Trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy

Trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) is an evidence-based psychotherapy or counselling that aims at addressing the needs of children and adolescents (ages 3 to 18) with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other difficulties related to traumatic life events.[1] The goal of TF-CBT is to provide psychoeducation to both the child and the caregivers and help them to identify and cope with emotions, thoughts and behaviors. Research has shown TF-CBT to be effective in treating childhood Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and children who have experienced traumatic events.[2][3][4]

Description

TF-CBT is a treatment model that incorporates various trauma-sensitive intervention components.[5] It aims at individualizing TF-CBT techniques to children and their circumstances while maintaining therapeutic relationship with both the child and parent.[6] TF-CBT treatment can be used with children and adolescents who have experienced traumatic life events. It is a short-term treatment (typically 12-16 sessions) that combines trauma-sensitive interventions with cognitive behavioral therapy strategies.[7] It can also be used as part of a larger treatment plan for children with other difficulties.[8] TF-CBT includes individual sessions for both the child and the parents, as well as parent-child joint sessions.

Major treatment components

Major components of TF-CBT include psycho-education about childhood trauma and individualizing relaxation skills. The therapeutic elements of TF-CBT are denoted by the “PRACTICE” acronym.[9]

Child-specific sessions

During the child therapy sessions, the therapist focuses on relaxation training such as deep breathing and muscle relaxation skills, emotion regulation (identifying feelings), a trauma narrative and processing (discussing the overwhelming events and associated feelings), as well as cognitive coping strategies (identifying and replacing negative thoughts).[10]

Parent-specific sessions

Parents or primary caregivers are considered as the central therapeutic agents for improvement in TF-CBT.[11] During the parent sessions, the therapist discusses the appropriateness of the treatment and safety plans with the parents and encourages positive parenting skills to maximize effective parenting.[12]

Parent-child conjoint sessions

During the conjoint sessions, the therapist shares the trauma narratives and challenges to incorrect/negative thoughts as a means to encourage and facilitate parent-child communication. The therapist would only intervene when inaccurate cognitions were not addressed.[13]

Evaluation of effectiveness

Randomized clinical trials examining the efficacy of TF-CBT have found it to be an effective treatment plan for a variety of disorders in both children and adolescents.[14][15] TF-CBT has been proven to effectively reduce symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, externalizing behaviors, sexualized behaviors, and feelings of shame in traumatized children.[16] TF-CBT has been shown to improve positive parenting skills and support of the child through the enhancement of parent-child communication.[17] A study examining the combinatorial effect of TF-CBT with sertraline has found that there were only minimal benefits associated with adding sertraline to the treatment, providing evidence for an initial trial of TF-CBT before medication.[18]

Methods of access

Therapist

TF-CBT can be delivered by a variety of mental health professionals ranging from clinical social workers, counselors to psychologists and psychiatrists.[19] Qualified therapists are required to be trained and experienced in TF-CBT. Therapists can be trained by the online TF-CBT certified training course.[20]

Implementation and adaptations

Since its development in the 1980s, TF-CBT has been used by therapists in many countries such as Australia, Cambodia, Canada, China, Denmark, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Sweden, United States, and Zambia.[21] It has also been used with children in the foster care system, with those who have suffered from traumatic life events, including the 9-11 terrorist attacks, and those who experienced Hurricane Katrina.[22] TF-CBT has also been adapted to different cultures, including Latino populations. The treatment manual book has been translated into a variety of languages, such as Dutch, German, Japanese, Korean, and Mandarin.[23]

References

  1. ↑ Cohen,, Judith A. (2006). Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1593853082.
  2. ↑ Cohen, J. A.; Mannarino, A. P.; Perel, J. M.; Staron, V. (2007). "A pilot randomized controlled trial of combined trauma-focused CBT and sertraline for childhood PTSD symptoms.". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 46 (7): 811–819. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3180547105. PMID 17581445.
  3. ↑ COHEN, J. A.; MANNARINO, A. P.; BERLINER, L.; DEBLINGER, E. (1 November 2000). "Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adolescents: An Empirical Update". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 15 (11): 1202–1223. doi:10.1177/088626000015011007.
  4. ↑ Ford,, J. D.; Russo, E. (2006). "Trauma-focused, present-centered, emotional self-regulation approach to integrated treatment for posttraumatic stress and addiction: trauma adaptive recovery group education and therapy (TARGET)". American Journal of Psychotherapy. 60 (4).
  5. ↑ COHEN, JUDITH A.; MANNARINO, ANTHONY P.; KNUDSEN, KRAIG (October 2004). "Treating Childhood Traumatic Grief: A Pilot Study". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 43 (10): 1225–1233. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000135620.15522.38.
  6. ↑ COHEN, JUDITH A.; MANNARINO, ANTHONY P.; STARON, VIRGINIA R. (December 2006). "A Pilot Study of Modified Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Childhood Traumatic Grief (CBT-CTG)". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 45 (12): 1465–1473. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000237705.43260.2c.
  7. ↑ Cohen, JA; Mannarino, AP; Iyengar, S (Jan 2011). "Community treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder for children exposed to intimate partner violence: a randomized controlled trial.". Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine. 165 (1): 16–21. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.247. PMID 21199975.
  8. ↑ Cohen, JA; Mannarino, AP; Knudsen, K (Feb 2005). "Treating sexually abused children: 1 year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.". Child abuse & neglect. 29 (2): 135–45. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.12.005. PMID 15734179.
  9. ↑ Cohen, Judith A. (2006). Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-59385-308-2.
  10. ↑ "Trauma-Focused CBT Training". Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  11. ↑ COHEN, J. A.; MANNARINO, A. P.; BERLINER, L.; DEBLINGER, E. (1 November 2000). "Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adolescents: An Empirical Update". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 15 (11): 1202–1223. doi:10.1177/088626000015011007.
  12. ↑ Cohen, Judith A.; Mannarino, Anthony P. (November 2008). "Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Children and Parents". Child and Adolescent Mental Health. 13 (4): 158–162. doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2008.00502.x.
  13. ↑ Cohen,, Judith A. (2006). Treating trauma and traumatic grief in children and adolescents ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1593853082.
  14. ↑ Cohen, JA; Deblinger, E; Mannarino, AP; Steer, RA (Apr 2004). "A multisite, randomized controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms.". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 43 (4): 393–402. doi:10.1097/00004583-200404000-00005. PMC 1201422Freely accessible. PMID 15187799.
  15. ↑ Cohen, JA; Berliner, L; Mannarino, A (Apr 2010). "Trauma focused CBT for children with co-occurring trauma and behavior problems.". Child abuse & neglect. 34 (4): 215–24. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.12.003. PMID 20304489.
  16. ↑ Seidler, GH; Wagner, FE (Nov 2006). "Comparing the efficacy of EMDR and trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of PTSD: a meta-analytic study.". Psychological Medicine. 36 (11): 1515–22. doi:10.1017/S0033291706007963. PMID 16740177.
  17. ↑ Cohen, JA; Mannarino, AP; Knudsen, K (Feb 2005). "Treating sexually abused children: 1 year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.". Child abuse & neglect. 29 (2): 135–45. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.12.005. PMID 15734179.
  18. ↑ Cohen, JA; Mannarino, AP; Perel, JM; Staron, V (Jul 2007). "A pilot randomized controlled trial of combined trauma-focused CBT and sertraline for childhood PTSD symptoms.". Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 46 (7): 811–9. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3180547105. PMID 17581445.
  19. ↑ "What is Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT)?". Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  20. ↑ "TF-CBT Web: A web-based learning course for trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy". Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  21. ↑ "Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT)". Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  22. ↑ Dorsey, S (2012). "Trauma-focused CBT for youth in foster care: Preliminary findings from a randomized controlled trial.". In Presented at the San Diego conference on child and family maltreatment San Diego.
  23. ↑ "Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT)". Retrieved 20 April 2014.

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