Track transition curve

The red Euler spiral is an example of an easement curve between a blue straight line and a circular arc, shown in green.
Animation depicting evolution of a Cornu spiral with the tangential circle with the same radius of curvature as its tip (click on thumbnail to observe).
This sign aside a railroad (between Ghent and Bruges) indicates the start of the transition curve. A parabolic curve (POB) is used.

A track transition curve, or spiral easement, is a mathematically calculated curve on a section of highway, or railroad track, where a straight section changes into a curve. It is designed to prevent sudden changes in lateral (or centripetal) acceleration. In plan (i.e., viewed from above) the start of the transition of the horizontal curve is at infinite radius and at the end of the transition it has the same radius as the curve itself, thus forming a very broad spiral. At the same time, in the vertical plane, the outside of the curve is gradually raised until the correct degree of bank is reached.

If such easement were not applied, the lateral acceleration of a rail vehicle would change abruptly at one point – the tangent point where the straight track meets the curve – with undesirable results. With a road vehicle the driver naturally applies the steering alteration in a gradual manner and the curve is designed to permit this, using the same principle.

History

On early railroads, because of the low speeds and wide-radius curves employed, the surveyors were able to ignore any form of easement, but during the 19th century, as speeds increased, the need for a track curve with gradually increasing curvature became apparent. Rankine's 1862 "Civil Engineering"[1] cites several such curves, including an 1828 or 1829 proposal based on the "curve of sines" by William Gravatt, and the curve of adjustment by William Froude around 1842 approximating the elastic curve. The actual equation given in Rankine is that of a cubic curve, which is a polynomial curve of degree 3. This was also known as cubic parabola at that time.

In the UK, only from 1845 when legislation and land costs began to constrain the laying out of rail routes and tighter curves were necessary, did the principles start to be applied in practice.

The "true spiral", where the curvature is exactly linear in arclength, requires more sophisticated mathematics (in particular, the ability to integrate its intrinsic equation) to compute than the proposals cited by Rankine. Several late-19th century civil engineers seem to have derived the equation for this curve independently (all unaware of the original characterization of this curve by Leonhard Euler in 1744). Charles Crandall[2] gives credit to one Ellis Holbrook, in the Railroad Gazette, Dec. 3, 1880, for the first accurate description of the curve. Another early publication was The Railway Transition Spiral by Arthur N. Talbot,[3] originally published in 1890. Some early 20th century authors[4] call the curve "Glover's spiral", attributing it to James Glover's 1900 publication.[5]

The equivalence of the railroad transition spiral and the clothoid seems to have been first published in 1922 by Arthur Lovat Higgins.[4] Since then, "clothoid" is the most common name given the curve, even though the correct name (following standards of academic attribution) is "the Euler spiral".[6]

Geometry

While railroad track geometry is intrinsically three-dimensional, for practical purposes the vertical and horizontal components of track geometry are usually treated separately.[7][8]

The overall design pattern for the vertical geometry is typically a sequence of constant grade segments connected by vertical transition curves in which the local grade varies linearly with distance and in which the elevation therefore varies quadratically with distance. Here grade refers to the tangent of the angle of rise of the track. The design pattern for horizontal geometry is typically a sequence of straight line (i.e., a tangent) and curve (i.e. a circular arc) segments connected by transition curves.

The degree of banking in railroad track is typically expressed as the difference in elevation of the two rails, commonly quantified and referred to as the superelevation. Such difference in the elevation of the rails is intended to compensate for the centripetal acceleration needed for an object to move along a curved path, so that the lateral acceleration experienced by passengers/the cargo load will be minimized, which enhances passenger comfort/reduces the chance of load shifting (movement of cargo during transit, causing accidents and damage).

It is important to note that superelevation is not the same as the roll angle of the rail (also referred to as cant or camber), which is used to describe the "tilting" of the individual rails instead of the banking of the entire track structure as reflected by the elevation difference at the "top of rail". Regardless of the horizontal alignment and the superelevation of the track, the individual rails are almost always designed to "roll"/"cant" towards gage side (the side where the wheel is in contact with the rail) to compensate for the horizontal forces exerted by wheels under normal rail traffic.

The change of superelevation from zero in a tangent segment to the value selected for the body of a following curve occurs over the length of a transition curve that connects the tangent and the curve proper. Over the length of the transition the curvature of the track will also vary from zero at the end abutting the tangent segment to the value of curvature of the curve body, which is numerically equal to one over the radius of the curve body.

The simplest and most commonly used form of transition curve is that in which the superelevation and horizontal curvature both vary linearly with distance along the track. Cartesian coordinates of points along this spiral are given by the Fresnel integrals. The resulting shape matches a portion of an Euler spiral, which is also commonly referred to as a "clothoid", and sometimes "Cornu spiral".

A transition curve can connect a track segment of constant non-zero curvature to another segment with constant curvature that is zero or non-zero of either sign. Successive curves in the same direction are sometimes called progressive curves and successive curves in opposite directions are called reverse curves.

The Euler spiral has two advantages. One is that it is easy for surveyors because the coordinates can be looked up in Fresnel integral tables. The other is that it provides the shortest transition subject to a given limit on the rate of change of the track superelevation (i.e. the twist of the track). However, as has been recognized for a long time, it has undesirable dynamic characteristics due to the large (conceptually infinite) roll acceleration and rate of change of centripetal acceleration at each end. Because of the capabilities of personal computers it is now practical to employ spirals that have dynamics better than those of the Euler spiral.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Rankine, William (1883). A Manual of Civil Engineering (17th ed.). Charles Griffin. pp. 651–653.
  2. ↑ Crandall, Charles (1893). The Transition Curve. Wiley.
  3. ↑ Talbot, Arthur (1901). The Railway Transition Spiral. Engineering News Publishing.
  4. 1 2 Higgins, Arthur (1922). The Transition Spiral and Its Introduction to Railway Curves. Van Nostrand.
  5. ↑ Glover, James (1900). "Transition Curves for Railways". Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. pp. 161–179.
  6. ↑ Euler Integrals and Euler's Spiral--Sometimes called Fresnel Integrals and the Clothoide or Cornu's Spiral. American Mathematical Monthly, Volume 25 (1918), pp. 276–282. Raymond Clare Archibald
  7. ↑ http://www.engr.uky.edu/~jrose/RailwayIntro/Modules/Module%206%20Railway%20Alignment%20Design%20and%20Geometry%20REES%202010.pdf
  8. ↑ http://www.engsoc.org/~josh/AREMA/chapter6%20-%20Railway%20Track%20Design.pdf

References

  • Simmons, Jack; Biddle, Gordon (1997). The Oxford Companion to British Railway History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-211697-5. 
  • Biddle, Gordon (1990). The Railway Surveyors. Chertsey, UK: Ian Allen. ISBN 0-7110-1954-1. 
  • Hickerson, Thomas Felix (1967). Route Location and Design. New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-028680-9. 
  • Cole, George M; and Harbin; Andrew L (2006). Surveyor Reference Manual. Belmont, CA: Professional Publications Inc. p. 16. ISBN 1-59126-044-2. 
  • Railway Track Design pdf from The American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association, accessed 4 December 2006.
  • Kellogg, Norman Benjamin (1907). The Transition Curve or Curve of Adjustment (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw. 
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