1966 in the Vietnam War

1966 in the Vietnam War
← 1965 1967 →
Location Vietnam
Belligerents
Anti-Communist forces:  South Vietnam  United States  South Korea  Australia  Philippines  New Zealand Kingdom of Laos Republic of China	Communist forces:  North Vietnam Viet Cong Pathet Lao  People's Republic of China  Soviet Union  North Korea
Strength
South Vietnam: 735,900 [1] United States: 385,300 [1] South Korea: 25,570 [1] Thailand : 240 [1] Australia: 4530 [1] Philippines: 2060 [1] New Zealand: 160 [1]	Viet Cong and North Vietnam: 282,000[2]
Casualties and losses
US: 6,143 killed South Vietnam: 11,953 killed[3] South Korea: hundreds killed[4] Australia 63 killed[5]	Viet Cong and North Vietnam: casualties 71,473 killed (U.S. estimate, probably inflated by at least 30 percent)[6]

A map of South Vietnam showing provincial boundaries and names and military zones: 1, II, III, and IV Corps.

January

1 January

At the beginning of 1966, the number of U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam totaled 184,314.^[7] South Vietnamese military forces totaled 514,000 including the army (ARVN) and the Regional Force and Popular Force (the "Ruff-Puffs") militias.^[8] The North Vietnamese army numbered 400,000, most still in North Vietnam. 50,000 North Vietnamese cadre and soldiers infiltrated South Vietnam during 1965. Group 559, charged with transporting supplies down the Ho Chi Minh Trail to supply communist troops in both South Vietnam and Laos, numbered 24,400 personnel.^[9]

The U.S. estimated the number of Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army (PAVN) soldiers in South Vietnam at nearly 280,000 by June 1966, including part-time guerrillas.^[10]

A bombing pause of North Vietnam had been announced by President Johnson on December 24 and was in effect.

3 January

The Viet Cong and North Vietnamese bombarded a Special Forces Civilian Irregular Defense Group camp at Khe Sanh Combat Base near the DMZ of South Vietnam with 120mm mortars, the heaviest weapon they had used in the War. Defending the combat base were American and South Vietnamese Special Forces, Nung and Bru (Montagnard) irregulars, and Ruff-Puff militia.^[11]

8–14 January

Operation Crimp also known as the Battle of the Ho Bo Woods—was a joint US-Australian military operation during the Vietnam War in the Ho Bo Woods, 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Cu Chi in Binh Duong Province, South Vietnam, about 56 kilometres (35 mi) north-east of Saigon. The operation was a minor tactical success for the Australian and U.S. armies but the Viet Cong soon returned and the Ho Bo Woods continued to function as a base area for them until 1970.^[12]

January 28 – March 6

Operation Masher was a combined U.S., South Vietnamese (ARVN), and Korean (ROKA) operation in Binh Dinh province. The name "Operation Masher" was changed to "Operation White Wing", because Masher was deemed too crude for 'nation-building' by the White House. Masher failed to result in any decisive victories by the allies, but temporarily disrupted NVA/VC control of the rural areas of the province. Masher and subsequent operations in Binh Dinh created large numbers of refugees who fled their homes to escape the fighting.^[13]

February

February 23–24

The Battle of Suoi Bong Trang was a major action during the Vietnam War fought on the night of 23–24 February 1966 between US and Australian troops, and the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army. The battle occurred during Operation Rolling Stone, a major American security operation to protect engineers building a tactically important road in the vicinity of Tan Bihn, in central Binh Duong Province, 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Bien Hoa airbase.

March

9–10 March

The Battle of A Shau was waged in 1966 during the Vietnam War between the North Vietnamese Army and the forces of the United States and South Vietnam. The battle began on March 9 and lasted until March 10 with the fall of the special forces camp of the same name. The battle was an outright victory for the North Vietnamese; it was nevertheless a costly battle that U.S. estimates suggest cost the attackers almost half of their force.

10 March

South Vietnamese Premier Nguyen Cao Ky relieved General Nguyen Chanh Thi as ARVN commander in I Corps in the northern city of Hue. Thi was accused of "siding with the Buddhists" in their long-standing dispute with the South Vietnamese government.^[14] Thi was relieved after several days of demonstrations by Buddhists led by Thich Tri Quang and Thich Tam Chau. The Buddhists protested against economic conditions, corruption, and American influence and demanded that President Nguyen Van Thieu and Ky resign. The Buddhist Uprising was called the Struggle Movement. U.S. Ambassador in Saigon, Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. did not object to Thi's dismissal.^[15]

30 March

Following several weeks of Buddhist anti-government and anti-American demonstrations in the northern cities of Hue and Da Nang U.S. officials in South Vietnam, including Ambassador Lodge and General Westmoreland, advised the South Vietnamese government to take strong action to end the Buddhist Uprising.^[16]

April

4 April

Premier Ky sent five battalions of ARVN rangers and South Vietnamese marines to Da Nang to quell the Buddhist uprising. The U.S. transported the soldiers and marines. General Westmoreland ordered that all American soldiers in Da Nang be confined to their billets.^[17]

9 April

A platoon of U.S. Marines blocked the passage of a convoy of pro-Buddhist ARVN soldiers en route to take over Da Nang airbase. The armed confrontation was resolved after negotiations between the two sides. Over the next few days the tense situation in Da Nang and Hue quieted down although control of the two cities was still contested between the government and the Buddhists.^[18]

April 11-April 12

The Battle of Xa Cam My was a battle of the Vietnam War fought over two days from April 11 to April 12, 1966. Originally planned as a U.S. search and destroy mission intended to lure out the "crack" Viet Cong D800 Battalion, Charlie Company soon found itself fighting for survival in the rubber plantations of Xa Cam My, approximately 42 miles (68 km) east of Saigon. During this battle 134 men of Charlie Company, 2nd Battalion, 16th Infantry, 1st Infantry Division were ambushed by the Viet Cong.

April 24 to May 17

Operation Birmingham was a military operation of the Vietnam War in War Zone C, north of Saigon. The US 1st Infantry Division and the ARVN 5th Division conducted operations on the eastern flank of War Zone C. The goals were opening Route 13 from Saigon to the north and engaging the Viet Cong 9th Division. The Viet Cong suffered heavy losses, but managed to withdraw beyond the Cambodian border.

April 28–May 12, 1967

Operation Beaver Cage was a U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy Joint Operation in North Vietnam along the coastline of the Bon Hai river in the Quang Nam province. The Operation took place 23 August 1966, through 5 September 1966.

May

6 May

Premier Ky told General Westmoreland that the Buddhist Struggle Movement virtually controlled the three northern provinces of South Vietnam and that the Buddhist leaders were suspected of being in contact with the Viet Cong.^[19]

15 May

On Premier Ky's orders, without notifying President Thieu or the U.S., a pro-government military force arrived in Da Nang to take control of the city from the Buddhist Struggle movement protesting against the government and American influence.^[18]

17 May

An American gunner on a helicopter fired on a menacing crowd at the airport in Hue and killed an ARVN officer. The Buddhist Struggle movement blamed the incident on the American.

18 May

U.S. marines faced off against pro-Buddhist ARVN soldiers at a bridge near Da Nang. A few shots were exchanged and the ARVN soldiers attempted to blow up the bridge. General Lewis William Walt, the commander of the U.S. Marines in South Vietnam, was present and directed the Marines to secure the bridge.^[20]

24 May

The government of South Vietnam regained full control of Da Nang from the pro-Buddhist Struggle Movement. In the fighting, approximately 150 South Vietnamese soldiers were killed. 23 Americans were wounded.^[21]

26 May

After the funeral of the ARVN officer killed by an American, a large crowd burned down the United States Information Service library in Hue. Several Buddhists later set themselves on fire.^[18]

June

1 June

A crowd of pro-Buddhist demonstrators stormed the U.S. Consulate in Hue and set it on fire.^[22]

23 June

After several days of fighting with protesting Buddhists, the South Vietnamese government regained full control of the city of Hue. The lesson learned in the Buddhist Uprising was that "the dominance of Generals Ky and Thieu could not be contested as long as they had the support of the United States." More than three years of internecine strife in South Vietnam between Buddhists and Catholics and between competing military factions effectively ended.^[23]

July

July 7 –Aug 3

Operation Hastings was attempt to by the Americans to engage enemy troops in the Cam Lo area, on July 7, 1966, United States Marine Corps General Lew Walt led a joint U.S. Marine and ARVN force of 8,500 and 3,000 troops in a strike through the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). Plans to maintain U.S. occupation of the Cam Lo area in the Quang Tri province soon became known as Operation Hastings.^[24]

24 July

A USAF F-4C Phantom #63-7599 was shot down by a North Vietnamese SAM-2 45 miles (72 km) northeast of Hanoi, in the first loss of a US aircraft to a Vietnamese SAM.^[25] The pilot, Captain Richard P. Keirn ejected successfully from his stricken aircraft and was captured. His bombardier/navigator Captain Roscoe H. Fobair failed to eject and was killed, his remains were recovered in 2001.^[26]

August

3 Aug to 27 Oct

Operation Prairie (Aug 3 - Oct 27, 1966) was a military operation in northern South Vietnam. Its job was to eliminating North Vietnamese Army forces south of the DMZ.

August 9, 1966

Battle of Đức Cơ was a major engagement between the North Vietnamese 5th Battalion of the 33rd Regiment and the South Korean 3rd Battalion of the 1st Cavalry Regiment on August 9, 1966. The battle resulted from North Vietnamese attempts to infiltrate Đức Cơ from Cambodia.

August 18, 1966

The Battle of Long Tan was fought between the Australian Army and Viet Cong forces in a rubber plantation near the village of Long Tần, about twenty seven kilometres north east of Vung Tau, South Vietnam on 18 August 1966. It is arguably the most famous battle fought by the Australian Army during the Vietnam War.

8 August

In The New York Times former Vice President Richard Nixon called for an increase in American military personnel in South Vietnam to 500,000 and advocated that the U.S. should increase bombing of North Vietnam, including the capital city, Hanoi.^[27]

September

14 Sept 14–24 Nov

Operation Attleboro was a search and destroy operation by the 196th Light Infantry Brigade. The operation was named after Attleboro, Massachusetts, where the brigade had been formed.

September 14

The Philippines established the headquarters of the Philippine Civic Action Group in Tay Ninh province in South Vietnam. The total number of Philippine soldiers in South Vietnam was 2,000. The U.S. paid all expenses for the Filipinos and granted additional aid to the Philippines.deployed to Vietnam.^[28]

October

14 October

U.S. Secretary of Defense McNamara in a memorandum said that communist forces were suffering 60,000 killed per year, "yet there is no sign of an impending break in enemy morale and it appears that he can more than replace his losses by infiltration from North Vietnam and recruitment in South Vietnam." McNamara continued: "enemy...forces...are larger; terrorist and sabotage have increased in scope and intensity; more railroads and highways cut; the rice crop expected to come to market is smaller; we control little, if any, more of the population...in the countryside, the enemy almost completely controls the night."^[29]

21 Oct

Former U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower supported Richard Nixon's criticisms of President Johnson for "hesitation, indecision, and even timidity" in South Vietnam.^[30]

25 Oct

President Johnson met with Asian leaders in Manila, Philippines, including President Thieu of South Vietnam. The leaders offered an American troop withdrawal from South Vietnam in 6 months contingent upon a North Vietnamese withdrawal of its troops and support for the Viet Cong.^[31]

December

4–5 December

The Viet Cong conduct a sapper and mortar attack on Tan Son Nhut Air Base.

19 December

MACV's long-standing estimates were that the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces in South Vietnam numbered 282,000.^[2] CIA analyst Sam Adams wrote a memo stating that "the number of Viet Cong is closer to 600,000 and perhaps more." The memo would initiate a lengthy debate between MACV and the CIA concerning the number of Viet Cong.^[32]

31 December

The Selective Service System of the U.S. drafted 382,010 men into military service in 1966, the highest total during the Vietnam War. By comparison, in 1962, only 82,060 men were drafted^[33] The draft was a major source of opposition to the Vietnam War in the United States.

Notes

1. War Remnants Museum Data

   Armed Force	1964	1965	1966	1967	1968	1969	1970	1971	1972
   South Vietnam ARVN	514,000	643,000	735,900	798,800	820,000	897,000	968,000	1,046,250	1,048,000
   United States	23,310	180,000	385,300	485,600	549,500	549,500	335,790	158,120	24,000
   South Korea	200	20,620	25,570	47,830	50,000	48,870	48,540	45,700	36,790
   Australia	200	1560	4530	6820	7660	7670	6800	2000	130
   Thailand	0	20	240	2220	6000	11,570	11,570	6000	40
   Philippines	20	70	2060	2020	1580	190	70	50	50
   New Zealand	30	120	160	530	520	550	440	100	50

2. Clarke, p. 145
3. Clarke, p. 275
4. Casualties -- U.S. vs NVA/VC" http://www.rjsmith.com/kia_tbl.html, accessed 12 Nov 2014. 4,407 Korean soldiers were killed in combat in Vietnam between 1964 and 1973
5. "Australian Casualties in the Vietnam War, 1962-1972" http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/vietnam/statistics/, accessed 12 Nov 2014
6. "Casualties -- U.S. vs NVA/VC" http://www.rjsmith.com/kia_tbl.html, accessed 12 Nov 2014; Lewy, p. 450
7. "Vietnam War Timeline: 1965" http://www.vietnamgear.com/war1965.aspx, accessed 11 Oct 2014
8. Summers, Jr., p. 36
9. Military History of Vietnam, pp. 164-171
10. Adams, p. 63
11. Prados, John (2004), Valley of Death: The Siege of Khe Sanh, Annapolis: US Naval Institute Press, pp 37-44. ISBN 1591146968
12. Coulthard-Clark, p. 280
13. Krepinevich, Jr., pp. 222-223
14. Brush, Peter (April 2005), "The 1966 Buddhist Crisis in South Vietnam, Vietnam Magazine
15. Clarke, pp. 128-130
16. Clarke, p. 131
17. Clarke, pp. 131-132.
18. Brush
19. Clarke, p. 135
20. Clarke, p. 138
21. Clarke, p. 141
22. Brush; Clarke p. 142
23. Clarke, p. 143; Brush
24. Stanton 2003, p. 9
25. Van Staaveren, Jacob (2002). Gradual Failure: The air war over North Vietnam 1965-1966. DIANE Publishing. pp. 163–4. ISBN 9781428990180.
26. "MIA Mystery Solved". Los Angeles Times. 1 April 2001. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
27. Johns, Andrew L. (June 1999), "A Voice in the Wilderness: Richard Nixon and the Vietnam War, 1964-1966," Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 2, p. 325. Downloaded from JUSTOR.
28. Stanton 2003, p. 270, "The Philippines" http://www.history.army.mil/books/vietnam/allied/ch03.htm, accessed 21 Aug 2015
29. Lewy, Gunther (1978), America in Vietnam, New York: Oxford University Press, pp 77-78
30. Johns, p. 327
31. Johns, p. 326
32. Hiam, p. 88
33. http://www.sss.gov/induct.htm, accessed 4 Nov 2014

References

• Adams, Sam (1994), War of Numbers: An Intelligence Memoir South Royalton, VT: Steerforth Press. ISBN 1-883642-23-X.
• Clarke, Jeffrey J. (1988), United States Army in Vietnam: Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965-1973, Washington, D.C. Center of Military History, United States Army.
• Coulthard-Clark, Chris (2001), The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles (Second ed.), Crows Nest, NSW: Allen and Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-634-7.
• Hiam, C. Michael (2006), Who the Hell are we Fighting? The Story of Sam Adams and the Vietnam Intelligence Wars, Hanover, NH: Steerforth Press. ISBN 978-1-58642-104-5.
• The Military History Institute of Vietnam (2002), Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954-1975, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1175-4.
• Krepenevich, Jr., Andrew F. (1986), The Army and Vietnam, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-2863-5.
• Summers, Jr., Harry G. (1985), Vietnam War Almanac, New York: Facts on File Publications. ISBN 0-8160-1017-X.
• Stanton, Shelby L. (2003). Vietnam order of battle (2003 ed.). Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-0071-2. - Total pages: 396
• United States, Government (2010). "Statistical information about casualties of the Vietnam War". National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on 26 January 2010. Retrieved March 6, 2010.