Volcanic Seven Summits
 Summit of Ojos del Salado |
 Kibo Summit of Kilimanjaro |
The Volcanic Seven Summits are the highest volcanoes on each of the seven continents, just as the Seven Summits are the highest peaks on each of the seven continents. Summiting all seven is regarded as a mountaineering challenge, first postulated as such in 1999.[1]
Definitions
Due to different interpretations of continental borders (geological, geographical, geopolitical) several definitions for the highest summits per continent and the number of continents are possible. The number of seven continents used here is based on the continent model used in Western Europe and the United States. The continents as defined here are on a geological and geographical basis, not geopolitical.
An additional complication in determining the highest volcanic summits is defining exactly what constitutes a volcano and how much topographic prominence it must have relative to any nearby non-volcanic peaks in order to qualify. For the purposes of this list, the summits must be an actual eruptive volcanic center, not merely made of volcanic rocks which were uplifted by other geological processes. In addition, a topographic prominence of at least 1,000 feet (300 m) is required, so that the list includes only genuine volcanic mountains and not minor outpourings of lava which happened to leak to the Earth's surface in high-altitude regions (see Asia below).
Africa, North America, Antarctica
No serious dispute exists as to the highest volcanoes in Africa, North America, and Antarctica-—respectively, Kilimanjaro, Pico de Orizaba, and Mount Sidley.
Australia
Although there are a few minor and inactive volcanoes on the Australian mainland, this list recognizes that the island of New Guinea is part of the Australian continent. Numerous scientific papers written in the 1970s and 1980s confirm that Mount Giluwe in Papua New Guinea is in fact an old eroded volcano,[2][3][4] unlike the higher mountains of New Guinea which are all non-volcanic in origin.
Even if this continent is defined instead as Oceania (thus adding New Zealand and Polynesia including Hawaii), Giluwe remains the highest volcano since it exceeds the elevation of Mauna Kea in Hawaii and any volcano in New Zealand.
Europe
The generally accepted geographical border between Europe and Asia runs along the crest of the Ural Mountains in central Russia and of the Caucasus along the southern border of Russia. Since the massive twin-peaked stratovolcano of Mount Elbrus rises just north of the crest, it is the highest summit in Europe and also the highest volcano.
Some geologists, though, consider the Kuma-Manych depression as the geological border between Asia and Europe. Such definition would render Elbrus entirely in Asia, making it the highest volcano of that continent (see below) and making Mount Etna (a 3350-metre active stratovolcano in Sicily, Italy) the highest volcano in Europe. Mount Teide in the Canary Islands, while active, taller than Etna and within the territory of a European country, would not be considered because geologically the Canaries belong to the African continent.
South America
Aconcagua, the highest peak in South America and the highest peak in the western hemisphere, was long considered to be a volcano, but the current geological consensus is that the mountain consists of uplifted rocks of volcanic origin which did not erupt into its current form, so it is not a volcano.
Topographic maps of the Chile and Argentina border region which contains the highest peaks suffer from poor accuracy, with elevation errors exceeding 100 metres (330 ft) in many cases. However, the current consensus based on the most recent measurements places Ojos del Salado as the 2nd highest peak and highest volcano in South America, significantly higher than Monte Pissis.[5]
Asia
The 5,610 m (18,406 ft) Mount Damavand is a very large isolated stratovolcano with over 4,600 m (15,000 ft) of topographic prominence.
There are more than 70 volcanic vents known as the Kunlun Volcanic Group in Tibet at higher elevations than Damavand's summit, the highest of which has a reported elevation of 5,808 m (19,055 ft) (35°30′N 80°12′E / 35.5°N 80.2°E). Peaks in this volcanic group are not considered volcanic mountains but instead a type of pyroclastic cone.[6] Information about these cones is extremely scarce and the listed elevations and prominences is of unknown accuracy and reliability. It is disputed whether any of these cones have a prominence greater than 300 m (1,000 ft). The volcanoes in the list below all have prominences far exceeding that threshold.
The list
| Volcanic Seven Summits (sorted by elevation) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Volcano | Elevation | Prominence | Continent | Range | Country | ||
| Ojos del Salado[*] | 6,893 m (22,615 ft) | 3,688 m (12,100 ft) | South America | Andes | Chile/Argentina | ||
| Kilimanjaro[*] | 5,895 m (19,341 ft) | 5,885 m (19,308 ft) | Africa | - | Tanzania | ||
| Elbrus[*] | 5,642 m (18,510 ft) | 4,741 m (15,554 ft) | Europe | Caucasus | Russia | ||
| Pico de Orizaba | 5,636 m (18,491 ft) | 4,922 m (16,148 ft) | North America | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | Mexico | ||
| Damavand | 5,610 m (18,406 ft) | 4,667 m (15,312 ft) | Asia | Alborz | Iran | ||
| Mount Giluwe | 4,368 m (14,331 ft) | 2,488 m (8,163 ft) | Oceania | Southern Highlands | Papua New Guinea | ||
| Mount Sidley | 4,285 m (14,058 ft) | 2,517 m (8,258 ft) | Antarctica | Executive Committee Range | - | ||
* NOTE: Two of the Volcanic Seven Summits, Kilimanjaro and Elbrus, are also members of the Seven Summits. Ojos del Salado is also a member of the Seven Second Summits.
Volcanic Seven Second Summits
Defining the second highest volcanoes on each continent is a bit more complicated, because the continental definitions become critical.
The problem between Australia and Oceania: Mount Hagen in Papua New Guinea is certainly the second highest volcano on the Australian continent, but expanding the continental definition to span also the broad definition of Oceania drops Hagen to 4th behind Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa on the Island of Hawaii.
In Europe, Kazbek is the second highest volcano. It lies on the border of Russia and Georgia, whose European status is sometimes disputed, although Kazbek lies entirely on the European side of the Caucasus watershed. The river Terek rises to the south and west of Kazbek but drains northwards to Russia.[7]
All variant definitions are listed in the table below, so there are 8 volcanoes included:
| Volcanic Seven Second Summits (sorted by elevation) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Volcano | Elevation | Prominence | Continent | Range | Country | ||
| Monte Pissis | 6,793 m (22,287 ft) | 2,138 m (7,014 ft) | South America | Andes | Argentina | ||
| Popocatepetl | 5,426 m (17,802 ft) | 3,020 m (9,908 ft) | North America | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | Mexico | ||
| Mount Kenya[1] | 5,199 m (17,057 ft) | 3,825 m (12,549 ft) | Africa | - | Kenya | ||
| Mount Ararat | 5,137 m (16,854 ft) | 3,611 m (11,847 ft) | Asia | - | Turkey | ||
| Kazbek | 5,033 m (16,512 ft) | 2,353 m (7,720 ft) | Europe | Caucasus | Georgia and Russia | ||
| Mauna Kea | 4,205 m (13,796 ft) | 4,205 m (13,796 ft) | Oceania | Hawaiian Islands | United States | ||
| Mount Erebus | 3,794 m (12,448 ft) | 3,794 m (12,448 ft) | Antarctica | Ross Island | -[2] | ||
| Mount Hagen | 3,778 m (12,395 ft) | >900 m (3,000 ft) | Australia (continent) | Hagen Range | Papua New Guinea | ||
1 Mount Kenya is also a member of the Seven Second Summits.
2 Territory claimed by New Zealand. However, most nations do not recognize Antarctic territorial claims.
See also
- Seven Summits
- Seven Second Summits
- Explorers Grand Slam, also known as The Adventurers Grand Slam
Notes
- ↑ "The Volcanic "Seven Summits"". November 1999. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
- ↑ Blake, D. H.; Löffler, E. (1971). "Volcanic and Glacial Landforms on Mount Giluwe, Territory of Papua and New Guinea". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 82 (6): 1605–1614. Bibcode:1971GSAB...82.1605B. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[1605:VAGLOM]2.0.CO;2.
- ↑ Löffler, E.; Mackenzie, D. E.; Webb, A. W. (1980). "Potassium-argon ages from some of the Papua New Guinea highlands volcanoes, and their relevance to Pleistocene geomorphic history". Journal of the Geological Society of Australia. 26 (7–8): 387–397. Bibcode:1979AuJES..26..387L. doi:10.1080/00167617908729105.
- ↑ Mackenzie, D. E. (1985). "Giluwe and Hagen; glaciated volcanoes in the rain forests of western PNG". Volcano News. 19–20: 7.
- ↑ Biggar, John (2005). The Andes: A Guide for Climbers (3rd Ed.). Andes. ISBN 0-9536087-2-7.
- ↑ "Kunlun Volcanic Group". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
- ↑ DMA Map NK 38-5 Gora Kazbek
References
- "SummitPost - Volcanic Seven Summits". January 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-28.