Uma language

Uma
Pipikoro
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Sulawesi
Native speakers	(20,000 cited 1990)[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Nuclear MP Celebic Kaili–Pamona Southern Uma
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ppk
Glottolog	umaa1242[2]

Uma (known natively as Pipikoro) is a language spoken in Central and South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant inventory

	Bilabial		Alveolar		Palato- alveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Glottal
Plosive	p	b	t	d							k	g	ʔ
Prenasalized	ᵐp		ⁿt		ⁿtʃ						ᵑk
Affricate					dʒ
Fricative		β	s										h
Nasal		m		n						ɲ		ŋ
Trill						ɲ
Approximant						l		(m)		j

Notes:

• /h/ acts as a nasal in some respects and causes the nasalization of non-front vowels (e.g., [hampulu'] 'ten'→/haᵐpuluʔ/ with nasal vowels).
• /l/ is retroflexed to /m/ contiguous to non-front vowels.
• /ʔ/ is neutralized word-initially, and is the only consonant that can occur in the coda or word-finally.^[3]
• In the Lincio variety of Central Uma, /ⁿtʃ/ is pronounced /ns/.
• The semivowel [j] is rare, found mainly in loan words.
• The affricate /tʃ/ is found only following /n/, i.e., in the prenasalized stop /ⁿtʃ/.

Orthographic notes:

• /β/ is 'w'
• /ɲ/ is 'ny'
• /ŋ/ is 'ng'
• /j/ is 'y'
• /dʒ/ is 'j'
• /tʃ/ is 'c'
• /ʔ/ is an apostrophe or simply 'ʔ'

Vowels

Vowel inventory

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-Mid	e		o
Open		a

Pronouns

Pronominals

	Free		ABS		ERG		GEN
1P (SG)	akuʔ		-a		ku-		-ku
1P (PL.ex)	kaiʔ		-kai		ki-		-kai
1P (PL.in)	kitaʔ		-ta		ta-		-ta
2P (SG)	iko		-ko		nu-		-nu
2P (PL)	koiʔ		-ki		ni-		-ni
3P (SG)	hiʔa		-i		na-		-na
3P (PL)	hiraʔ		-ra		ra-		-ra

Notes:^[4]

• ABS refers to pronominals in the absolutive case, while ERG refers to the ergative and GEN to the genitive.
• 1P means 'first person,' 2P means 'second person,' and 3P means 'third person.'
• (SG) means 'singular' and (PL) means 'plural.' (PL.ex) means 'plural exclusive' and (PL.in) means 'plural inclusive.'
• [∅-] means that ∅ is a proclitic.
• [-∅] means that ∅ is an enclitic.
• In the Tobaku, Tolee', and Winatu dialects, the possessives [-nu] and [-ni] are [-mu] and [-mi] respectively.
• In the Tolee' and Winatu dialects, the possessives [-kai] and [-koi] are [-kami] and [-komi] respectively. The free forms [kaiʔ] and [koiʔ] are [kamiʔ] and [komiʔ] respectively.

Numerals

The cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 are:

1. isaʔ
2. dua
3. tolu
4. opoʔ
5. lima
6. ono
7. pitu
8. walu
9. sio
10. hampuluʔ

Classification of Uma varieties

Ethnologue 2013

Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) recognizes seven dialects of Uma.

• Bana
• Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)
• Kantewu (= Central Uma)
• Aria (= Southern Uma)
• Tobaku (= Ompa, Dompa, Western Uma)
• Tolee' (= Eastern Uma)
• Winatu (= Northern Uma)

Martens 2014

Martens (2014) recognized six major dialects of Uma,^[5] noting that the Tori'untu dialect is nearly extinct due to the encroachment of the Kantewu dialect and non-Uma languages.

• Kantewu (= Central)
• Southern
• Tolee'
• Tobaku
• Winatu
• Tori'untu

Martens also identifies two dialects closely related to Uma spoken in the North Mamuju Regency.

• Sarudu
• Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)

Bibliography

Martens, Martha A.; Martens, Michael P. 1988. Some notes on the inelegant glottal: a problem in Uma phonology. In Papers in Western Austronesian linguistics 4. pages 279-81. (Pacific Linguistics A 79.) Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.

References

1. Uma at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Uma". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
3. Michael, Martens P. Notes on Uma verbs (Canberra: Australian National University, 1988), pp. 168.
4. Michael, Martens P. Notes on Uma verbs (Canberra: Australian National University, 1988), pp. 168.
5. Martens, Michael P. Uma dialect word lists (Sulawesi Language Alliance, 2014), pp. 1-2.