Willis Russell

Willis Russell, a Deputy US Marshal, fought against William Smoot and his Ku Klux Klan chapter in Owen County, Kentucky during the 1870s. Smoot and his boys were running amok, causing havoc and bloodshed in Franklin (Frankfort), Owen County, and Henry Counties, and Russell stopped them, even though it cost him his life.^[1]

Early life

Willis Russell was born and raised in Monterey, Kentucky, Owen County, Kentucky.

Russell served as a former Confederate soldier under John Hunt Morgan.

Russell versus the Ku Klux Klan

Bill Smoot was popular amongst the local politicians. Smoot traveled in disguise with his father, John Smoot, and his brother, John C. Smoot, and was successful in recruiting new members to their renegade Klan.

“	More than 100 men have been killed, wounded, or driven away from that portion of Owen and Henry Counties lying on the Kentucky River by the Kuklux in the last three years.	”
	— - Willis Russell, September 8, 1874[2]

Bill Smoot's Ku Klan Klan controlled local lawmen, newspapers, and the courts. Perry, the County Attorney, W. Monfort, the Commonwealth's Attorney, Judge Roberts, and the Police Judge of Owenton were either Klansmen themselves, or sympathetic to them. Secret Service documents prove that the Sheriff of Owen County was a bona fide Klan member himself.^[3] Some claim that even Democratic Governors John White Stevenson and Governor Preston Hopkins Leslie were partial to Bill Smoot's Klan too.^[3]

“	These have been mostly colored people, although some white men are included. Among the number I will mention Sam Crew (colored) and family, James Bourne (colored) and family, John Dickerson (colored) and family, Wallace Dickerson (colored), Jordan Mosby (colored) and family, one of his boys being shot; Levi Fishback (colored), Al. Towles (colored) and his brothers and mother, Thornton Dunlap (colored). They killed four colored people on Sand Ripple in Henry County. They have also driven away several white men, among whom are Richard E. Williams (also wounded), William Plasters, C. M. Lindall, W. H. Walker, and all his brothers except James M. Walker, whom they murdered. They also drove away an old man named Hiles and his family.	”
	— -Willis Russell, September 8, 1874[4]

William "Bill" Smoot Kills John B. Roberts

A man named Roberts was preparing for marriage when he was attacked and killed by a man named Salyers. Robert's father, John B. Roberts, became so overwrought by his son's death that when he saw Salyers entering a store, Roberts shot Salyers dead. Salyers was also preparing for his own marriage. John B. Roberts was later shot and killed at the village of Gratz in Owen County by William "Bill" Smoot.

“	This Bill Smoot is considered the leader of the Kuklux Klan. He is a terror to the community. Several years ago he killed a man named John B. Roberts at Gratz. This constituted him a hero in his own opinion, and ever since then he seems to take great pride in being considered a desperado. Hence he became a prominent character in this organization, whose name is a terror throughout the State.	”
	— -Willis Russell[4]

1870

After many violent Klan outrages happened in Monterey and Guestville (Henry County) in 1870, Russell was assigned by the US Marshal service to investigate as an informant. Russell, who played the role of a cashier of a country store in northern Owen County, was approached by four white men—George Hoover, John Robinson, a man named Lockart, and Benjamin Moreland—who propositioned Russell to join the "Kuklux" for the purpose of driving "the negroes" and "all Radicals who were in favor of negroes" from Kentucky.^[1] Russell declined. Later on, those same men bought some sheets for their gowns and masks as Russell's store. Afterwards the men set out to destroy the homes and property of blacks in Stamping Ground, Scott County, because they had ignored a warning to leave the area. During the raid, they shot and killed an old Black man and wounded several others. The Blacks at one place returned fire, killing one of the white-robed terrorists, who was left by them in a ditch next to the road.^[1] The next day, it was revealed that the dead KKK man was a man named Foree, a school teacher who lived near Harper's Ferry, Henry County.

“	I remarked that I thought Foree deserved no pity, and that if the negroes had killed the entire party it would have been perfectly right; that the negroes had been attacked without any reason, and it was their right and duty to defend themselves.	”
	— -Willis Russell[1]

Afterwards, John White Stevenson, Kentucky's 25th Governor (1867 – February 13, 1871), and Confederate sympathizer, authorized Russell to start up his own militia to fight against the roving rogue terrorist marauders, but eventually pulled the plug on that idea.

1872

Russell then moved to Gratz, another town in Owen County, located along the Kentucky River in the spring of 1872.

“	I found that the [local Ku Klux Klan] were mainly composed of trifling, ignorant, depraved men and thoughtless youths, who had been induced to join by the persuasion of the leaders. These youths are, many of them, of good families; hence such terrible efforts to shield them.	”
	— -Willis Russell[1]

In the winter of 1872, at 11 o'clock at night, Smoot's Klan rode up to Russell's new home in Gratz, armed, mounted, and disguised, and called for Willis to come out. After seeing they were armed and disguised, Russell refused. Russell recognized John Onan by his voice. After seeing that Russell wouldn't come out, the Klan left. As the Klan was leaving, some of the citizens of Gratz came out to see what the commotion was about, and Smoot's Klan shot at them, but none of the citizens were shot.

Shortly thereafter, Bill Smoot's Ku Klux Klan attacked Jordan Mosby, and his son, who lived in a cabin on the farm of W. M. Bourne in Henry County. They shot Mosby's son, causing him to be paralyzed for the rest of his life. Even though Mosby recognized the criminals, the perpetrators were never arrested, jailed, or prosecuted.^[4]

1873

Early in 1873, the Smoot gang attacked the home of a 70-year-old man named Richard E. Williams of Guestville (Henry County) and wounded him, but he was able to fight them off. Williams was shot in the arm by Bill Smoot's gang during this nighttime raid. Williams returned fire, and wounding Bill Smoot, but not mortally.^[4]

After Williams recovered, he went to Frankfort and appealed to Governor Preston Leslie, the 26th Governor of Kentucky (February 13, 1871 – August 31, 1875), also a Confederate sympathizer, for assistance. Leslie offered a reward for the capture of those who attacked Williams. One of those implicated was Harvie Grubbs. Russell immediately went out to arrest Grubbs, but Bill Smoot was there, and he ordered Grubbs not to go along with Russell, until Russell stood in between Grubbs and Smoot, pulled his pistol, and forced Grubbs to go.^[4]

That night, Bill Smoot gathered 20 men, armed with shotguns and pistols, and followed Russell to Newcastle, intent on murdering Russell and the two young men Russell had employed as guards. On the way to Newcastle, one of Russell's horses went lame, and so Russell asked Lewis Wilson, a local Black citizen, to loan them his horse which he did, which sealed Wilson's doom. Russell was able to get to Newcastle, put Grubbs in jail, and left before Smoot could catch him. Russell then went to Eminence expecting to take the first train to Frankfort. Smoot, however, arrived at Eminence just moments after Russell did. The town marshal told Russell to stay in his hotel. The Marshal sent Russell's horses out to Frankfort Road, after dark, and Russell and his two guards slipped out, got on their horses, and rode them to Frankfort that night.

Russell contacted Preston Leslie about his ordeal, but Leslie said there wasn't anything he could do for Russell, because "the Legislature had virtually tied his hands".^[4] Leslie reassured Russell that he wouldn't be harassed for arresting Harvie Grubbs, but this proved to be false. Russell left Frankfort, and while on his road to his Monterey home, Smoot and his Klan party came out on the road, after Russell passed them, expecting to catch Russell. After seeing their ambush fail, Smoot told them that he intended murder Russell and his two guards for the arrest of Grubbs. Shortly afterwards, Grubbs was released from jail, and was never prosecuted for his participation in the shooting of Richard E. Williams.

In July 1873, the Ku Klux Klan murdered a colored man named Lewis Wilson. Wilson, a Black man, resided on the farm of the widow of Mason Brown in Owen County, two miles from Gratz. The Klan, 17 participants, went to Wilson's house in the middle of the night, broke open his door, and shot him dead. After murdering Lewis Wilson, the Klan then burned his house to the ground. Wilson, as he lay dying, told his neighbor the names of several of the party whom he had recognized.

“	I am confident that Wilson was killed simply because he had offered to lend me a horse to assist me in taking Grubbs to Newcastle.	”
	— -Willis Russell[1]

The Courier-Journal reported in August 1873 that there had been at least 88 raids conducted by the Klan in less than a year.^[1] A Courier-Journal correspondent was sent to Owen County, who informed Russell that Governor Leslie had offered a $500 reward for each of the 17 men implicated. An 18-year-old who was a part of Smoot's raid on Lewis Wilson confessed to Russell that he a member of Smoot's gang, and gave Russell 17 names. Russell arrested one of the men implicated by the 18-year-old informant, and he too made a confession, giving the same names. Judge Roberts, the County Judge of Owen County, signed an affidavit to have 13 of the 17 names given, arrested.

The next day, after getting the affidavits of 13 of the local Klansmen, Russell three of them, and put them in the Owenton jail. When the other Klansmen heard that Russell had already arrested 3, they ran and hid out into the woods. Three of them were taken to Indiana by Bill Smoot. Governor Preston gave Russell permission to cross state lines to go after them. Willis Russell catches up to Bill Smoot's gang, and in Bill's presence, arrests John Onan. Russell took Onan to Judge Roberts, who confessed that he was a part of the gang that murdered Lewis Wilson, and gave up three more names of men who were riding with Bill Smoot.

The next day, Russell arrested Henry Triplett, who also confessed, and reaffirmed the names Onan had given, by giving the same names. Onan was tried for murder in November 1873. Onan had confessed to the crime, 2 of his former gang members turned State's evidence against him, plus two other witnesses vouched that Onan had confessed to the crime. John Onan didn't even introduce any evidence on his own behalf. But through the contrivance of the County Judge and the County Attorney, Onan was acquitted.^[4]

Russell's 18-year-old informant of Smoot's clan warned Russell of another of Smoot's planned raids on the Black residents of Twin Creek in Owen County. After seeing Russell's men organized in Twin Creek, the Klan scurried away, never carrying out their attack on that town.^[1] On a Tuesday, the informant said that the Klan was planning on killing William Plasters and Willis Russell next, on Thursday, and then go to Brown's Bottom, and kill all the Blacks there. Plasters was able to leave his home, but the Klan tore everything in his house up. The citizens of Gratz were ready for the Klan, so Smoot never went there. Instead, he went to Owenton, and told one of the Walkers at his hotel that if Russell didn't stop arresting Klansmen, then Russell would be hung from the highest tree in the county. Russell sent word that he planned on arresting every single one of the outlaws.^[1]

Willis Russell, US Marshal, 1874

Early in 1874, a large band of Smoot's Klan was organized on Twin Creek near Gratz, and Russell contacted General Eli H. Murray in Louisville. Willis Russell was then officially deputized as a United States Marshal by General Eli H. Murray.^[4] After Russell was deputized as a US Marshall, Bill Smoot vowed publicly that he would not rest until he had run Russell and the Walkers out of Owen County. Local authorities did nothing to restrain Smoot and his gang.

Sensing that he had enough witnesses ready to testify against the Henry and Owen County Klan, Russell requested a squad of soldiers, which both the state and federal governments gave to him. Then Russell began arresting them all. Russell arrested Jim Oskins, John Onan, Billy Walston, William Razor, Fielding Douthitt, Reuben Clements, Joseph Hoskins, and William Smoot in February 1874. Russell put these eight culprits in a boat to put them in the Louisville jail (since some had escaped the Owenton jail previously). On the way to Louisville, William Smoot was able to escape. The other prisoners all posted bond to insure their appearance at the October term of the United States District Court in Louisville, and were released.^[1]

Bluford Woods, a man who had turned state's evidence at John Onan's trial. came up missing, which Russell assumed had been murdered, since nobody heard any news about his whereabouts.^[4]

Bill and John C. Smoot Kill James M. Walker

Believing that law and order had been restored in Owen County, the federal troops left on May 3, 1874. Then, on May 4, the next day, on a late rainy Monday afternoon, Bill Smoot and his brother John C. Smoot shot James M. Walker in the back in the main street in Owenton, Kentucky. James was walking to his brother William's Walker Hotel, and was shot down from two rifles in the upper windows of the Hill Hotel. James dropped dead immediately. After murdering James M. Walker, about 40 Klan members started yelling all over town. The Klansmen then literally riddled his dead body with many bullets blasting out of their rifles and pistols. Some of the Klan brazenly shot James' dead body from the courthouse lawn. Bill and John Smoot, and their men, reloaded their pistols, and leisurely walked out of Owenton without the Sheriff arresting them, who was in town, along with 3 Sheriff's deputies. The Town Marshal tried to arrest Smoot, but they threatened his life, and so he backed down.

James, 31, had three children, and a wife, Alice Grover Walker, at home. It was Alice and James' 8th anniversary. Alice buried her husband on her father's farm. James and William's brother, F. R. ("Dock") Walker, was severely wounded in the arm. The federal troops came back, but they couldn't find Smoot or any of his men, who were presumably hiding in the mountainous forests of Owen County.^[4]

On July 1, again, the federal troops left Owen County. Smoot's Ku Klux Klan became more emboldened, and they made a raid on an old man named Hayden living at Elkhorn. Two months later, at a Masonic barbecue given in Monterey, Green Barr, a Klan member, slipped up behind Charles Walker, one of James' brothers, and tried to shoot him in the back, but wasn't able to because of the timely interference of Thomas Walker. William H. Walker's life was threatened, and so he sold his hotel in Owenton, and was preparing to move away. Green Barr, on election day, came to Monterey, and while hiding in the woods, shot at Henry Triplett, who was a witness for Russell against the Klan members who were indicted by the US District Court. Later on, Green Barr would accuse Russell of threatening to murder him, and so he swore out a warrant against Russell and Henry Triplett. Russell showed up for the court case, but none of the prosecuting witnesses came.^[4] The court date was postponed until August 22.

On Saturday, August 22, the day set for the trial of Barr and Triplett, Barr sent Russell word through the Owen County Constable that he was coming to town with a hundred men.^[4]

“	I could hear them firing their guns around Monterey that morning, and believed from the signs that they were coming. About 1 o'clock, five or six men rode into town armed with pistols, all of whom were well-known Kuklux. They were led by County Attorney Perry, who also was armed with two pistols. Perry is said to be one of their leaders. He has been known to say in his public speeches that he did not like to prosecute them, as he had nothing against them, but his oath compelled him to prosecute them.	”
	— -Willis Russell[1]

15 to 20 more armed men of the Klan were marching towards Monterey behind Perry. Green Barr, one of the Smoots, Simon Margoyles, and George T. Mefford were all a part of the incoming gang. Russell, first, went to see Tom and Charles Walker at Tucker's Hotel, and then the three men started to walk towards his Russell's house, where most of his guards were stationed. When the Walkers and Russell pass Hardin's store, they see George T. Mefford standing nearby with his hand on his pistol. When Russell and the Walkers got to the corner of the store, Mefford pulled his pistol, and both of the Walker boys fired. Mefford ran, and as Russell pursued him, William Hall, one of the gang members, shot at Russel. After the shootout, Mefford mounted his horse, following behind another, and left Monterey, riding in the direction of the Klan, who were all along the road between Monterey and Owenton.^[4]

Perry, the County Attorney, who rode with the armed band of the Klansmen, accused one of Russell's men of shooting at him. Russell got several affidavits from several citizens disproving Perry's claims. On his return to Owenton, Perry swore out writs for Russell, the two Walker boys, and others. George T. Mefford swore out a warrant against Willis Russell, Thomas M. Walker, William Graves, Charles Walker, and John Wilson for attempting to kill Mefford. Perry also issued a warrant out for Willis Russell, Thomas M. Walker, Charles Walker, James Russell, Thomas Wilson, John Wilson, William Graves and Henry Triplett for the shooting that occurred on August 10, 1874. John Smoot, Bill's father, was shot, and John C. Smoot, Bill's brother was killed.^[5] John Smoot said that he "saw the two Walkers, Willis Russell and a man named Wilson all fire upon me. I do not know who hit me, but they all fired. I saw them clearly; they were not further off than from this bed to that wall."^[2]

Perry, the County Attorney, was able to get the Grand Jury to successfully indict all of those accused. The Police Judge of Owenton who issued those writs was himself was a Klansman.^[4] Before the Sheriff came to arrest Russell and company, Bill Smoot ordered Perry to request the state's militia from Governor Preston Leslie to settle a "state of riot and rebellion." At the same time, Russell asked the federal marshal to send troops to see that he got a fair trial.

Mini-civil war averted

The Sheriff of Owen County confronted Russell, saying that he had a warrant out for his arrest. Russell showed him his credentials as a United States Marshal, but the Sheriff refused to recognize it. Russell refused to surrender to him because he knew that was suicide. The next day the Sheriff came with a posse of over thirty men, most of whom who had no authority. At least twenty-five of the Sheriff's men were the notorious Ku Klux Klan, which the Sheriff knew about. The Klansmen are as follows: Mose Webster, with six men; William and Jim Hoskins, with sixteen men; Jim Hoskins, with five or six men, while under indictment in the Federal Court for their Klan activities; Bill Smoot, with eighteen or twenty men, who was under federal indictment his clan activities, and before the Owen Circuit Court for the murder of James M. Walker; and Dick New, with 20 men. Many of the men with the Sheriff hadn't been seen before that time for more than a year.^[4]

The State's troops arrived at about the same time as the Sheriff's mostly Klan posse did. While the State's troops said they intended to arrest all those involved, they didn't arrest Smoot or Hoskins or their men. There were over a hundred men chasing down Russell, until General Eli H. Murray's federal troops arrived just in the nick of time.

In a letter penned from Russell to Murray, he wrote:

“	Had you not opportunely arrived with your forces they would doubtless have murdered us all.	”
	— -Willis Russell[4]

October 1874

In October 1874, a federal grand jury indicted several Klansmen, but then dismissed all charges against them when every prosecution witness disappeared. They probably had been murdered by the Klan.^[1]

Raids by the Klan resumed immediately. Toward the end of October, the mob invaded eastern Shelby County, whipped three Blacks and threatened their employer, Thomas Ford, with violence if he persisted in hiring black workers.^[1] That same month, Klansmen murdered a teenage black girl and whipped several field hands.

“	The mob then went to the home of a black farmer named Barringer. Tragically, Barringer's sixteen-year-old daughter responded to the knock on the door and was shot in the eye. She was killed instantly. This incident received widespread publicity ... The murderer of the Barringer girl was never arrested, prosecuted, or jailed.	”
	— -George C. Wright[1]

1875

Klanmen burned a black church in Todd County on February 16, 1875.^[2]

In June 1875, the State of Kentucky shelled out thousands of dollars in a court case against Russell.^[6] GC Wharton signed a $2,000 check for Alexander and Dickinson, the lawyers who were prosecuting the case of "Commonwealth versus Willis Russell, et al". More checks were signed for witnesses against Russell, traveling expenses for JH Dorman, who provided "services" for the Commonwealth, and newspaper men (for the Louisville Commercial, and Graham and Hardacre) were also paid by the State of Kentucky.^[6]

Assassination

On July 1, 1875, Deputy U.S. Marshal Willis Russell was murdered in a sneak attack late at night. Willis Russell was gunned down by an unknown assailant, who fired a load of buckshot at him through the window while Russell was sitting at home.^[7][8][9]

Aftermath

A member of the Klan, John W. Brothers, was arrested, and he turned State's evidence by telling on everybody else involved in Klan activity.^[1] A dozen of the Klan members had warrants issued against them, but only four—Bill Smoot, John Onan, Meffert, and A. W. Hall—were captured.^[1]

The four Klansmen finally faced trial in November 1875. They were found guilty of conspiring against the government by intimidating United States Marshall Willis Russell but not of murder. When sentencing the men, Judge Emmons was apologetic, because even though a jury had found them guilty, Emmons believed they were honest law-abiding citizens. On November 13, 1875, Judge Emmons sentenced Bill Smoot five years in the penitentiary in Frankfort, Onan to three years, and Meffert escaped prison time on grounds that he had been injured while pursuing the marshal. A. W. Hall was found not guilty.^[10][11] Klan raids continued in Kentucky through December 1875.^[2]

Tom Walker testified against Smoot, and after the trial, moved out west, became wealthy, and died an old man.

Grant pardons Bill Smoot, 1877

President Ulysses S. Grant pardons W.F. Smoot, as well as Simon Margolyes and Davis Cox, on March 3, 1877. Smoot served less than a year and a half of his five-year prison sentence.^[12]

References

1. Wright, George C. "Racial Violence in Kentucky, 1865-1940: Lynchings, Mob Rule, and "Legal Lynchings".https://books.google.com/books?id=QAL5c1vECVkC&pg=PA30&lpg=PA30&dq=jordan+mosby+owen+county&source=bl&ots=POV2fbBbYz&sig=Nx3X8yZ7EhFwuUZFBEM5dSGqwto&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BhZpVf2yCof3yQS7k4CYDA&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=jordan%20mosby%20owen%20county&f=false pages 28-33; Louisville Courier-Journal, August 25, September 9, 17, 1873; September 8, 1874; New York Times, August 27, 30, September 23, 1873; September 10, 1874. Collins, Historical Skethes, I, 208, documents the raid on Stamping Ground.
2. Newton, Michael. White Robes and Burning Crosses: A History of the Ku Klux Klan from 1866.
3. The Current: Politics, Literature, Science and Art, Volume 3. https://books.google.com/books?id=RBHnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA199&lpg=PA199&dq=willis+russell+owen+county&source=bl&ots=x3CJ-tAwSa&sig=i2uf3Sx5Y5If56PjRBs06VZ0HhI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kPdoVY6qF8aKyATeqIKIAQ&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=willis%20russell%20owen%20county&f=false
4. Russell, Willis. "The Kentucky Ku Klux Klan." New York Times. September 10, 1874. http://www.kykinfolk.com/henry/klan.htm
5. Lexington Weekly Press. September 9, 1874.
6. Kentucky Auditor of Public Accounts. Biennial Report of the Auditor of Public Accounts of Kentucky. https://books.google.com/books?id=vP0WAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA436&lpg=PA436&dq=willis+russell+owen+county&source=bl&ots=Bvx0AA50WU&sig=k3NeoyPRgduWwUDamD_hnzo4Q2A&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kPdoVY6qF8aKyATeqIKIAQ&ved=0CEwQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=willis%20russell%20owen%20county&f=false
7. The Fitchburg Sentinel. July 7, 1875. Fitchburg, Massachusetts. Page 3. https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/65096532/
8. Sacramento Daily Union, Volume 1, Number 114, 5 July 1875. http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18750705.1.1&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN------
9. Boston Post. July 5, 1875 Boston, Massachusetts. Page 2. https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/69757651/
10. The Ticket. November 16, 1875. Covington.
11. New York Times, November 14, 15, December 25, 30, 1875.
12. US Grant pardon. http://www.usgrantlibrary.org/access/grant_search.asp?collection=Ulysses%20S. %20Grant&series=3&box=101 http://kdl.kyvl.org/catalog/xt71rn303024/guide http://www.kykinfolk.com/henry/Photos/hphphp89.jpg