Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723)

For other uses, see Treaty of Saint Petersburg.

The Treaty of Saint Petersburg of 21 September [O.S. 12 September] 1723[1][2] concluded the Russo-Persian War (1722-1723) between Imperial Russia and Safavid Iran. It ratified for Iran's forced ceding of its territories in the North Caucasus, South Caucasus, and contemporary mainland Northern Iran, comprising Derbent (Dagestan), Baku, the respective surrounding lands of Shirvan, as well as the provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astrabad.[3] The treaty further specified that the Iranian king would receive Russian troops for domestic peacekeeping.[4]

As the Cambridge History of Iran states;

"On 23 September 1723, his ambassador in Saint Petersburg, Ismail Beg, signed a humiliating treaty which stipulated that the Tsar would accord the shah friendship and help against rebels and would maintain the shah in tranquil possession of his throne. In return the shah promised to permanently cede to Russia: ... the towns of Darband (Derbent), Baku, with all the territories belonging to them, as well as the provinces: Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astrabad, so that they might support the forces which His Imperial Majesty [the Tsar] will send to help His Shahian Majesty against rebels, without demanding money for it."[5]

The signatory on the Safavid side was the envoy Ismail Beg (or Ismail Bey),[6] who had been sent by king Tahmasp II himself. However, when the treaty arrived in the temporary capital of Qazvin in April 1724,[7] Tahmasp II had not agreed with the negative terms of the treaty, and it was thus therefore not ratified by him,[8] as by then it was clear that the Russians, though having occupied the Iranian territories, were too small to pose a major threat to Iran,[9] even though the latter had been seriously weakened through the frantic events of the early 1720s. This resulted in Ismail Beg being forced to flee punishment upon return, and therefore died in exile in Astrakhan some twenty years later.[10]

All conquered and gained territories were returned to Iran (which was now led by the emerging Nader Shah) in 1732 and 1735 respectively under the terms of the Treaty of Resht and Treaty of Ganja,[11] during the rule of Empress Anna Ioannovna.

See also

References

  1. ↑ THE CAUCASUS IN THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE TURKMANCHAY TREATY WAS SIGNED 180 YEARS AGO Научная библиотека КиберЛенинка p 142
  2. ↑ William Bayne Fisher, P. Avery, G. R. G. Hambly, C. Melville. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7 Cambridge University Press, 10 okt. 1991 ISBN 0521200954 p 21
  3. ↑ THE CAUCASUS IN THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE TURKMANCHAY TREATY WAS SIGNED 180 YEARS AGO Научная библиотека КиберЛенинка p 142
  4. ↑ Alexander Mikaberidze. "Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia" ABC-CLIO 2011. p 726
  5. ↑ William Bayne Fisher,P. Avery,G. R. G. Hambly,C. Melville. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7 Cambridge University Press, 10 okt. 1991 ISBN 0521200954 p 321
  6. ↑ William Bayne Fisher, P. Avery, G. R. G. Hambly, C. Melville. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7 Cambridge University Press, 10 okt. 1991 ISBN 0521200954 p 319
  7. ↑ Alexander Mikaberidze. "Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia" ABC-CLIO 2011. p 726
  8. ↑ Abraham (Erewantsʻi), George A. Bournoutian. History of the wars: (1721-1736) Mazda Publishers, 1999 (originally released by the Indiana University) ISBN 1568590857 p 1
  9. ↑ Alexander Mikaberidze. "Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia" ABC-CLIO 2011. p 726
  10. ↑ William Bayne Fisher, P. Avery, G. R. G. Hambly, C. Melville. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7 Cambridge University Press, 10 okt. 1991 ISBN 0521200954 p 21
  11. ↑ THE CAUCASUS IN THE SYSTEM OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE TURKMANCHAY TREATY WAS SIGNED 180 YEARS AGO Научная библиотека КиберЛенинка p 142
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 10/14/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.