Howellia

Howellia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Campanulaceae
Genus: Howellia
Species: H. aquatilis
Binomial name
Howellia aquatilis
A.Gray

Howellia aquatilis (water howellia) is a small plant in the family Campanulaceae and is considered to a threatened species since 1994. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Howellia.[1] Thomas Jefferson Howell and Joseph Howell discovered the species in 1878.[2]

Distribution

The water howellia is found in large area of the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It can be found in California, Idaho, Montana, and Washington, and it is known historically from Oregon.[3]

The plant grows in wetland habitat surrounded by forests, which provide organic material.[1] Associated tree species include Populus trichocarpa (California poplar), P. tremuloides (quaking aspen), and Fraxinus latifolia (Oregon ash).[1] The water bodies are located in glacial potholes, river oxbows, ephemeral ponds, flood plains and other areas that fill with water periodically as snow melts and spring rain falls.[1]

Biology

The plant produces two types of flowers. Submerged cleistogamous flowers remain closed and self-pollinate, and flowers that bloom above the surface of the water open into white blossoms and may cross with other individuals.[1] Because it often pollinates itself, the species has a low genetic diversity.[1] Seeds are produced in the water but they require open air for germination, so they sprout when the wetland has dried in the fall.[1]

Conservation

Threats to this species include loss of habitat to logging and draining and conversion to urban use, alteration of the local hydrology by placement of dams and dikes, deposition of silt, livestock activity, introduced species of plants, low genetic diversity, and climate change.[4]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Center for Plant Conservation.
  2. ↑ Engeman, Richard H. (2009). The Oregon Companion: An Historical Gazetteer of The Useful, The Curious, and The Arcane. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-88192-899-0.
  3. ↑ USFWS Species Profile.
  4. ↑ USFS Wildflowers.
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