Torre Latinoamericana

Torre Latinoamericana
Torre Latinoamericana in July 2012
General information
Type	Office
Location	Mexico City
Coordinates	19°26′02″N 99°08′26″W / 19.43389°N 99.14056°W / 19.43389; -99.14056Coordinates: 19°26′02″N 99°08′26″W / 19.43389°N 99.14056°W / 19.43389; -99.14056
Construction started	1946
Completed	1956
Opening	April 30, 1956
Height
Antenna spire	204 m (669 ft)
Roof	182 m (597 ft)
Top floor	180 m (590 ft)
Technical details
Floor count	44
Floor area	28,000 m² (300,000 sq ft)
Lifts/elevators	8
Design and construction
Architect	Augusto H. Álvarez
Developer	La Latinoamericana, Seguros de Vida, S.A
Structural engineer	Leonardo Zeevaert Nathan M. Newmark Eduardo Espinosa Bethlehem Steel
References
^[1]

The Torre Latinoamericana (English: Latin-American Tower) is a skyscraper in downtown Mexico City, Mexico. Its central location, height (188 m or 597 ft; 44 stories) and history make it one of the city's most important landmarks. It is also widely recognized internationally as an engineering and architectural landmark since it was the world's first major skyscraper successfully built on highly active seismic land. The old skyscraper withstood the 1985 Mexico City earthquake without damage.^[2]

The Torre Latinoamericana was Mexico City's tallest building from 1956, when it was built, until the 1984 completion of the Torre Ejecutiva Pemex, which is 22 m higher (although, if one subtracts the height of the television transmitter atop the Torre Latinoamericana, it had already been surpassed in 1972 by the 207 m-tall Hotel de México, which was subsequently remodelled and turned into the World Trade Center Mexico City). It is situated on the corner of the Eje Central and Madero Street.

Construction

The Torre Latinoamericana's antenna

Many think it was the first skyscraper in Mexico. However, skyscrapers may have first appeared in Mexico City between 1910 and 1935. The tallest of the time, the International Capital Building (Edificio Internacional de Capitalización) was completed in 1935. This building was surpassed by the Edificio Miguel E. Abed, which, in turn, was surpassed by the Latinoamericana Tower. The Latinoamericana Tower opened its doors on April 30, 1956.

The Torre Latinoamericana was built to headquarter La Latinoamericana, Seguros, S.A., an insurance company founded on April 30, 1906. The building took its name from this company as it began to be built during the postwar boom of the late 1940s, that lasted until the early 1970s. At the time of its construction, the insurance company was controlled by the Mexican tycoon Miguel S. Macedo, who headed one of Mexico's largest financial consortiums at the time.

Originally the insurance company occupied a smaller building at the same location. In 1947 it temporarily relocated to a nearby office while the tower was built. Once it was finished in 1956, the insurance company moved into the tower's 4th to 8th floors. The rest of the building's office space was for lease. At the time of its completion the Torre Latinoamericana was the 45th tallest building in the world. It was also the tallest building in Latin America, and the fourth in height in the world outside New York. Its public observation deck on the 44th floor is the highest in Mexico City.

Earthquakes

Commemorative plaque for the 1957 earthquake

The project was designed and executed by Dr. Leonardo Zeevaert and his brother Adolfo Zeevaert, Mexican civil engineers born in Veracruz. Nathan M. Newmark was the main consultant. Its design consists of a steel-frame construction and deep-seated piles, which were necessary given Mexico City's frequent earthquakes and muddy soil composition, which makes the terrain tricky to build on. Before construction, both engineers carried out a number of soil mechanics studies in the construction site, and designed the structure accordingly. Today this is common and even mandatory practice, but at the time it was quite an innovation.

The tower gained notoriety when it withstood the magnitude 7.9 1957 earthquake, thanks to its outstanding design and strength. This feat garnered it recognition in the form of the American Institute of Steel Construction Award of Merit for "the tallest building ever exposed to a huge seismic force" (as is attested by plaques in the building's lobby and observation deck). However, an even greater test came, by far, with the magnitude 8.1 September 19, 1985 earthquake, which destroyed many buildings in Mexico City, especially the ones built downtown, in the tower's neighborhood. The Torre Latinoamericana withstood this force without problems, and has thus become a symbol of safety in Mexico City. Today the tower is considered one of the safest buildings in the city despite its potentially dangerous location.

While it was being built, detractors said that there was no way a building of that size could withstand one of Mexico City's earthquakes.

There is a legend that on the day of the 1957 earthquake, Dr. Leonardo Zeevaert was inspecting something or other on the roof of the tower, and that he got to see and feel how his tower withstood the quake while the surrounding buildings collapsed. The truth is that during the September, 1985 earthquake, which took place at 7:19, Adolfo Zeevaert was already inside his office on the 25th floor. From that vantage point he was able to witness the destruction taking place while several buildings collapsed and the dust cloud that followed, all the while feeling the movement inside the tower. It could arguably be said that it was the first time that a builder and designer of a tall building witnessed firsthand its behavior during a massive earthquake.

Current use

Observation deck

The tower is now co-owned by its original builder La Latinoamericana, Seguros, Inmobiliaria Torre Latinoamericana, a real estate firm. In 2002 seven of the 44 floors were purchased by Telcel and Banco Inbursa, both firms controlled by Mexican businessman Carlos Slim.

In 2006, the tower celebrated its 50th anniversary. A ceremony was held on April 30, 2006, which included the reopening of the newly remodeled 37th to 44th floors, a site museum, and a fully remodeled Mirador, or observation deck, designed by Danish-born architect Palle Seiersen Frost. Also on that occasion were unveiled some recognitions granted by several architectural, engineering and communications institutions.

The Torre Latinoamericana contains the FM transmission facilities for Radio Fórmula's two FM stations in Mexico City, XERFR-FM 103.3 and XEDF-FM 104.1.

Plans for the tower include a facelift, which will remodel the building's exteriors using new materials while maintaining the original design and look; since the tower is considered a historical monument, its exterior look cannot be altered.

Trivia

The building features in a photograph by Mexican photographer Enrique Metinides when a suicidal woman climbed out on to the ledge of the 27th floor in 1993. A Red Cross worker managed to prevent her death.^[3]
The tower can be briefly seen from inside a helicopter during the beginning of Baz Luhrmann's Romeo + Juliet.
It's also featured prominently in Alfonso Cuarón's Sólo con tu pareja.
As a fixture of the Mexico City skyline, the tower also appears in the opening scene of Alejandro González Iñárritu's Amores Perros.

Gallery

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Torre Latinoamericana.

View of Mexico City with Plaza de la Constitución in centre
Elevator leading to viewing deck
View from Palacio de Bellas Artes
View of the tower from the street, 2001.
Another view from the street
View from Alameda Central
View from street level.

360° panoramic view of Mexico City taken from Torre Latinoamericana

360° Panorama of Mexico City from Torre Latinoamericana, May 2014

References

External links

Landmarks and historic buildings of the Historic center of Mexico City

Zócalo and immediate vicinity	Federal District buildings Madero street Mexico City Cathedral Nacional Monte de Piedad National Palace Old Portal de Mercaderes Templo Mayor Zócalo

Schools and colleges	Academia Mexicana de la Historia Academy of San Carlos Antigua Escuela de Economía Colegio de Minería Colegio de San Ignacio de Loyola Vizcaínas Colegio Nacional University of the Cloister of Sor Juana

Government buildings	Chamber of Deputies Departamento de Estadistica Nacional Library of the Congress of Mexico Old Customs Building Palace of the Marqués del Apartado Secretariat of Public Education Senate Supreme Court

Religious buildings	Ex Temple of Corpus Christi Jesús Nazareno La Enseñanza La Merced Cloister La Santísima La Soledad Nuestra Señora de Loreto Nuestra Señora de Valvanera Regina Coeli San Bernardo San Francisco Convent of San Jerónimo San Juan de Dios San Lorenzo Santa María la Redonda Santa Teresa la Antigua Santa Veracruz Santo Domingo Temple and Ex-convent of Jesus Maria Temple of Saint Augustine Temple of San Felipe Neri "La Profesa" Temple of San Pablo el Viejo Temple of San Pablo el Nuevo Historic Synagogue Justo Sierra 71

Museums	Caricature Museum Franz Mayer Museum House of the First Print Shop in the Americas Interactive Museum of Economics José Luis Cuevas Museum Museo de Arte Popular Museo de Charrería Museo del Estanquillo Museo de la Estampa Museo Nacional de Arte Museum Archive of Photography Museum of Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público Museum of the City of Mexico National Museum of Cultures Palace of the Inquisition (Museum of Mexican Medicine) Colegio de San Ildefonso Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo, now Mexico City (Museum of the Constitutions) Casa Talavera Cultural Center

Palaces	Borda House, Mexico City Casa de los Azulejos Chapultepec Castle Houses of the Mayorazgo de Guerrero Palace of Iturbide Palace of the Marqués del Apartado Palacio de Bellas Artes Palacio de Correos de Mexico Palace of the Counts of San Mateo de Valparaiso Palacio de la Autónomia Legislative Palace of Donceles

Historic houses	House of the Count de la Torre Cosío y la Cortina House of the Marquis of Uluapa Tlaxcala House

Traditional markets	Abelardo L. Rodriguez Market La Merced Market Ciudadela Market San Juan Market, Mexico City

Other	Alameda Central Antigua Escuela de Jurisprudencia Barrio Chino Centro Cultural de España Chapultepec aqueduct Edificio Miguel E. Abed Garden of the Triple Alliance Hospital de Jesús Nazareno Hospital San Hipólito INAH Building Lirico Theatre Plaza Garibaldi Plaza Santo Domingo Teatro de la Ciudad Teatro Hidalgo Tlaxcala House Tlaxcoaque Torre Latinoamericana

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