Alpha Condé

Alpha Condé
President of Guinea
Incumbent
Assumed office 21 December 2010
Prime Minister	Jean-Marie Doré Mohamed Said Fofana Mamady Youla
Preceded by	Sékouba Konaté (Acting)
Personal details
Born	4 March 1938 Boké, French Guinea (now Guinea)
Political party	Rally of the Guinean People
Spouse(s)	Djene Kaba Condé
Alma mater	Pantheon-Sorbonne University
Religion	Islam[1]

Alpha Condé (born 4 March 1938) is a Guinean politician who has been President of Guinea since December 2010. He spent decades in opposition to a succession of regimes in Guinea, unsuccessfully running against President Lansana Conté in the 1993 and 1998 presidential elections and leading the Rally of the Guinean People (RPG), an opposition party. Standing again in the 2010 presidential election, Condé was elected as President of Guinea in a second round of voting. When he took office that December, he became the first freely elected president in the country's history. Condé was reelected in 2015 with almost 58% of the vote.^[2]

Background and personal life

Condé was born on 4 March 1938 in Boké in Lower Guinea. His parents were from Baro, a small town in Kouroussa Prefecture in the Kankan Region of Upper Guinea.^[3] Condé is married to Djene Kaba Condé.^[4] Condé has one son, Alpha Mohamed alpha Condé.

Early life

Condé left for France at the age of 15. He was active in parallel within the National Union of Higher Education (SNESUP) and combined the functions of charge within the Association of Guinean students in France (AEGF), and within the Federation of Black African Students in France (FEANF), in which he was the Executive Coordinator of African National Groups (NG) from 1967 to 1975, overseeing the activities of the Directorate of FEANF.

Condé wrote a master's thesis in Political Science entitled, Le P.D.G. et le peuple de Guinée in 1965.^[5]

Political career

Condé won 19.6% of the vote in Guinea's first multiparty presidential election, held on 19 December 1993. Lansana Conté, who had been president since a bloodless 1984 coup d'etat, won that election with 51.7% of the vote. Condé's supporters alleged fraud in this election after the Supreme Court nullified results in the Kankan and Siguiri prefectures, where Condé had received more than 90% of the vote.^[6] In the 1998 presidential election, Condé ran again and received 16.6% of the vote, placing third behind Conté (56.1%) and Mamadou Boye Bâ (24.6%). On 16 December, two days after the poll, Condé was arrested and charged with trying to leave the country illegally; he was also charged with attempting to recruit forces to destabilize the government.^[6]

Controversy during his detention focused on whether he could be represented by foreign as well as domestic lawyers, and whether defense lawyers were being given full access to him in jail. Condé's trial, initially scheduled to begin in September 1999, did not begin until April 2000. Condé, along with 47 co-defendants, was charged with hiring mercenaries, planning to assassinate President Conté, and upsetting the state's security. Defense lawyers began by calling for the judge to immediately release their clients, then quit, saying that under the circumstances they could not properly make a defense. The trial was thus delayed several times, during which time Condé refused to speak in court, and his co-defendants denied all of the charges. The trial finally continued in August, and in mid-September Condé was sentenced to jail for five years.^[6]

However, Condé was released in May 2001 when he was pardoned by President Conté, with the condition that he was prohibited from engaging in political activities.^[6] Following his release, he left Guinea for France, returning in July 2005.^[7] Upon his return, some reports indicated that he intended to organize the RPG for the municipal elections held in late 2005, but later stated his intention to boycott them.^[8]

Following Conté's death and the 23 December 2008 military coup, Condé met with Moussa Dadis Camara, the President of the National Council for Democracy and Development (CNDD), on 27 December 2008. After the meeting, Condé said that the members of the CNDD junta were "patriots".^[9] Later, however, he opposed the junta and was criticised by Camara.^[10]

2010 election

Condé stood again in the June–November 2010 presidential election. During the first round, he received 18% of the votes, while Cellou Dalein Diallo placed first with over 40%. On 15 November 2010 Condé was declared the winner of the second round with 52.5%.^[11] He was sworn in on 21 December 2010.^[12]

Assassination attempt

On 19 July 2011, the presidential residence was shelled, resulting in the death of a presidential guard and the injuries of two others; Condé, however, survived the assassination attempt.^[13] A former army chief and a member of the presidential guard were arrested hours after the two attacks on his house. The President later spoke to the country saying that "My house was attacked last night, but I congratulate the presidential guard who fought heroically from 3:10 until 5:00 before backup arrived." He also added that his plans for reform would not fail.^[14]

Three days later at least 38 soldiers were arrested for the assassination attempt. A government official said that many of those arrested had ties to the country's previous military rulers.

The United Nations reacted by saying that there was a greater need for military reforms in Guinea. The UN Special Representative for West Africa, Said Djinnit, said that the assault showed "weaknesses remain in Guinea's defence and security systems [and] reinforces the UN's determination to support the country's military reforms. I saw the damage...[the attack] clearly intended to kill the president."^[13]

2013 pre-election violence

Condé received criticism during week-long protests and violence in late February and early March 2013, after opposition supporters took to the streets of Conakry to protest against his alleged attempts to rig the 2013 parliamentary election. The opposition coalition withdrew from the electoral process in mid-February, mainly due to Condé's insistence on using a South African firm, Waymark Infotech, to draw up the registered voter list.

The ensuing violence resulted in at least nine deaths and hundreds injured, many from the alleged brutality of the security forces who reportedly used live fire to disperse some of the crowds.^[15][16]

2015 election

On 17 October 2015, Condé was re-elected to a second term with 57.85% of the vote, winning an outright majority in the first round of voting.^[2] The opposition claimed that the election was marred by fraud and mismanagement.^[17] Condé was sworn in for his second term on 14 December 2015.^[18]

Further reading

• Bothorel, Jean; Condé, Alpha (2010). Un Africain engagé : ce que je veux pour la Guinée. Paris: Jean Picollet. ISBN 9782864772446. OCLC 650206262.

References

1. Guinea: No more power based on ethnicity
2. "SYNTHESE DES RESULTATS PROVISOIRES Election Présidentielle du 11 Octobre 2015" (PDF) (in French). Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
3. .
4. "Guinea's President and First Lady to attend the 2011 High Level Meeting on AIDS".
5. "Le P.D.G. et le peuple de Guinée.". WorldCat. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
6. Englebert, Pierre. (2006) Guinea: recent history. In Africa south of the Sahara 2006, 35th ed. London: Routledge.
7. "Guinea: Opposition leader returns as food tensions mount". IRIN. 4 July 2005.
8. "Guinea: Opposition split over whether to take part in municipal elections". IRIN. 20 July 2005.
9. "Guinea coup leader gets Senegal's backing". Reuters. 27 December 2008.
10. "Guinea junta chief 'holed up in Burkina villa'". AFP. 20 February 2010.
11. Samb, Saliou (15 November 2010). "Alpha Conde wins Guinea vote". Reuters. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
12. Kamara, Ahmed (21 December 2010). "A.U. appoints Sekouba Konate as head of the African Union Standby Military Force". Newstime Africa. Archived from the original on 24 December 2010. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
13. "Guinea arrests troops after assassination bid", Al Jazeera, 22 July 2011.
14. "Post-attack, Guinea tells investors country is under control". AP. 19 July 2011.
15. "Security forces break up Guinea opposition funeral march". Reuters. 8 March 2013.
16. Salon (15 February 2013). "Guinea electoral body appoints South African firm". Salon.
17. "Guinea president Alpha Conde wins second term with clear majority". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 17 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
18. "Guinea's president sworn in for 2nd term", Associated Press, 14 December 2015.