Hairy frog

Hairy frog
male, showing hair-like papillae
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Arthroleptidae
Genus: Trichobatrachus
Boulenger, 1900
Species: T. robustus
Binomial name
Trichobatrachus robustus
Boulenger, 1900

The hairy frog (Trichobatrachus robustus), also known as the horror frog or Wolverine frog, is a Central African species of frog in the Arthroleptidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Trichobatrachus.[2][3] Its common name refers to the somewhat hair-like structures on the body and thighs of the breeding male.

Description

Illustration

The species is about 11 cm (4.3 in) long from snout to vent. The large head is broader than long, with a short rounded snout. Males are much larger than females. The former have a paired internal vocal sac and three short ridges of small black spines along the inner surface of the first manual digit. Breeding males also develop – somewhat hair-like – dermal papillae that extend along the flanks and thighs. These contain arteries and are thought to increase the surface area for the purpose of absorbing oxygen (comparably to external gills of the aquatic stage), which is useful as the male stays with his eggs for an extended period of time after they have been laid in the water by the female.

The species is terrestrial, but returns to the water for breeding, where egg masses are laid onto rocks in streams. The quite muscular tadpoles are carnivorous and feature several rows of horned teeth. Adults feed on slugs, myriapods, spiders, beetles and grasshoppers.

The hairy frog is also notable in possessing retractable "claws" (though unlike true claws, they are made of bone, not keratin), which it may project through the skin, apparently by intentionally breaking the bones of the toe. In addition, the researchers found a small bony nodule nestled in the tissue just beyond the frog's fingertip. When sheathed, each claw is anchored to the nodule with tough strands of collagen, but, as Gerald Durrell[4] discovered firsthand, when the frog is grabbed or attacked, the frog breaks the nodule connection and forces its sharpened bones through the skin.

This is probably a defensive behavior. Although a retraction mechanism is not known, it has been hypothesized that the claws later retract passively, while the damaged tissue is regenerated.

Amphibian researcher and biologist David Wake of the University of California, Berkeley, says that this type of weaponry appears to be unique in the animal kingdom, (although the Otton Frog possesses a similar "spike" in their thumb).[5] Also David Cannatella, a herpetologist at the University of Texas, Austin, questions whether the bony protrusions are meant for fighting. They could allow a frog's feet "to get a better grip on whatever rocky habitat they might be in," he says.[6]

Distribution

It is found in Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria, and possibly Angola. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, arable land, plantations, and heavily degraded former forest.

Conservation status

T. robustus is threatened by habitat loss, but is not considered endangered.

Relation with humans

This species is roasted and eaten in Cameroon. They are hunted with long spears or machetes. The Bakossi people traditionally believed that the frogs fall from the sky and, when eaten, help childless human couples become fertile.[7]

Notes

  1. ↑ Amiet, J.-L. & Burger, M. (2004). "Trichobatrachus robustus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  2. ↑ "Trichobatrachus ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  3. ↑ Frost, Darrel R. (2013). "Trichobatrachus Boulenger, 1900". Amphibian Species of the World 5.6, an Online Reference. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  4. ↑ Durrell, G. The Bafut Beagles Rupert Hart-Davis, 1954; chapter 5.
  5. ↑ http://planetsave.com/2013/04/21/horror-frog-frog-breaks-its-own-bones-to-make-claws/
  6. ↑ http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2008/528/2
  7. ↑ Legrand N. Gonwouo & Mark-Oliver Rödel (20 February 2008). "The importance of frogs to the livelihood of the Bakossi people around Mount Manengouba, Cameroon, with special consideration of the Hairy Frog, Trichobatrachus robustus". SALAMANDRA. 44 1: 23–34. ISSN 0036-3375.

References

^ " 'Horror frog' breaks own bones to produce claws." NewScientist.com, 2008

External links

Data related to Trichobatrachus at Wikispecies Media related to Trichobatrachus robustus at Wikimedia Commons

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