Whittingham Hospital

Whittingham Hospital

The main building entrance (St Luke's Division) in 2008
Shown in the City of Preston district
Geography
Location Whittingham, Lancashire, England
Coordinates 53°49′01″N 2°39′29″W / 53.817°N 2.658°W / 53.817; -2.658Coordinates: 53°49′01″N 2°39′29″W / 53.817°N 2.658°W / 53.817; -2.658
Organisation
Care system NHS
Funding Public hospital
Hospital type Specialist
Services
Emergency department No
Helipad No
Beds 3533 in 1939
Speciality Psychiatric hospital
History
Founded 1 April 1873
Closed 1995

Whittingham Hospital was a psychiatric hospital in the parish of Whittingham, near Preston, Lancashire, England.

The hospital opened in 1873 as the Fourth Lancashire County Asylum and grew to be the largest mental hospital in Britain, and pioneered the use of electroencephalograms (EEGs). During its time it had its own church, farms, railway, telephone exchange, post office, reservoirs, gas works, brewery, orchestra, brass band, ballroom and butchers.[1] It closed in 1995.

Design and construction

In 1866, the three Lancashire lunatic asylums at Prestwich, Rainhill and Lancaster were deemed to be full.[2] Extra accommodation was urgently needed and to this end the building of Whittingham Asylum "for pauper lunatics" began in 1869.[3] The hospital was designed by Henry Littler of Manchester, Architect to the Lancashire Asylums Board[4] and built of red brick made from clay dug on site.[5] The buildings followed a plan of multiple quadrangles with inter-connecting corridors radiating from a long axial corridor section.[4]

Early years

North Lodge, the entrance to Guild Park, the grounds of the former Whittingham Hospital
A ward exterior pictured in 2008

The hospital officially opened on 1 April 1873, although 115 patients had already been admitted in the previous year, some of whom helped with the building work.[6] The large complex (to be known as St. Luke's Division from 1958) was completed in June 1875, and had an initial capacity of 1100 inmates and included an Anglican church, a Catholic chapel, a recreation hall and a large farm estate.[7]

In 1878 a new annexe (known as St. John's Division from 1958) was built on 68 acres of land to the north of the site. The annexe was completed in 1880 and could accommodate 700 patients and, by the special agreement of the Postmaster General, the hospital's own dedicated Post Office.[8] The hospital contributed £15,500 towards Fulwood Urban District Council's scheme to extract water from Beacon Fell, in exchange for 90,000 gallons of water per day to be supplied, free of charge, to the hospital. This was achieved under the Fulwood and Whittingham Water Act of 1882.[9] In 1884, a sanatorium was established in the grounds for patients with infectious diseases.[8]

In 1892 works began for the grounds to be illuminated by electric lamps; these works were completed in 1894. In 1900 an annexe called Cameron House was opened to the northwest of the main building, joined in 1912 by a third annexe, later to become known as St Margaret's division in 1958. By 1915 the number of inmates was recorded as 2,820 – more than double the asylum's original capacity.[8]

Whittingham Hospital Railway

The Whittingham Hospital Railway was a two-mile (3 km) private branch to Grimsargh, built in 1887, to transport coal and other goods. It also provided free transport for staff and passengers.[10] It eventually closed in on 30 June 1957.[11]

First World War

Map of the hospital

In 1918 the New West Annexe (St Margaret's) was commandeered for the treatment of war casualties: patients who died during treatment were buried in the institution's private cemetery at the northern edge of the site. The hospital was returned to civilian use the following year following the cessation of hostilities.[8]

Inter-war years

In 1923, the name "Whittingham Asylum" was dropped in favour of "Whittingham Mental Hospital",[12] a change later reinforced in law by the Mental Treatment Act 1930.

In 1929, the Hospital Commissioners noted that an "open door" principle was practised on a number of wards, and the 1930 Act later resulted in the admission of the first voluntary patients.[8] By 1939, the number of patients was 3533, with a staff of 548, making it the largest mental hospital in Great Britain.[13]

Second World War

At the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, Wards 31 to 36 in the West Annexe were again commandeered by the military and mental patients were relocated to other hospitals in the area. The commandeered wards were renamed the Whittingham Emergency Hospital and treated casualties of war, both military and civilian, the first being evacuees from Dunkirk. Following the end of the conflict the wards were returned to civilian use in 1946.[8]

Post-war

In 1948, the hospital became part of the newly formed National Health Service and was renamed "Whittingham Hospital". In the same year it acquired Ribchester Hospital, originally a workhouse.[14]

Cameron House Division in 2006

While working at the hospital during the 1950s, Dr C.S. Parker and Mr Charles Breakall produced an early electroencephalograph (EEG) machine using War Surplus material purchased for £2.10.0d. (£2.50) and conducted pioneering experiments in the field of encephalography and mental illness using patients there. An article was published in The Lancet describing these experiments, and considerable interest was said to have been expressed by the American Department for Space Medicine at the time.[8]

Abuse scandal and enquiry

On 18 July 1967, the Student Nurses' Association held a meeting with the senior nursing tutor, submitting serious complaints of cruelty, ill-treatment and fraud in the hospital. The Head Male Nurse then called a meeting of all students in which the students were threatened with actions for libel and slander. Several further complaints were suppressed until the following year when the Hospital Management Committee finally intervened and announced an inquiry into allegations of corruption and abuse. The inquiry divided the allegations into three specific headings: Care of Patients, Organisation of Services and Financial Control. The enquiry heard (among others) the following complaints:

The disused St John's Anglican Church in the hospital grounds, a Grade II listed building[15]

It was also reported that some wards were infested with vermin and others were too cold, too hot or too damp. In addition, it was found that there was a culture of petty theft on the wards and of serious fraud and embezzlement in some administrative offices.

In 1968–69, £91,000 was issued from sources for the use of patients, yet only £42,000 was recorded as having been spent in the hospital shop, supposedly leaving the remaining £49,000 unaccounted for.[16]

As a result of the investigation, both the Head Male Nurse and the Matron took 'early retirement'. Two male nurses were convicted of theft and in a separate incident another nurse was jailed for manslaughter after an elderly patient he had assaulted later died.[16]

Documentary

Ray Gosling and Nick Broomfield spent three weeks in the hospital filming a documentary for Granada Television, broadcast on ITV on 26 August 1975.[17][18] It was Broomfield's first television film.[19]

Decline and closure

One of four Belliss and Morcom engines used to generate the hospital's electricity supply, pictured in 1986

During the 1970s and 1980s, new drugs and therapies were introduced to treat people suffering from mental illnesses. Long-stay patients were returned to the community or dispersed to smaller units around Preston. The hospital closed in 1995.[20] and the site subsequently became known as "Guild Park". In 1999, Guild Lodge was opened on the edge of Guild Park, providing secure mental healthcare services to a small number of patients, followed the next year by purpose-built rehabilitation cottages close by.[21]

It is planned to build 650 new homes on the site and to convert some of the hospital buildings for use as apartments. St John's and St Margaret's divisions have been demolished. Due to uncertainty over the construction of the Broughton bypass[22][23] and the economic downturn there was little further progress, and the remaining buildings were left derelict, a popular destination for urban exploration. In 2014, planning permission was renewed and extended, and demolition of almost all of the remaining buildings has resumed. The grade II listed St John's Church, and five blocks including St Luke's main entrance block, will be retained, along with some sporting and recreational facilities.[24]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Pattinson, M. (Ed.) (1999) Longridge — The Way we Were, Hudson History of Settle, ISBN 0-9533643-4-8, p.108
  2. ↑ Pattinson, p.109
  3. ↑ Pattinson, p.111
  4. 1 2 Cracknell, Peter, "County Asylums", accessed 6 May 2012
  5. ↑ Pattinson, p.112
  6. ↑ Pattinson, p.113
  7. ↑ Pattinson, p.115
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ashton, K.D., "Asylum" Whittingham Hospital – Potted History, accessed 6 May 2012
  9. ↑ Pattinson, p.117
  10. ↑ Pattinson, p.119
  11. ↑ Pattinson, p.139
  12. ↑ Pattinson, p.128
  13. ↑ Pattinson, p.132
  14. ↑ Pattinson, p.135
  15. ↑ Church of St John in grounds of Whittingham Hospital, The National Heritage List for England, English Heritage, accessed 13 June 2014
  16. 1 2 Ashton, K.D., "Asylum" Whittingham Hospital - The Inquiry, accessed 6 May 2012
  17. ↑ Gosling's Travels (Whittingham Hospital), ITN Source, accessed 19 June 2014
  18. ↑ Broomfield, Nick (1948-), BFI Screenonline, accessed 19 June 2014
  19. ↑ Interview - Nick Broomfield: Mr Reality Check, Broadcast, 23 February 2006, accessed 19 June 2014
  20. ↑ "Asylum" Whittingham Hospital accessed 5 November 2007
  21. ↑ Lancashire Care—Secure Services, accessed 5 November 2007
  22. ↑ English Partnerships: Whittingham, Preston
  23. ↑ Whittingham housing plans submitted, Longridge News, 12 September 2007, accessed online 6 November 2007
  24. ↑ "New homes coming to Whittingham hospital site" , Homes and Communities Agency accessed 18 June 2014
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