Ubasute

Ubasute no tsuki (The Moon of Ubasute), by Yoshitoshi

Ubasute (姥捨て^?, literally "abandoning an old woman", also called "obasute" and sometimes "oyasute" 親捨て "abandoning a parent") refers to the custom allegedly performed in Japan in the distant past, whereby an infirm or elderly relative was carried to a mountain, or some other remote, desolate place, and left there to die,^[1] either by dehydration, starvation, or exposure, as a form of euthanasia. The practice was allegedly most common during times of drought and famine, and was sometimes mandated by feudal officials. According to the Kodansha Illustrated Encyclopedia of Japan, ubasute "is the subject of legend, but [...] does not seem ever to have been a common custom".^[2] According to folklore, the Aokigahara forest at the base of Mount Fuji was once such a site. ^[3]

In folklore

Ubasute has left its mark on Japanese folklore, where it forms the basis of many legends, poems, and koans. In one Buddhist allegory, a son carries his mother up a mountain on his back. During the journey, she stretches out her arms, catching the twigs and scattering them in their wake, so that her son will be able to find the way home.

A poem commemorates the story:

In the depths of the mountains,

Who was it for the aged mother snapped

One twig after another?

Heedless of herself

She did so

For the sake of her son

In popular culture

• The practice is discussed in some detail in Radiolab episode #305 Mortality. Ubasute sometimes appears as a metaphor for contemporary Japan's treatment of the elderly, who are noted for their above-average suicide rates.^[4]
• The practice of ubasute is explored at length in the Japanese novel The Ballad of Narayama (1956) by Shichirō Fukazawa. The novel was the basis for three films: Keisuke Kinoshita's The Ballad of Narayama (1958), Korean director Kim Ki-young's Goryeojang (1963), and Shohei Imamura's The Ballad of Narayama, which won the Palme d'Or in 1983.
• The Old Law, a 17th-century tragicomedy written by Thomas Middleton, William Rowley, and Philip Massinger and Anthony Trollope's 1882 dystopian novel, The Fixed Period also explore the concept of 'Ubasute' in a Western context.
• The characters of Christopher Buckley's 2007 novel Boomsday introduce the concept of 'Ubasute' as a political ploy to stave off the insolvency of social security as more and more of the aging US population reaches retirement age, angering the Religious Right and Baby Boomers.
• The concept of 'Ubasute' forms the basis of the storyline for the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Half a Life".
• Episode 19 of Folktales from Japan depicts this tale.

Places

Ubasute Mountain

Ubasute Mountain

• Ubasute-yama (姨捨山) is the common name of Kamuriki-yama (冠着山), a mountain (1252m) in Chikuma, Nagano, Japan.^[5][6]
• Obasute Station, Chikuma, Nagano Prefecture, Japan

Similar practice in other cultures

• Senicide

References

1. Hoffman, Michael (September 12, 2010). "Aging through the ages". The Japan Times. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
2. Japan, An Illustrated Encyclopedia, Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo, 1993, on p. 1121
3. "Suicide in Japan: Deep in the woods: Fewer Japanese are killing themselves". The Economist. January 30, 2016. p. 45.
4. Suicide 'epidemic' among Japan's elderly BBC News
5. 冠着山 長野県の山 信州山学ガイド] (Japanese)
6. Hoffman

Further reading

• Japan, An Illustrated Encyclopedia, Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo, 1993, p. 1121

External links

• What Japan can Offer to International Bioethics
• Folktale in Japanese , English version:

Coordinates: 36°28′07″N 138°06′24″E / 36.46861°N 138.10667°E