Twickenham

For other uses, see Twickenham (disambiguation).
Twickenham

Aerial view of Twickenham Stadium (centre) and Stoop Stadium (background) from the north in August 2015
Twickenham
 Twickenham shown within Greater London
Area  12.36 km2 (4.77 sq mi)
Population 52,396 (2011 Census Heathfield, St Margarets and North Twickenham, South Twickenham, Twickenham Riverside and West Twickenham wards 2011)[1][2]
   – density  4,239/km2 (10,980/sq mi)
OS grid referenceTQ1673
   – Charing Cross 10 mi (16 km)  NE
London borough
Ceremonial county Greater London
RegionLondon
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post town TWICKENHAM
Postcode district TW1, TW2
Dialling code 020
Police Metropolitan
Fire London
Ambulance London
EU Parliament London
UK ParliamentTwickenham
London Assembly
List of places
UK
England
London

Coordinates: 51°26′56″N 0°20′13″W / 51.449°N 0.337°W / 51.449; -0.337

Twickenham is a district of south west London, on the River Thames in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames 10 miles (16 km) southwest of the centre of London. The administrative headquarters of the borough are at York House.[3] It expanded rapidly during the suburban growth of London from 1881 until 1961, when its population grew and its farms and common were converted to other use. In 1926, it was incorporated as the Municipal Borough of Twickenham, which merged into the present Greater London borough in 1965.[4]

This area has three grand period mansions with public access: York House, Marble Hill and Strawberry Hill House. Another has been lost, that belonging to 18th century aphoristic poet Alexander Pope. Among these is the Neo-Gothic prototype home of Horace Walpole which has given its name to a whole district, Strawberry Hill, and is linked with the oldest Roman Catholic university in the country, St Mary's University, Twickenham.

The Rugby Football Union has its headquarters at Twickenham Stadium, the world’s largest rugby stadium.

In 2014, Richmond upon Thames Council purchased three retail premises and a car park and announced plans to develop a public square in this space that would connect the Twickenham riverside and the High Street areas.[5]

History

Pre-Norman

Excavations have revealed settlements in the area dating from the Early Neolithic, possibly Mesolithic periods. Occupation seems to have continued through the Bronze Age, the Iron Age and the Roman occupation. The area was first mentioned (as "Tuican hom" and "Tuiccanham") in a charter of 13 June 704 AD to cede the area to Waldhere, Bishop of London, "for the salvation of our souls".[6] The charter is signed with 12 crosses. The signatories included Swaefred of Essex, Cenred of Mercia and Earl Paeogthath.

Norman

In Norman times Twickenham was part of the Manor of Isleworth – itself part of the Hundred of Hounslow, Middlesex (mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086).[7] The manor had belonged to Ælfgār, Earl of Mercia in the time of Edward the Confessor, but was granted to Walter de Saint-Valery (Waleric) by William I of England after the Norman Conquest of England in 1066.

The area was then farmed for several hundred years, while the river provided opportunities for fishing, boatbuilding and trade.

17th century

The Thames at Twickenham c 1700, depicted by Peter Tillemans
St Mary's Church today
The Shot Tower by the River Crane
Alexander Pope's villa
All Hallows Twickenham, as seen from the A316

Bubonic plague spread to the town in 1665 and 67 deaths were recorded. It appears that Twickenham had a pest house (short for "pestilence") in the 17th century, although the location is not known.

There was also a watch house in the middle of the town, with stocks, a pillory and a whipping post whose owner was charged to "ward within and about this Parish and to keep all Beggars and Vagabonds that shall lye abide or lurk about the Towne and to give correction to such...".

In 1633 construction began on York House. It was occupied by Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester in 1656 and later by Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon.

1659 saw the first mention of the Twickenham Ferry, although ferrymen had already been operating in the area for many generations. Sometime before 1743 a "pirate" ferry appears to have been started by Twickenham inhabitants. There is speculation that it operated to serve "The Folly", a floating hostelry of some kind. Several residents wrote to the Lord Mayor of the City of London:

...Complaining that there is lately fixed near the Shore of Twickenham on the River Thames a Vessell made like a Barge and called the Folly wherein divers[e] loose and disorderly persons are frequently entertained who have behaved in a very indecent Manner and do frequently afront divers[e] persons of Fashion and Distinction who often in an Evening Walk near that place, and desired so great a Nuisance might be removed,....

18th century

In 1713 the nave of the ancient St Mary's Church collapsed, and the church was rebuilt in the Neo-classical style to designs by a local architect, John James.[8]

In 1736, the noted pharmacist and quack doctor Joshua Ward set up the Great Vitriol Works to produce sulphuric acid, using a process discovered in the seventeenth century by Johann Glauber in which sulphur is burned together with saltpetre (potassium nitrate), in the presence of steam. The process generates an extremely unpleasant smell, which caused objections from local residents. The area was also soon home to the world's first industrial production facility for gunpowder, on a site between Twickenham and Whitton on the banks of the River Crane. There were frequent explosions and loss of life. On 11 March 1758, one of two explosions was felt in Reading, Berkshire, and in April 1774 another explosion terrified people at church in Isleworth.[9]

In 1772 three mills blew up, shattering glass and buildings in the neighbourhood. Horace Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford, wrote complaining to his friend and relative Henry Seymour Conway, then Lieutenant General of the Ordnance, that all the decorative painted glass had been blown out of his windows at Strawberry Hill.

The powder mills remained in operation until 1927 when they were closed. Much of the site is now occupied by Crane Park, in which the old Shot Tower, mill sluices and blast embankments can still be seen. Much of the area along the river next to the Shot Tower is now a nature reserve.

Later

The 1818 Enclosure Award led to the development of 182 acres (0.74 km2) of land to the west of the town centre largely between the present day Staines and Hampton Roads, new roads – Workhouse Road, Middle Road, 3rd, 2nd and 1st Common Roads (now First to Fifth Cross Roads respectively) – being laid out.[10] During the 18th and 19th centuries, a number of fine houses were built and Twickenham became a popular place of residence for people of "fashion and distinction". Further development was stimulated by the opening of Twickenham station in 1848.

Electricity was introduced to Twickenham in 1902[11] and the first trams arrived the following year.

In 1939, when All Hallows Lombard Street was demolished in the City of London, its distinctive stone tower designed by Christopher Wren, with its peal of ten bells and connecting stone cloister, and the interior furnishings, including a Renatus Harris organ and a pulpit used by John Wesley, were brought to Twickenham to be incorporated in the new All Hallows Church on Chertsey Road (A316) near Twickenham Stadium.

The Twickenham Green area witnessed a high-profile murder on 19 August 2004, when French woman Amelie Delagrange (aged 22) died in hospital after being found with a serious head injury (caused by battery) in the area. Within 24 hours, police had established a link with the murder of Marsha McDonnell, who was killed in similar circumstances in nearby Hampton 18 months earlier.[12] Levi Bellfield was found guilty of both murders on 25 February 2008 (as well as a further charge of attempted murder against 18-year-old Kate Sheedy) and sentenced to life imprisonment. He is also suspected of a series of other unsolved murders and attacks on women since 1990, most notably the murder of Amanda Dowler, a teenage girl who vanished from Walton-on-Thames in March 2002 and whose body was later found in Hampshire woodland.[13]

Governance

York House, York Street, Twickenham, the figurehead building of the headquarters for the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames

In 1894 Twickenham Urban District Council was formed. In 1902 the council bought Radnor House as the home of the legislature. The council bought and occupied York House in 1924. (Radnor House was destroyed by a Luftwaffe bomb during the Blitz of 1940.)

In 1926 Twickenham was constituted as a municipal borough. Eleven years later the urban district councils of Teddington, Hampton & Hampton Wick merged with Twickenham. In 1965 the former areas of the boroughs of Twickenham, Richmond and Barnes were combined to form the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. The borough council offices and chamber are located at York House, York Street, Twickenham and in the adjacent civic centre.

The Twickenham constituency in the UK Parliament includes the town of Twickenham, St Margarets, Whitton, Heathfield, Teddington, Hampton, Fulwell, Hampton Hill and Hampton Wick. Since the 2015 UK General Election, the Member of Parliament has been a Conservative, Dr Tania Mathias.

Population and housing

Data for 1891–1961 is available for the Urban Sanitary District, that was then the Metropolitan Borough which always included Whitton. This area temporarily expanded for 31 years to include Hampton and Teddington from 1935, rising from 2,421 acres (9.80 km2) to 7,014 acres (28.38 km2).[14] The 2001 and 2011 Censuses give detailed information about the town/district. The settlement's population in 2011 were living in 22,273 households.[2]

Population of Twickenham
Year 1901 1911 1921 1931
Population 20,991 29,367 34,790 39,906
2011 Census homes
Ward Detached Semi-detachedTerracedFlats and apartmentsCaravans/temporary/mobile homes/houseboatsShared between households[2]
Heathfield 291 2,213 418996 0 0
South Twickenham 254 987 1,4591,302 32 13
St Margarets and North Twickenham 431 1,092 1,1931,843 23 17
Twickenham Riverside 221 694 1,0082,866 28 36
West Twickenham 148 1,300 1,7701,052 0 10
2011 Census households
Ward Population Households % Owned outright % Owned with a loanhectares[2]
Heathfield10,313 4,964 32 33 191
South Twickenham9,987 4,599 30 41 169
St Margarets and North Twickenham11,172 4,616 28 40 197
Twickenham Riverside10,396 4,280 25 32 175
West Twickenham10,528 3,814 28 44 246

Geography

A map of most of the town of Twickenham
A memorial plaque to Pope's Grotto
Houseboats on river Thames, in the St Margarets locality
The former Twickenham Park House

The town is bordered on the south-eastern side by the River Thames and Eel Pie Island — which is connected to the Twickenham embankment by a narrow footbridge, the first of which was erected in 1957. Before this, access was by means of a hand-operated ferry that was hauled across using a chain on the riverbed. The land adjacent to the river, from Strawberry Hill in the south to Marble Hill Park in the north, is occupied by a mixture of luxury dwellings, formal gardens, public houses and a newly built park and leisure facility.

In the south, in Strawberry Hill, lies St Mary's University, Twickenham historically specialising in sports studies, teacher training, religious studies, the humanities, drama studies and English literature. Strawberry Hill was originally a small cottage in two or three acres (8,000 or 12,000 m²) of land by the River Thames. Horace Walpole, a son of the politician Robert Walpole, rented the cottage in 1747 and subsequently bought it and turned it into one of the incunabula of the Gothic revival. The college shares part of its campus with Walpole's Strawberry Hill. On adjacent land were the villa and garden of the poet Alexander Pope. The villa was demolished in 1808/09 following the orders of Lady Howe, who became irritated with the large number of tourists who visited the place.[15] The grotto which formed the basement survived. A memorial plaque was placed on the site in remembrance in 1848.

A road just north of the campus is named Pope's Grove, and a local landmark next to the main road is the Alexander Pope Hotel (previously known as Pope's Grotto), a public house and hotel where Pope's landmark informal garden used to be. Near this hostelry lie St Catherine's school for girls and St James's school for boys, formerly a convent, in a building on the site of Pope's white stucco villa and the location of Pope's original — surviving — grotto.

There are a large number of fine houses in the area, many of them Victorian. The open space known as Radnor Gardens lies opposite Pope's Grotto.

Not far from Pope's Grotto is the Roman Catholic Church of Saint James, which has a memorial window in the form of the Royal Arms of Portugal and memorials to Manuel II, Portugal's last king, who worshipped here and died in nearby Fulwell Park in 1932.

Twickenham proper begins in the vicinity of Pope's Grotto, with generally large period houses to the west, the traditional definition of which is Twickenham Green, and similar housing in the east all the distance to Richmond Bridge typically largest near the Thames. Further to the north and west lies the town of Whitton, an area once of allotments and farm land but as with much of the nearest part of Twickenham (separated by the A316) 1930s–1960s housing.

The districts of East Twickenham and St Margarets lie to the north-east of central Twickenham on the west side of Richmond Bridge, the shortest bridge on the Tideway. These are popular for their attractive tree-lined residential roads and an eclectic range of shops and cafés. St Margarets is the location of Twickenham Studios, one of London's major film studios.

East Twickenham abuts the River Thames at Richmond Bridge and St Margarets has its river frontage immediately to the north. Historically, these were the great estates respectively of Cambridge Park (home of Richard Owen Cambridge the 18th century satirical poet), and

Nearest places

Education

Richmond upon Thames College

Richmond upon Thames College, a College of General Further and Higher Education, is in Twickenham.

Transport

Until 1971 London Transport operated a bus depot known as "Twickenham Garage" (coded AB) which was located in Cambridge Road, East Twickenham. The relevant destination blind for garage journeys always referred to this location as Richmond Bridge, which was close by. On closure, all its routes and vehicles were transferred to Fulwell bus garage, but the building remained under the ownership of London Transport until the mid-1990s when it was demolished to make way for a housing development.

Fulwell Garage was previously known as Fulwell Depot and was originally the base for London United Tramways in south west London. The trams were replaced by trolleybuses that started operating from Fulwell Depot in the 1930s. The trolleybuses were later replaced by Routemaster buses and London's last trolleybus terminated here on the night of 8 May 1962, following a commemorative circuit of the Fulwell routes by London's first trolleybus, No.1 of the A1 class Felthams, known as "Diddlers". This vehicle is preserved in working order.

Originally Twickenham station was situated on the western side of the A310 "London Road" bridge before the new station was opened on the eastern side. This accounts for roads named "Railway Approach" and "Station Road", which now give no access to the station.

Nearest railway stations

The main railway station in the town is Twickenham itself, although St Margarets, Fulwell and Strawberry Hill stations are also in Twickenham. Stations in nearby towns (all, except for Richmond, once part of the former Borough of Twickenham) are:

Buses

London Buses serving Twickenham are:

Route Start End Operator
33 Fulwell Hammersmith London United
110 Twickenham West Middlesex Hospital London United
267 Fulwell bus garage Hammersmith London United
281 Hounslow Tolworth London United
290 Twickenham Staines Abellio London
490 Heathrow Airport Terminal 5 Richmond Abellio London
H22 Hounslow Richmond London United
R68 Kew Hampton Court Abellio London
R70 Hampton Richmond Abellio London
N22 Piccadilly Circus Fulwell Go-Ahead London

Sport

Twickenham Museum
The Cabbage Patch pub in Twickenham

Twickenham is home to the headquarters of the Rugby Football Union and Twickenham Stadium. The England National Rugby Union Team play all their home matches at Twickenham Stadium, which is one of England’s largest stadiums and the world’s largest rugby stadium. Harlequins, a rugby union club, play at the Twickenham Stoop.

Brothers Arthur Anderson and Gerard Anderson were born in Twickenham and competed in track and field events in the 1912 Summer Olympics. Gerard was also the world record holder in the 440 metres hurdles. In 1914 he was killed in combat in World War I.[16][17]

Twickenham Stadium hosted Rugby World Cup fixtures in 1991, 1999 and 2015, including semi-final matches in 1999 and the final matches in 1999 and 2015.

Arts and culture

The Twickenham Museum is a volunteer-run museum opposite St Mary's parish church. It is open every day except Mondays. The Cabbage Patch pub on London Road has, since 1983, been a regular venue for live music on Sunday nights, organised by TwickFolk.[18][19]

Places of worship

Interior of All Saints Church, Twickenham
Amyand Park Chapel
Name Denomination/Affiliation Address Website
All Hallows Church of England 138 Chertsey Road, Twickenham TW1 1EW website
All Saints Church of England Campbell Road, Twickenham TW2 5BY website
Amyand Park Chapel Reformed Baptist 174 Amyand Park Road, Twickenham TW1 3HY website
Free Grace Baptist Grace Baptist Powdermill Lane, Twickenham TW2 6EJ website
Holy Trinity Church of England 1 Vicarage Road, Twickenham TW2 5TS website
St James Roman Catholic 61 Pope's Grove, Twickenham TW1 4JZ website
St Mary's Church of England Church Street, Twickenham TW1 3NJ website
St Stephen's Church of England Richmond Road, East Twickenham TW1 2PD website
Salvation ArmySalvation ArmyMay Road, Twickenham TW2 6QPwebsite
Methodist Methodist Queen's Road, Twickenham TW1 4EN website
United Reformed United Reformed Church First Cross Road, Twickenham TW2 5QA website

See also

References

  1. ↑ Census Information Scheme (2012). "2011 Census Ward Population Estimates". Greater London Authority. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Key Statistics; Quick Statistics: Population Density United Kingdom Census 2011 Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 21 November 2013
  3. ↑ Mayor of London (February 2008). "London Plan (Consolidated with Alterations since 2004)" (PDF). Greater London Authority. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  4. ↑ Young, K. & Garside, P., (1982). Metropolitan London: Politics and Urban Change 1837–1981.
  5. ↑ Odling, George (21 November 2014). "Council pays £6m to make Twickenham square plans a reality". Richmond and Twickenham Times. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
  6. ↑ "First written mention of 'Tuican hom' in a Charter". Twickenham Museum. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
  7. ↑ Twickenham in the Domesday Book
  8. ↑ Cobbett, R.S. Memorials of Twickenham (Smith, Elder, & Co., 1872), p. 402
  9. ↑ Knight, Laurence (19 July 2014). "Sulphur surplus: Up to our necks in a diabolical element". BBC News magazine. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
  10. ↑ Cashmore, T. H. R. (1977), Twickenham in 1818: The year of the Enclosure, Borough of Twickenham Local History Society Paper 38.
  11. ↑ Urwin, A. C. B. (1977),The Coming of Electricity to Twickenham, Borough of Twickenham Local History Society Paper 37
  12. ↑ Moore, Matthew and agencies (25 February 2008). "Levi Bellfield guilty of murdering two women". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
  13. ↑ "Braunton through time: Population Statistics: Total Population". A Vision of Britain through Time. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
  14. ↑ Winterman, Denise (7 March 2013). "The man who demolished Shakespeare's house". BBC News. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
  15. ↑ Gerard Anderson Spartacus Educational
  16. ↑ Laurie Anderson. Sports-Reference.com
  17. ↑ Jela Webb (2008). "TwickFolk: Music for the Folks!". Maverick. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  18. ↑ "Club Of The Month:TwickFolk". FATEA magazine. Retrieved 24 August 2011.

Further reading

External links

Wikisource has the text of The New Student's Reference Work article Twickenham.
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