1959 in the Vietnam War

1959 in the Vietnam War
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A map of South Vietnam showing provincial boundaries and names and military zones (I, II, III, and IV Corps).
LocationIndochina
Belligerents

Anti-Communist forces:

 South Vietnam
 United States
Laos Kingdom of Laos

Communist forces:

 North Vietnam
Anti-government insurgents
Laos Pathet Lao
Strength
US: 5,000 Insurgents [1]
Casualties and losses
US: 4 killed from 1956–1959
South Vietnam: killed		 North Vietnam: casualties

1959 in Vietnam saw the country still split into South Vietnam, ruled by President Ngô Đình Diệm, and communist North Vietnam whose leader was Ho Chi Minh. North Vietnam authorized the Viet Cong to undertake limited military action as well as political action to subvert the Diệm government. North Vietnam also authorized the construction of what would become known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail to supply the Viet Cong in South Vietnam. Armed encounters between the Viet Cong and the government of South Vietnam became more frequent and with larger numbers involved. In September, 360 soldiers of the South Vietnamese army were ambushed by a force of about one hundred guerrillas.[2]

In August an election chose the members of South Vietnam's National Assembly. The election was marred by intimidation and fraud by Diệm's party which won the majority of seats. Diệm's most prominent critic, Phan Quang Đán, was elected but was prevented from serving in the Assembly.

Diệm began the year seeming to be firmly in control of South Vietnam, but Viet Cong military successes began to impact his government by the end of the year.

January

Summing up President Ngô Đình Diệm's accomplishments over the several years preceding 1959 an American historian said. "Bolstered by some $190 million a year in American military and economic aid, Diệm enforced at least a degree of governmental authority throughout South Vietnam. His regime resettled the refugees, achieved a measure of economic prosperity, and promulgated what was, on paper, a progressive land reform policy. By means of a series of harsh and indiscriminate but effective anti-Communist "denunciation" campaigns, Diệm made progress in destroying the remaining Viet Minh organization in the countryside. His troops kept the surviving sect and Communist guerrillas on the run, and his government attempted to establish mass organizations of its own to control and indoctrinate the people.[3]

1 January

The Viet Cong were estimated to number 5,000.[4]

12 January

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of North Vietnam met in Hanoi to "discuss the situation inside the country since the signing of the Geneva Accords of 1954 and bring forward the revolutionary line for the entire country and the southern revolution." Lê Duẩn, General Secretary of the Party, who had recently returned from a clandestine visit to South Vietnam, spoke about the losses the Viet Cong had suffered as a result of the increasing aggressiveness of the Diệm Government aided by more that $965 million (about $6.7 billion in 2014 dollars) in U.S. assistance, mostly military, since 1955. Lê Duẩn proposed that it was time to complement the political struggle in South Vietnam with military action. The North Vietnamese communists were being accused by Viet Cong of cowardice for not helping it in their struggle against Diệm.[5]

22 January

Influenced by the reports of Lê Duẩn and others the Central Committee of the Communist Party of North Vietnam adopted Resolution 15. The resolution sanctioned armed force to "end the plight of the poor and miserable people in the South" and "defeat each wicked policy of the American imperialists and their puppets." The content and adoption of Resolution 15 remained a closely held secret among senior Party members until details were worked out for its implementation.

Moderates, probably including Ho Chi Minh and General Võ Nguyên Giáp, were reluctant to support a revolutionary struggle in South Vietnam. However, Party members, in the words of one historian, were convinced that they "could no longer continue to advocate restraint without losing the control and allegiance of the southern communists as well as the reunification struggle with Diệm."[6]

March

Viet Cong military activity near Saigon and in the Mekong Delta region, 1957-1959.

A 45-man platoon of highland Montagnard tribesmen was formed in Quảng Ngãi province, the first armed Communist military unit in the area since the end of the war with the French in 1954. The platoon awaited guidance from Hanoi before undertaking any armed actions.[7]

2 March

U.S. Ambassador Elbridge Durbrow met with President Diệm's brother, Ngô Đình Nhu, to urge him to curtail the repressive tactics of the Cần Lao organization, headed by Nhu, dominated by Catholics, and the only legal political party in South Vietnam. Nhu resisted the U.S. pressure. Durbrow concluding that Cần Lao's "undercover operations had so antagonized large sections of the population that an effort had to be made to greatly curtail the operations." Durbrow later too up the subject with Diệm to no apparent effect.[8]

May

6 May

In response to an increasing number of attacks by Viet Cong guerrillas, the National Assembly of South Vietnam adopted Law 10-59 which authorized military tribunals to impose death sentences on persons suspected of a wide variety of terrorist and destructive actions.[9]

7 May

The Communist Party of North Vietnam finalized the policy for implementing Resolution 15 and communicated its guidelines to Viet Cong leaders in South Vietnam. The guidelines authorized "armed self defense" combined with "political struggle" but did not authorize a full-fledged war of national liberation. Political assassinations and small-scale guerrilla actions against the South Vietnamese Army were authorized.[10]

19 May

Communist Party leaders in Hanoi established the Special Military Operations Corps Group 559 to maintain a supply route from North to South Vietnam along the backbone of the Annamese Cordillera. Later, in September 1959, Group 959 was created to construct supply lines through Laos to South Vietnam and to provide military support to the Pathet Lao communist guerrillas. These decisions marked the beginning of the development of the north-south network of roads that would later be called the Ho Chi Minh Trail [11]

25 May

American advisers to the South Vietnamese army were authorized to accompany the army on operational missions, "provided they do not become involved in actual combat." Previously American advisers had been prohibited from accompanying the army on combat missions.[12]

July

7 July

President Ngô Đình Diệm celebrated the fifth anniversary of his leadership of South Vietnam. U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower congratulated Diệm for "the progress made by Viet-Nam in the years since you assumed leadership." The New York Times congratulated him for building a "constitutional democracy.' Four hundred prominent Americans, including Senator Mike Mansfield, Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, and Catholic Cardinal Spellman sent a letter of congratulation to Diệm. Mansfield said that South Vietnam was "fortunate in having a man of Diệm's vision, strength, and selflessness as their leader."[13]

7 July

President Diệm announced the creation of the Agroville Program. The Minister of Interior explained that the rural people of South Vietnam were "living in such spread out manner that the government cannot protect them and they are obliged to furnish supplies to the Viet Cong. Therefore, it is necessary to concentrate this population..." The objective of the Agroville program was to build fortified settlements in rural areas which could be protected by the South Vietnamese army and thereby to isolate the population from the Viet Cong.[14]

8 July

Six Viet Cong guerrillas attacked a MAAG compound in Biên Hòa, a town about 20 miles (32 km) north of Saigon. Two American soldiers and three Vietnamese were killed by the guerrillas. Security for 2,000 American military and civilian officials working in South Vietnam was increased and MAAG personnel began carrying weapons.[15]

20 July

Journalist Albert Colegrove published a series of newspaper articles that prompted an investigation of U.S. aid to the Diệm government. "The American aid program in little free Vietnam is an outrageous scandal", he said. "We have wasted many millions of dollars." The President of the pro-Diệm lobbying organization, American Friends of Vietnam, General John O'Daniel charged that "what the Communists failed to achieve in five years -- to cast doubt on the Free Vietnamese and American aid program there -- was accomplished in one week of headlines." Senator William Fulbright said that "these articles have done a great deal of damage...to our efforts in Vietnam."[16]

30 July

General Samuel L. Myers, Deputy MAAG commander for South Vietnam, told a U.S. Senate committee hearing that the South Vietnamese Army was "now able to maintain internal security and...should there be renewed aggression from the north they can give a really good account of themselves." The committee praised the MAAG group for its work but called the U.S. mission 'the weakest country team we have met."[17]

August

Arms and other aid to the Viet Cong were first carried by porters down what came to be called the Ho Chi Minh trail in August 1959.
17 August

The Draper Committee, a bi-partisan committee of prominent Americans appointed by President Eisenhower to study the impact of foreign aid, praised the "effectiveness of the [South] Vietnamese armed forces" and endorsed the Eisenhower Administration's policies in Vietnam. A dissenter on the Committee was General Lawton Collins who criticized Diệm for his "refusal to admit the development of a loyal opposition" and opposed Diệm's proposal to increase the size of the South Vietnamese army from 150,000 to 170,000 soldiers.[18] The Draper Committee was created in reaction to the publication of the novel The Ugly American which had characterized much of American foreign aid as ineffective in fighting communism.

20 August

The first arms shipment for the Viet Cong from North Vietnam arrived in South Vietnam. Three hundred and eight men carried 4 rifles and 44 pounds (20 kg) of ammunition each, departing June 10 and making their way through the demilitarized zone to the upper end of the A Shau Valley where the arms and ammunition were turned over to the Viet Cong. The trek was carried out during the rainy season.[19]

30 August

The 1959 South Vietnamese legislative election chose the members of South Vietnam's National Assembly to serve three year terms. The election was comfortably won, with abundant fraud, by the National Revolutionary Movement, the party of President Diệm. The most prominent critic of the Diệm government, Phan Quan Dan, won despite efforts by the government to defeat him. However, Dan and another independent deputy were not permitted to attend the first meeting of the National Assembly and were arrested and charged with electoral fraud.[20]

September

4 September

A conference of U.S. army intelligence officers concluded that the Viet Cong were not a serious threat and that "the general security situation in the South Vietnam countryside shows a steady improvement."[21]

26 September

In the Mekong Delta near the Cambodian border, approximately 100 guerrillas identified only as the "2nd Liberation Battalion" ambushed 360 soldiers of the South Vietnamese army. The army units lost 12 killed, 14 wounded, 9 missing or captured, and most of their weapons. This was the largest military engagement between the Viet Cong and the army up until then. Two weeks later, in the same province, 45 South Vietnamese surrendered to a smaller number of Viet Cong.[22]

30 September

President Diệm told General Williams that "the strategic battle against the VC [Viet Cong] has been won; now remains the tactical battle, which means the complete cleaning out of the many small centers of Viet Cong activity.[21]

November

9 November

MAAG in Saigon reported that the South Vietnamese army was conducting "operations...against remnants of dissidents and Viet Cong guerrillas" and that "successful operations against these anti-government forces has facilitated the release of the majority of Vietnamese military units from pacification missions and has permitted increased emphasis on training." The emphasis of U.S. training and assistance continued to be to develop a conventional South Vietnamese army of 150,000 soldiers to repel an invasion from North Vietnam. MAAG had not yet provided any training to the para-military Self-Defense Corps (numbering 43,000) or the Civil Guard (numbering 53,000) which were responsible for most aspects of security in rural areas.[23]

December

31 December

The Viet Cong assassinated 110 local government leaders, mostly in rural areas, during the last four months of 1959.[24]

Between 1956 and the end of 1959, four American soldiers were killed in Vietnam.[25]

U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam numbered 760. South Vietnamese armed forces numbered 243,000, including the Civil Guard and Self-Defense Corps.[26]

Annotations

    Notes

    1. ↑ Center of Military History 2004, p. 582
    2. ↑ Lawrence 2009, p. 20; Spector, p. 331
    3. ↑ Cosmas, Graham A. (2006), MACV The Joint Command in the Years of Escalation, 1962-1967, Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, p. 10
    4. ↑ Center of Military History 2004, p. 627
    5. ↑ Asselin, Pierre Hanoi's Road to the Vietnam War, 1954-1965 Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013, pp. 51-53
    6. ↑ Asselin, pp. 53-59
    7. ↑ Duiker William J. The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, p. 199
    8. ↑ Adamson, Michael R. "Ambassadorial Roles and Foreign Policy: Elbridge Durbrow, Frederick Nolting, and the U.S. Commitment to Diệm's Vietnam, 1957-1961", Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 2 (June 2002), pp. 233-235. Downloaded from JSTOR.
    9. ↑ Spector, p. 332
    10. ↑ Asselin, pp 59-60
    11. ↑ "Vietnam War Timeline: 1958-1960" http://www.vietnamgear.com/war1959.aspx, accessed 20 Aug 2014; Lien-Hang T. Nguyen, Hanoi's War, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012, pp. 45-46
    12. ↑ Spector, p 332
    13. ↑ Jacobs, Seth America's Miracle Man in Vietnam Durham: Duke University Press, 2004, p. 267
    14. ↑ Zasloff, Joseph J. "Rural Resettlement in South Viet Nam: The Aproville Program", Pacific Affairs, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter, 1962-1963), pp. 327-329. Downloaded from JSTOR, 24 Aug 2014
    15. ↑ Doyle, Edward, The Vietnam Experience: Passing the Torch Boston: Boston Publishing Co., 1981, pp. 151-152
    16. ↑ Mann, Robert, A Grand Delusion: America's Descent into Vietnam, New York: Basic Books, 2001, p. 216-217
    17. ↑ Spector, p. 302
    18. ↑ Jacobs, Seth, Cold War Mandarin, New York: Rowland & Littlefield, 2006, p. 112
    19. ↑ Prados, pp 12-13
    20. ↑ Jacobs (2006), p. 113; Nohlen, D, Grotz, F & Hartmann, C (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II, p. 331 ISBN 0-19-924959-8
    21. 1 2 Spector, p. 334
    22. ↑ Pentagon 1971, pp. Volume 1, Chapter 5; Spector, p. 331
    23. ↑ Krepinevich, Jr., Andrew F. The Army and Vietnam Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986, p. 26; Summers, Jr., Harry G. (1985), Vietnam War Almanac, New York:Facts on File Publication, p. 29
    24. ↑ Nagl, John A Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife: Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002, p. 123
    25. ↑ "Statistical Information about Fatal Casualties of the Vietnam War" National Archives http://www.archives.gov/research/military/vietnam-war/casualty-statistics.html#date, accessed 24 Aug 2014
    26. ↑ Summers, Jr., p. 29

    References

    Vietnam War timeline
    S. Vietnam presidents: Ngô Đình Diệm
    Instability
    N. Vietnam presidents: Ho Chi Minh
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