Z for Zachariah

For the 2015 film, see Z for Zachariah (film).
Z for Zachariah

Puffin Teenage Fiction cover
Author Robert C. O'Brien
Cover artist Larry Rostant
Country United States
Language English
Genre Children, science fiction
Published 1974 (Atheneum Books)
Media type Hardback, paperback, e-book
Pages 192 (276 in hardback version)
ISBN 978-1-4169-3921-4 (paperback)

Z for Zachariah is a post-apocalyptic science-fiction novel by Robert C. O'Brien that was published posthumously in 1974. The name Robert C. O'Brien was the pen name used by Robert Leslie Conly. After the author's death in 1973, his wife Sally M. Conly and daughter Jane Leslie Conly completed the book guided by his notes.[1] Set in the United States, the story is in the form of a diary written from the first-person perspective of sixteen-year-old Ann Burden, who has survived a nuclear war and nerve gas through living in a small valley with a self-contained weather system.

According to Sally Conly, Z for Zachariah was her husband's second novel intended for adults, following his 1972 science-fiction thriller A Report from Group 17.[2] O'Brien had previously established himself as a children's writer with his novels The Silver Crown (1968) and Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH (1971). Z for Zachariah received a 1976 honor award from the Jane Addams Children's Book Award[3][4] and the Edgar Award for the best mystery fiction in the juvenile category.

Plot summary

Ann Burden is a teenage girl who believes she is the last survivor of a nuclear war. Since her family's disappearance on a search expedition, she has lived alone on her farm in a small valley spared from radiation poisoning. In May, a year after the war, a stranger in a radiation-proof suit approaches her valley. Afraid he might be dangerous, Ann hides in a cave.[5] Watching from a distance, Ann does not warn the man when he mistakenly bathes in a radioactive stream.[6] But when he sickens, her fear of being alone forever leads her to reveal herself to help him.[7]

The stranger is John Loomis, a chemist who helped design a prototype radiation-proof “safe-suit” at an underground lab near Ithaca, New York. After searching many months for survivors, he found Burden Valley.[8] Ann is impressed by Loomis's calm explanation of his (possibly fatal) radiation sickness, thinking she would be hysterical in his place.[9] Loomis is amazed the valley is radiation-free (a "meteorological enclave"). After Ann moves him into her house, he explains how to pump fuel for the tractor manually and begins planning a hydroelectric generator. Having the companion she often wished for, Ann imagines eventually marrying him, but decides not to discuss it until he recovers.[10] Still, she thinks wistfully of having children someday. While plowing, she remembers lines from a favorite poem, Millay's "Epitaph for the Race of Man," happy that she is no longer the scribe and confessor of Earth like the speaker in the poem.[11]

As Loomis becomes more ill and delirious, he has traumatic flashbacks to the underground lab, and talks of how he shot his coworker, Edward, who tried to take the safe-suit to find his family.[12] Deeply troubled that Loomis killed a man, Ann debates whether he is a murderer. She thinks that he might have acted in self-defense, for if Edward had taken the suit and not returned Loomis would have eventually died in the lab. He might also have intended to use it to find other survivors.[13] But Ann also worries that Loomis might have killed Edward to keep the suit for himself. Still, Ann prays Loomis will live even though he could be a murderer. She nurses him through his illness and keeps secret her knowledge of Edward's death. The first time he speaks again, saying her companionship saved him, she restrains an urge to hug him and sits by his bed, listening.[14] As Loomis slowly recovers, Ann is taken aback when he begins criticizing her use of time and resources and to give her orders. He scolds her for not yet planting corn, in what she thinks is the same voice he used to speak to Edward in his delirium.[15] He forbids her to touch the safe-suit after she suggests she could use it to get books.[16] He orders her to plant wheat and beets to preserve seed stock, and though she acknowledges this is sensible, his explanation that they have to plan "as if this valley is the whole world and we are starting a colony," makes her uneasy despite her similar hopes earlier.[17] Her uneasiness increases one night at dinner when she tries to get to know him better. When she asks if he was ever married, he grabs her hand, jerking her toward him so she almost falls. He demands to know why she asked, and when she asks him to let go, he refuses to do so until she answers, finally pulling her until she falls. Flailing for balance, she inadvertently hits his face. He rebukes her for this, leaves and does not speak of it again.[18] Ann feels this is controlling, and decides his criticisms and orders were also controlling. Disturbed, Ann begins to thinks of Loomis as a murderer and fears his horrible experiences have damaged his mind.[19]

Some days later, Ann awakes at night to hear Loomis in her room. Fearing he heard her wake, she feigns sleep, hoping he will leave. But Loomis quietly approaches her bed, and brushes his hands over her, "not roughly, but in a dreadful possessive way", then puts his hand hard on her shoulder (to pin her down, she thinks). Ann ends her pretense and twists free as Loomis drops onto the bed. He grabs her leg blindly as she flees, pulls her backward and grabs her shirt as she struggles to escape. Ann elbows him in the throat and flees to the cave, where she hides in terror for some days.

Ann then approaches Loomis from a safe distance to propose a compromise of sharing the valley and farm work but living apart.[20] Loomis says he was hoping she would return. At first she thinks he is sorry and hopes to reconcile, but she feels she can no longer trust him. He professes surprise when she tells him she won't live with him anymore and asks why, as if he has no idea. Ann remembers that he acted the same after he had grabbed her hand, "as if nothing had happened, or as if he had forgotten it,"[21] She refuses to justify her choice to him, to tell him where she is living, or to come back to live with him. Loomis shrugs this off. She explains her proposal. Loomis answers that he has no choice but to accept, though he hopes she will reconsider and “act more like an adult and less like a schoolgirl".[22] Ann tells him she won't change her mind. Though this arrangement is "unnatural and uneasy," and Ann worries about surviving winter, she sticks by her decision and wishes Loomis had never come.[23]

Some days later, Loomis takes away the tractor key. When Ann asks for it to tend crops, he tells her if she continues to stay away, she will have to do without things. He then locks the store, which contains supplies she needs.[24] Thinking he might have done so out of loneliness, Ann observes, "There are people who cannot stand being alone; perhaps he was acting from despair."[25] She decides to offer to talk sometimes from a safe distance; but when she approaches the house, Loomis shoots her in the leg. Ann flees, expecting to be shot and killed, but he does not fire again. She realizes that he had not shot to kill, only to lame her to make her easy to capture. Loomis then uses her dog, Faro, to track her to the cave, where he burns her belongings, though Ann escapes. Ann's leg wound becomes infected. She hides in a hollow tree and has feverish dreams of another valley where children wait for her to teach them. Ann comes to believe the dreams may be true and Loomis is insane, so she plans to steal the safe-suit and find her dream valley.[26] Moreover, she decides to kill Faro to prevent Loomis from tracking her in the meantime, making her feel equally a murderer.[27] Two weeks later, after Loomis tries to lure Ann to the store and wound her again, she tricks him in turn by leading Faro to a spot where she crosses stones spanning the dead creek.[28] Hiding on the other side, she panics Loomis with gunfire so that he lets Faro go, to swim across the creek to Ann and become fatally poisoned.[29]

In August, Ann acts on her plan. She lures Loomis from the house with a note offering to talk if he meets her unarmed in the south.[30] She then steals the safe-suit, puts it on, and waits on Burden Hill for a last meeting. When Loomis arrives, enraged, he fires at the sound of Ann's voice, demanding she return the suit. She finally reveals knowing of Edward and despairingly invites Loomis to kill her the same way. Loomis is shocked by her knowledge of Edward's death, and stops threatening her. Becoming dispirited and meek, he says that Edward tried to steal the suit, like Ann. Seeming frightened and confused, he begs her not to leave him alone, saying, “It’s wrong.”[31] After offering to send others to Loomis if she finds anyone, Ann complains that he never thanked her for nursing him; and, after these admittedly childish last words,[32] she heads off into the deadness, expecting to be shot in the back. But Loomis' last action is to call out that he once saw birds circling to the west. Ann then walks most of the night until, exhausted, she sleeps. The next morning, she continues west beside a dead stream, hoping to see a green horizon.

Title

As a child, Ann had a Biblical ABCs book, with A for Adam and Z for Zechariah. She remembers thinking that if Adam was the first man on earth, Zechariah must be the last man.

Setting

The story's events are set almost entirely in Burden Valley, a small and remote valley somewhere in the USA. It was named after the protagonist's ancestors, who were its first settlers and built a farm in the northern end. The only other inhabitants were the Kleins, a couple who lived over the store and mainly did business with Amish farmers to the south.

The valley is approximately 4 miles long, from Burden Hill in the north to an S-shaped pass in the south called "the gap". The largest of its two streams, Burden Creek, is radioactive because its source is outside the valley. It runs parallel to the road from north to south and exits the valley through the gap. A smaller stream originates from a deep spring on an eastern hillside and feeds a small lake with fish that provide a food source for Ann. The stream then meanders south and joins Burden Creek. Much of the valley is made up of woodlands.

Ann initially thinks the animals in the Valley are probably the last of their species; however, at the end of the book Loomis reveals he has seen birds flying in the distance west of the valley, which opens the possibility of other life as well. There are rabbits and squirrels in the valley. There are also a few crows, which Ann believes survived because only they had the "sense" to stay in the valley, while other birds migrated.[33] There are two cows, a bull calf, and chickens on Ann's farm.[34] Finally, there is the dog, Faro, who belonged to Ann's cousin David.

The most important feature of the valley is that it is somehow separated from the surrounding atmosphere and has its own weather system.[35] Loomis calls it a meteorological enclave created by an inversion (i.e., air only rising, not falling), but he views its existence as so unlikely that it is only a theoretical possibility.[36] Loomis' scientific assessment seems correct because the air in a valley could not be separate from the planet's atmosphere unless the valley's walls were unbroken and rose as high as the tropopause, the level at which temperature begins to increase and air only rises. In any other situation, a valley's air would necessarily mix with surrounding air, and pollution would enter from above. However, for the purposes of this story, readers must suspend disbelief to accept that at least one valley with a self-contained weather system exists, allowing some life to continue after global nuclear war.

Major themes

Seeing the story as a conflict between an innocent girl and a domineering male scientist bent on controlling the valley, reviewers have found themes such as the destructiveness of science (at least when it is separated from conscience), the corrupting effect of the desire for power, and the moral value of individual freedom. Ann's sensitivity and love of nature are viewed as contrasting with Loomis's callous reasoning and selfish compulsion to take control. Writing for The Spectator in April 1975, Peter Ackroyd concludes that "science turns paradise sour."[37] Reviews the same year in The Junior Bookshelf[38] and Times Literary Supplement[39] described Ann as an unwilling Eve who "finally refuses to begin the whole story over again."

Adaptations

In February 1984, the BBC presented a film adaptation for its Play for Today series in which the setting was changed from America to Wales.

Z for Zachariah, a 2015 film adaptation of the novel premiered in January 2015 with financing from Creative Artists Agency (CAA) and Material Pictures. Eschewing the central Adam/Eve theme and its deconstruction of abusive and controlling relationships, it adds a third character and involves a love triangle. It stars Chris Pine, Margot Robbie and Chiwetel Ejiofor. Craig Zobel directs from an adapted script by Nissar Modi.[40][41][42] Filming took place on New Zealand's Banks Peninsula[43] and in the small former coal mining town of Welch, West Virginia.[44]

References

  1. ↑ O'Brien, Robert C. About the Author. Z for Zachariah. 1974. New York: Simon Pulse, 2007.
  2. ↑ O'Brien, Sally M. "About Robert C. O'Brien". The Horn Book Magazine (1972): 349–351. Masis, Boris. "What has been said about Robert C. O'Brien". The Z for Zachariah Nuclear Comparison Page. 1997.
  3. ↑ Janeaddamspeace.org
  4. ↑ Cullinan, Bernice E. and Diane Goetz. The Continuum Encyclopedia of Children's Literature, New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. p. 598. ISBN 0826415164
  5. ↑ O'Brien, p. 6.
  6. ↑ O'Brien, p. 26, 31.
  7. ↑ O'Brien, p. 45.
  8. ↑ O'Brien, p. 52.
  9. ↑ O'Brien, p. 52.
  10. ↑ O'Brien, p. 81, 101.
  11. ↑ O'Brien, p. 96.
  12. ↑ O'Brien, p. 111, 117.
  13. ↑ O'Brien, pp. 126-127.
  14. ↑ O'Brien, pp. 137-139.
  15. ↑ O'Brien, p. 141.
  16. ↑ O'Brien, pp. 149-150.
  17. ↑ O'Brien, p. 152.
  18. ↑ O'Brien, pp. 159-160.
  19. ↑ O'Brien, p. 157.
  20. ↑ O'Brien, p. 183.
  21. ↑ O'Brien, p. 189.
  22. ↑ O'Brien, p. 190.
  23. ↑ O'Brien, p. 192, 195.
  24. ↑ O'Brien, p. 217-218.
  25. ↑ O'Brien, p. 218.
  26. ↑ O'Brien, pp. 226-228.
  27. ↑ O'Brien, p. 225.
  28. ↑ O'Brien, p. 237.
  29. ↑ O'Brien, pp. 233-235.
  30. ↑ O'Brien, pp. 240-241.
  31. ↑ O'Brien, p. 247.
  32. ↑ O'Brien, p. 248.
  33. ↑ O'Brien, p. 29.
  34. ↑ O'Brien, p. 10.
  35. ↑ O'Brien, p. 40.
  36. ↑ O'Brien, p. 56.
  37. ↑ Ackroyd, Peter. The Spectator (April 12, 1975), Masis, Boris. "Z for Zachariah Reviews". The Z for Zachariah Nuclear Comparison Page. 1997.
  38. ↑ The Junior Bookshelf v.39 (June 1975), Masis, Boris. "Z for Zachariah Reviews". The Z for Zachariah Nuclear Comparison Page. 1997.
  39. ↑ Times Literary Supplement (April 4, 1975), Masis, Boris. "Z for Zachariah Reviews". The Z for Zachariah Nuclear Comparison Page. 1997.
  40. ↑ Hsx.com
  41. ↑ Empireonline.com
  42. ↑ Smh.com.au
  43. ↑ Stuff.co.nz
  44. ↑ Internet Movie Database

Bibliography

External links

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