1900 in science

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The year 1900 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Aeronautics

• July 2 – The first airship flight is made by the LZ1 designed by Ferdinand von Zeppelin.

Chemistry

• Johannes Rydberg refines the expression for observed hydrogen line wavelengths.

Earth sciences

• Richard Dixon Oldham distinguishes between primary, secondary and tertiary waveforms as recorded by seismometers.^[1]

Exploration

• American explorer Robert Peary first sights Kaffeklubben Island, the northernmost point of land on Earth.

Genetics

• Hugo de Vries publishes the results of his experiments in Mendelian inheritance.^[2]

Mathematics

• David Hilbert states his list of 23 problems which show where some further mathematical work is needed.
• Russell's paradox is first discovered by Ernst Zermelo but he does not publish it, and it is known only to Hilbert, Husserl and other members of the University of Göttingen.
• Gaston Tarry confirms Euler's conjecture that no 6×6 orthogonal Graeco-Latin square is possible.^[3][4][5][6]
• Alfred Young introduces the Young tableau.

Photography

• Kodak introduce their first Brownie (camera).

Physics

• April 26 – Guglielmo Marconi patents the tuned circuit.
• October 19 – Max Planck produces Planck's law of black-body radiation, marking the birth of quantum physics.^[7][8]
• December 7 – Max Planck states his quantum hypothesis.
• December 23 – Reginald Fessenden, experimenting with a high-frequency spark transmitter, successfully transmits speech over a distance of about 1.6 kilometers (one mile), from Cobb Island, Maryland, which appears to have been the first audio radio transmission.
• Gamma rays discovered by Paul Villard while studying uranium decay.

Physiology

• Karl Landsteiner makes the first discovery of blood types, identifying the ABO blood group system.^[9]
• Jokichi Takamine and Keizo Uenaka discover adrenaline.^[10][11]

Psychology

• Sigmund Freud's Die Traumdeutung (The Interpretation of Dreams) is published.

Zoology

• Richard J. Ussher and Robert Warren publish The Birds of Ireland.^[12]

Births

• March 9 – Howard Aiken (died 1973), computing pioneer.
• March 19 – Frédéric Joliot (died 1958), physicist.
• April 25 – Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (died 1958), physicist.
• April 26 – Charles Richter (died 1985), geophysicist and inventor.
• April 28 – Jan Oort (died 1992), astronomer.
• May 22 – Honor Fell (died 1986), biologist.
• July 9 – Frances McConnell-Mills, born Frances Mary McConnell (died 1975), toxicologist.
• August 25 – Hans Adolf Krebs (died 1981), medical doctor and biochemist.
• August 26 – Hellmuth Walter (died 1980), engineer and inventor.
• December 9 – Joseph Needham (died 1995), biochemist and writer on the history of science and technology in China.
• Ernest Gibbins (killed 1942), entomologist.

Deaths

• January 13 – Peter Waage (born 1833), Norwegian chemist.
• January 22 – David E. Hughes (born 1831), British-American inventor.
• March 6 – Gottlieb Daimler (born 1834), German engineer, automotive pioneer.
• March 10 – George James Symons (died 1838), English meteorologist.
• April 1 – George Jackson Mivart (born 1827), English biologist.
• October 16 – Henry Acland (born 1815), English physician.

References

1. Grout, Andrew (2004). "Oldham, Richard Dixon (1858–1936)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37820. Retrieved 2011-10-20. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
2. De Vries, H. (1900). "Sur la loi de disjonction des hybrides". Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Paris. 130: 845–847.
3. "From Latin Squares to Sudoku:A History of Magic Numbers".
4. "36 Officer Problem".
5. Tarry, Gaston (1900). "Le Probléme de 36 Officiers". Compte Rendu de l'Association Française pour l'Avancement de Science Naturel. Secrétariat de l'Association. 1: 122–123.
6. Tarry, Gaston (1901). "Le Probléme de 36 Officiers". Compte Rendu de l'Association Française pour l'Avancement de Science Naturel. Secrétariat de l'Association. 2: 170–203.
7. Planck, M. (1900). "Über eine Verbesserung der Wien'schen Spectralgleichung". Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft. 2: 202–204. Translated in ter Haar, D. (1967). "On an Improvement of Wien's Equation for the Spectrum". The Old Quantum Theory (PDF). Pergamon Press. pp. 79–81. LCCN 66029628.
8. Planck, M. (1900). "Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum". Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft. 2: 237–245. Translated in ter Haar, D. (1967). The Old Quantum Theory (PDF). Pergamon Press. p. 82. LCCN 66029628.
9. Landsteiner, K. (1900). "Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe". Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie. 27: 357–62.
10. Yamashima, T. (2003). "Jokichi Takamine (1854–1922), the samurai chemist, and his work on adrenalin". Journal of Medical Biography. 11 (2): 95–102. PMID 12717538.
11. Bennett, M. (1999). "One hundred years of adrenaline: the discovery of autoreceptors". Clinical Autonomic Research. 9 (3): 145–59. doi:10.1007/BF02281628. PMID 10454061.
12. "Richard J. Ussher and "The Birds of Ireland"". Ask about Ireland. Retrieved 2012-10-04.