2011 in paleontology

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Paleontology or palaeontology (from Greek: paleo, "ancient"; ontos, "being"; and logos, "knowledge") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.^[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2011.

Nematoda

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Formicodiplogaster[2]	Gen et sp nov	valid	Poinar	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	Diplogasteridae Nematode, parasite of Azteca genus ants Type species Formicodiplogaster myrmenema

Lobopods

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Diania cactiformis[3]		Valid	Liu et al.	Lower Cambrian	Maotianshan shale	China	A lobopodian.
Mureropodia apae		Valid	Gamez Vintaned, Linan, & Zhuravlev	Early Cambrian	Murero	Spain	A lobopodian.
Siberion lenaicus		Valid	Dzik	Early Cambrian	Sinsk Formation	Russia	A lobopodian.

Vetulicolians

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Ooedigera peeli[4]	gen. nov	valid	Zinther, et al.	Early Cambrian	Sirius Passet	Greenland	earliest known vetulicolian described	Artist's reconstruction

Molluscs

Arthropods

Arachnids

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Acarus indicus[5]	Sp. nov	Valid	Kumar et al.	Early Permian	Manjir Formation	India	A mite.
Nephila jurassica[6][7]	sp nov	Objective synonym	Selden, Shih & Ren	Middle Jurassic	Jiulongshan Formation	China	largest fossil spider described. objective syn of Mongolarachne jurassica[7]

Crustaceans

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Dynamenella miettoi[8]	Sp. nov	Valid	De Angeli & Lovato	Eocene (Lutetian)		Italy	An isopod belonging to the family Sphaeromatidae.

Insects

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Agulla protomaculata[9]	sp nov	valid	Engel	Lutetian	Green River Formation	USA	Only snakefly from the Green River Formation
Anonychomyrma geinitzi[10]	Comb nov	valid	Mayr	Lutetian	Baltic amber	Europe	Fossil Dolichoderin ant	Anonychomyrma geinitzi
Arostropsis[11]	Gen et sp nov	valid	Yunakov & Kirejtshuk	Eocene	Baltic amber	Europe	Monotypic broad-nosed weevil genus, one species A. groehni	Arostropsis groehni
Astreptolabis[12]	Subfam, Gen et sp nov	valid	Engel	Albian	Burmese amber	Myanmar	Monotypic earwig subfamily, one species A. ethirosomatia	Astreptolabis ethirosomatia
Baltimartyria rasnitsyni[13]	sp nov	valid	Mey	Lutetian	Baltic amber	Europe	the second species in Baltimartyria	Baltimartyria rasnitsyni
Deinodryinus velteni[14]	sp nov	Valid	Guglielmino & Olmi	Lutetian	Baltic amber	Europe	A dryinid wasp.	Deinodryinus velteni
Diochus electrus[15]	sp nov	valid	Chatzimanolis & Engel	Lutetian	Baltic amber	Europe	first valid Staphylininae species from the fossil record	Diochus electrus
Dryinus rasnitsyni[16]	sp nov	valid	Olmi & Guglielmino	Burdigalian	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	second fossil Dryinus lamellatus group species	Dryinus rasnitsyni
Iberoraphidia[17]	sp nov	valid	Jepsen, Ansorge, & Jarzembowski	Lower Barremian	Serra del Montsec	Spain	A mesoraphidiid snakefly, one species Iberoraphidia dividua
Lebanoraphidia[18]	sp nov	valid	Bechly & Wolf-Schwenninger	Upper Neocomian	Jezzine	Lebanon	A mesoraphidiid snakefly, one species Lebanoraphidia nana
Leptolingia calonervis[19]	sp.	Valid	Shi, Liu, & Ren	Middle Jurassic	Jiulongshan Formation	China
Leptolingia imminuta[20]	sp.	Valid	Liu, Shi, & Ren	Middle Jurassic	Daohugou Beds	China	the smallest species known in the family Grammolingiidae
Litholingia ptesa[19]	sp.	Valid	Shi, Yang, & Ren	Middle Jurassic	Jiulongshan Formation	China
Mickoleitia longimanus[21]	ord., fam., gen. et sp.	valid	Staniczek, Bechly, & Godunko	Lower Cretaceous	Crato Formation	Brazil	A new genus in the new family Mickoleitiidae and a new insect order Coxoplectoptera.	Mickoleitia longimanus
Myanmymar[22]	gen et sp nov	valid	Huber	Albian	Burmese amber	Myanmar	oldest mymarid described	Myanmymar aresconoides
Nanotermes[23]	Gen et sp. nov	vaild	Engel & Grimaldi	Ypresian	Cambay amber	India	A Termitid termite	Nanotermes isaacae
Ordralfabetix[24]	gen et sp.	valid	Szwedo	Ypresian	Oise amber	France	Second fossil lophopid planthopper from Europe
Parastylotermes krishnai[23]	Sp. nov	vaild	Engel & Grimaldi	Ypresian	Cambay amber	India	A Stylotermitid termite	Parastylotermes krishnai
Platyperla marquati[25]	Species	Valid	Gallego et al.	Late Triassic	Potrerillos Formation	Argentina	A platyperlid stonefly, a species of Platyperla.
Plumalexius[26]	fam, gen et sp.	vaild	Brothers	Turonian	New Jersey amber	USA	sister genus to Plumariidae	Plumalexius rasnitsyni
Pristomyrmex rasnitsyni[27]	sp nov	valid	Dlussky & Radchenko	Late Eocene	Scandinavian amber	Denmark	A fossil ant
Prostylotermes[23]	Gen et sp. nov	vaild	Engel & Grimaldi	Ypresian	Cambay amber	India	A Stylotermitid termite	Prostylotermes kamboja
Renphasma[28]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Nel & Delfosse	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	A stick insect
Termitaradus dominicanus[22]	Sp nov	vaild	Poinar	Burdigalian?	Dominican amber	Dominican Republic	A termitaphidid termite bug
Titanomyrma lubei[29]	Gen. et sp.	valid	Archibald, Johnson, Mathewes, & Greenwood	Early Eocene	Green River Formation USA Messel shales, Germany Eckfeld Maar, Germany	USA  Germany	new genus for the largest known ants	Titanomyrma lubei
Tytthodiplatys[12]	Gen et sp. nov	Valid	Engel	Albian	Burmese amber	Myanmar	Oldest member of the family Diplatyidae	Tytthodiplatys mecynocercus
Undulopsychopsis[30]	Gen et sp. nov	Valid	Peng, Makarkin, Wang, & Ren	Lower Barremian to Upper Aptian	Yixian Formation	China	A psychopsid silky lacewing, only species U. alexi	Undulopsychopsis alexi
Zophotermes[23]	Gen et sp. nov	vaild	Engel & Singh	Ypresian	Cambay amber	India	A Rhinotermitid termite	Zophotermes ashoki

Fishes

Amphibians

Newly named lepospondyls

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Kirktonecta[31]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Clack	Viséan	East Kirkton Quarry	Scotland	A microsaur.
Tambaroter[32]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Henrici Martens et al.[CAL 1]	Early Permian	Tambach Formation	Germany	An ostodolepid.

Newly named temnospondyls

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Acheloma dunni[33]	Species	Valid	Polley Reisz	Early Permian		USA	A trematopid.
Calmasuchus[34]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Fortuny Galobart De Santisteban	early-middle Anisian	Catalonian basin	Spain	A capitosaurian.
Rotaryus[35]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Berman Henrici et al.[CAL 2]	Early Permian	Tambach Formation	Germany	A trematopid.
Rubeostratilia[36]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Bourget Anderson	Early Permian		USA	An amphibamid.	Rubeostratilia texensis.

Newly named lissamphibians

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Urupia[37]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Skutschas Krasnolutskii	Bathonian	Itat Formation	Russia	A basal stem salamander.

Basal reptiles

Newly named captorhinids

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Gansurhinus[38]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Reisz Liu et al.[CAL 3]	Middle Permian		China	A moradisaurine captorinid.

Newly named basal diapsids

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Orovenator[39]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Reisz Modesto Scott	Sakmarian		USA	The oldest and most basal neodiapsid.

Newly named ichthyosaurs

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Sveltonectes[40]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Fischer Masure et al.[CAL 4]	Barremian		Russia	An ophthalmosaurid.

Lepidosauromorphs

Newly named saurosphargids

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Sinosaurosphargis[41]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Li Rieppel et al.[CAL 5]	Middle Anisian	Guanling Formation	China	An incertae sedis.

Newly named sauropterygians

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Abyssosaurus[42]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Berezin	Late Hauterivian		Russia	An aristonectid.
Diandongosaurus[43]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Shang Wu Li	Middle Anisian	Guanling Formation	China	A relative of nothosauroids.[44]
Dianopachysaurus[45]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Liu Rieppel et al.[CAL 6]	Middle Anisian	Guanling Formation	China	A keichousaurid pachypleurosaur.
Hauffiosaurus tomistomimus[46]	Species	Valid	Benson Ketchum et al.[CAL 7]	Early Toarcian	Whitby Limestone Formation	England	A second species of Hauffiosaurus.
Marmornectes[47]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Ketchum Benson	Callovian	Oxford Clay Formation	United Kingdom	A pliosaurid.
Westphaliasaurus[48]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Schwermann Sander	Pliensbachian	Höxter district	Germany	A plesiosaurid plesiosaur.
Zarafasaura[49]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Vincent Bardet et al.[CAL 8]	Maastrichtian		Morocco	An elasmosaurid plesiosaur.

Newly named lizards

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Brasiliguana[50]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Nava Martinelli	Turonian/Santonian	Adamantina Formation	Brazil	An iguanian lizard.
Cryptolacerta[51]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Müller Hipsley et al.[CAL 9]	Lutetian	Messel pit	Germany	An amphisbaenian lizard.
Latoplatecarpus[52]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Konishi Caldwell	Campanian	Pierre Shale Formation Demopolis Chalk Formation	Canada  USA	A plioplatecarpine mosasaur. Its type species is Latoplatecarpus willistoni; "Plioplatecarpus" nichollsae (Cuthbertson et al.., 2007) is a second species of Latoplatecarpus.
Oreithyia[53][54]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Smith	Eocene (Chadronian)		United States	A member of Corytophanidae. The type species is Oreithyia oaklandi.
Plesioplatecarpus[52]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Konishi Caldwell	Middle Coniacian to middle Santonian.	Niobrara Chalk Eutaw Formation	USA	A plioplatecarpine mosasaur, a new genus for "Clidastes" planifrons (Cope, 1874).
Queironius[53]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Smith	Eocene (Chadronian)		United States	A relative of the desert iguana. The type species is Queironius praelapsus.
Sauropithecoides[53]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Smith	Eocene (Chadronian)		United States	A member of Polychrotidae; a new genus for "Polychrus" charisticus Smith (2006).

Newly named snakes

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Madtsoia pisdurensis[55]	Species	Valid	Mohabey Head Wilson	Late Cretaceous		India	A madtsoiid snake.

Turtles

Newly named turtles

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Albertwoodemys[56]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Gaffney Meylan et al.[CAL 10]	Early Oligocene	Jebel Qatrani Formation	Egypt	A podocnemidid.
Brontochelys[56]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Gaffney Meylan et al.	Early Miocene		Pakistan	A podocnemidid, a new genus for "Shweboemys" gaffneyi.
Cordichelys[56]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Gaffney Meylan et al.	Late Eocene	Qasr el-Sagha beds	Egypt	A podocnemidid, a new genus for "Podocnemis" antiqua.
Gilmoremys[57]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Joyce Lyson	Maastrichtian	Lance Formation Hell Creek Formation	USA	A softshell turtle, new genus for "Aspideretes" lancensis (Gilmore, 1928).
Graptemys kerneri[58]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ehret & Bourque	Late Pleistocene		United States	An emydid, a species of Graptemys.
Hispaniachelys[59]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Slater Reolid et al.[CAL 11]	Oxfordian	Lorente Formation	Spain	A paracryptodire or a basal testudine.
Hoplochelys clark[60]	Species	Valid	Joyce Lyson et al.[CAL 12]	Maastrichtian	Hell Creek Formation	USA	A kinosternoid, a species of Hoplochelys.
Lapparentemys[56]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Gaffney Meylan et al.	Paleocene	Santa Lucía Formation	Bolivia	A podocnemidid, a new genus for "Roxochelys" vilavilensis.
Latentemys[56]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Gaffney Meylan et al.	Uncertain, possibly Miocene.	Uncertain, possibly Moghara Formation.	Egypt?	A podocnemidid.
Lemurchelys[56]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Gaffney Meylan et al.	Early Miocene	Moghara Formation	Egypt	A podocnemidid.
Mogharemys[56]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Gaffney Meylan et al.	Miocene		Egypt	A podocnemidid, a new genus for "Sternothaerus" blanckenhorni.
Oliveremys[61]	Gen. et comb. nov.	Valid	Vitek	Eocene	Washakie Formation	USA	A trionychid, a new genus for "Trionyx" uintaensis.
Patagoniaemys[62]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Sterli De la Fuente	Campanian - Maastrichtian	La Colonia Formation	Argentina	A stem turtle.
Peiropemys[56]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Gaffney Meylan et al.	Late Cretaceous	Marília Formation	Brazil	A podocnemidid.
Pricemys[56]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Gaffney Meylan et al.	Late Cretaceous	Marília Formation	Brazil	A podocnemidid.
Prochelidella cerrobarcinae[63]	Species	Valid	de la Fuente Umazano et al.[CAL 13]	Aptian/Albian	Cerro Barcino Formation	Argentina	The oldest known chelid, a species of Prochelidella.
Selenemys[64]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Pérez-García Ortega	Upper Kimmeridgian	Lusitanian Basin	Portugal	A pleurosternid.
Sokatra[65]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Gaffney Krause	Maastrichtian	Maevarano Formation	Madagascar	A pleurodiran.
Trionyx ikoviensis[66]	Species	Valid	Danilov Zvonok et al.[CAL 14]	Middle Eocene		Ukraine	A species of Trionyx sensu lato.
Wilburemys[67]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Martin Mallory	Late Miocene-Pliocene (Hemphillian-Blancan)	Ellensburg Formation	USA	A member of Emydidae belonging to the subfamily Emydinae. The type species is Wilburemys yakimensis.

Archosauromorphs

Newly named basal archosauromorphs

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Archeopelta[68]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Desojo Ezcurra Schultz	Late Ladinian/Early Carnian	Santa Maria Formation	Brazil	A doswelliid.	Archeopelta arborensis
Augustaburiania[69]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Sennikov	Early Triassic	Don River Basin	Russia	The earliest tanystropheid.
Kyrgyzsaurus[70]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Alifanov Kurochkin	Late Ladinian/Early Carnian	Madygen Formation	Kyrgyzstan	The earliest drepanosaurid.
Protanystropheus[69]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Sennikov	Middle - Late Triassic		Austria  Germany  Netherlands  Poland	A tanystropheid, a new genus for "Tanystropheus" antiquus (von Huene, 1905).

Archosaurs

Synapsids

Newly named non-mammalian synapsids

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Annatherapsidus postum[71]	Sp.	Valid	Ivakhnenko	Late Permian		Russia	A therocephalian.
Basilodon[72]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Kammerer Angielczyk Fröbisch	Late Permian		South Africa	A dicynodont. A new genus for "Dicynodon" woodwardi.
Bridetherium[73]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Clemens	Early Jurassic		United Kingdom	A morganucodontan.
Candelariodon[74]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	De Oliveira Schultz et al.[CAL 15]	Middle Triassic	Santa Maria Formation	Brazil	A carnivorous cynodont.
Cryptovenator[75]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Fröbisch Schoch et al.[CAL 16]	Late Gzhelian	Remigiusberg Formation	Germany	A sphenacodontid pelycosaur. The type species is Cryptovenator hirschbergeri.
Euptychognathus[72]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Kammerer Angielczyk Fröbisch	Late Permian		South Africa	A dicynodont. A new genus for "Dicynodon" bathyrhynchus.
Euromycter[76]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Reisz Maddin et al.[CAL 17]	Upper Sakmarian - Lower Lopingian	Grès Rouge Group	France	A large caseid. A new genus for "Casea" rutena.
Gorochovetzia[71]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Ivakhnenko	Late Permian		Russia	A therocephalian.
Keyseria[72]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Kammerer Angielczyk Fröbisch	Late Permian		South Africa	A dicynodont. A new genus for "Dicynodon" benjamini.
Muchia[71]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Ivakhnenko	Late Permian		Russia	A therocephalian.
Paceyodon[73]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Clemens	Early Jurassic		United Kingdom	A morganucodontan.
Peramodon[72]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Kammerer Angielczyk Fröbisch	Late Permian		Russia	A dicynodont. A new genus for "Dicynodon" amalitzkii
Perplexisaurus lepusculus[71]	Species	Valid	Ivakhnenko	Middle Permian		Russia	A therocephalian.
Purlovia[71]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Ivakhnenko	Late Permian		Russia	A therocephalian with a short skull.	Purlovia
Ruthenosaurus[76]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Reisz Maddin et al.[CAL 17]	Upper Sakmarian - Lower Lopingian	Grès Rouge Group	France	A large caseid. The type species is Ruthenosaurus russellorum
Syops[72]	Gen. et comb.	Valid	Kammerer Angielczyk Fröbisch	Late Permian		South Africa	A dicynodont. A new genus for "Dicynodon" vanhoepeni.
Tiarajudens[77]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Cisneros Abdala et al.[CAL 18]	Capitanian	Rio do Rasto Formation	Brazil	A basal, saber-toothed herbivorous anomodont. The type species is Tiarajudens eccentricus.

Mammals

Plants

Angiosperms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Palmoxylon lametaei[78]	Species	Valid	Dutta Ambwani Estrada-Ruiz	Maastrichtian	Lameta Formation	India
Leefructus[79]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Sun Dilcher et al.[CAL 19]	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	A basal eudicot

Gymnosperms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Qataniaria[80]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Krassilov Schrank	Albian	Hatira Formation	Israel
Cariria[81]	Gen. et sp.	Valid	Kunzmann, Mohr, Wilde & Bernardes-de-Oliveira	Aptian	Crato Formation	Brazil

Pteridophytes

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Equisetum thermale[82]	sp. nov	Valid	Channing, Zamuner, Edwards, & Guido	Callovian - Tithonian	La Matilde Formation	Argentina	oldest crown group Equisetum species

Footnotes

Complete author list

As science becomes more collaborative, papers with large numbers of authors are becoming more common. To prevent the deformation of the tables, these footnotes list the contributors to papers that erect new genera and have many authors.

1. Henrici, Martens, Berman, Sumida.
2. Berman, Henrici, Martens, Sumida, Anderson
3. Reisz, Liu, Li, Müller.
4. Fischer, Masure, Arkhangelsky, Godefroit.
5. Li, Rieppel, Wu, Zhao, Wang.
6. Liu, Rieppel, Jiang, Aitchison, Motani, Zhang, Zhou, Sun.
7. Benson, Ketchum, Noè, Gómez-Pérez.
8. Vincent, Bardet, Suberbiola, Bouya, Amaghzaz, Meslouh.
9. Müller, Hipsley, Head, Kardjilov, Hilger, Wuttke, Reisz.
10. Gaffney, Meylan, Wood, Simons and Campos
11. Slater, Reolid, Wood, Schouten and Benton
12. Knauss, Joyce, Lyson and Pearson
13. de la Fuente, Umazano, Sterli and Carballido
14. Danilov, Zvonok, Syromyatnikova and Udovichenko
15. De Oliveira, Schultz, Soares, Rodrigues.
16. Fröbisch, Schoch, Müller, Schindler, Schweiss.
17. Reisz, Maddin, Fröbisch, Falconnet.
18. Cisneros, Abdala, Rubidge, Dentzien-Dias, Bueno.
19. Sun, Dilcher, Wang, Chen.

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