. doi:10.2478/s11535-008-0013-x
2. Ljiljana Karuza-Stojaković, Stamenko Pavlović, Predrag Živanović, Branka Todorović. Količina i sastav etarskih ulja različitih vrsta roda Thymus L., Arhiv za farmaciju, 1989, 39, 105-111 (in Serbian)
3. Pluhár Zs., Héthelyi É., Kutta G., Kamondy L., Evaluation of environmental factors influencing essential oil quality of Thymus pannonicus All. and Thymus praecox Opiz, J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants, 2007, 3, 23-43
4. Kutta G., Pluhár Zs., Sárosi Sz., Yield and composition of supercritical fluid extracts of different Lamiaceae species, Int. J. Hort. Sci., 2007, 13, 79-82
5. Pluhár Zs., Sárosi Sz., Pinter A., Simko H., Essential oil polymorphism of wild growing Hungarian Thyme (Thymus pannonicus) populations in the Carpathian Basin, Natural Product Communications, 2010, 5(10), 1681-1686