Aquaponics

A small, portable aquaponics system. The term aquaponics is a portmanteau of the terms aquaculture and hydroponic agriculture.

Aquaponics /ˈækwəˈpɒnᵻks/, refers to any system that combines conventional aquaculture (raising aquatic animals such as snails, fish, crayfish or prawns in tanks) with hydroponics (cultivating plants in water) in a symbiotic environment. In normal aquaculture, excretions from the animals being raised can accumulate in the water, increasing toxicity. In an aquaponic system, water from an aquaculture system is fed to a hydroponic system where the by-products are broken down by Nitrifying bacteria initially into nitrites and subsequently into nitrates , which are utilized by the plants as nutrients, and the water is then recirculated back to the aquaculture system.

As existing hydroponic and aquaculture farming techniques form the basis for all aquaponics systems, the size, complexity, and types of foods grown in an aquaponics system can vary as much as any system found in either distinct farming discipline.^[1]

History

Woodcut from the 13th century Chinese agricultural manual Wang Zhen's Book on Farming (王禎農書) showing rice grown in a floating raft planter system in a pond

Aquaponics has ancient roots, although there is some debate on its first occurrence:

• Aztec cultivated agricultural islands known as chinampas in a system considered by some to be the first form of aquaponics for agricultural use^[2][3] where plants were raised on stationary (and sometime movable) islands in lake shallows and waste materials dredged from the Chinampa canals and surrounding cities were used to manually irrigate the plants.^[2][4]
• South China, Thailand, and Indonesia who cultivated and farmed rice in paddy fields in combination with fish are cited as examples of early aquaponics systems.^[5] These polycultural farming systems existed in many Far Eastern countries and raised fish such as the oriental loach (泥鳅, ドジョウ),^[6] swamp eel (黄鳝, 田鰻), common carp (鯉魚, コイ) and crucian carp (鯽魚) ^[7] as well as pond snails (田螺) in the paddies.^[8][9]

Floating aquaponics systems on polycultural fish ponds were installed in China in more recent years on a large scale growing rice, wheat and canna lily and other crops,^[10] with some installations exceeding 2.5 acres (10,000 m²).^[11]

Diagram of the University of the Virgin Islands commercial aquaponics system designed to yield 5 metric tons of Tilapia per year.^[12]

The development of modern aquaponics is often attributed to the various works of the New Alchemy Institute and the works of Dr. Mark McMurtry et al. at the North Carolina State University.^[13] Inspired by the successes of the New Alchemy Institute, and the reciprocating aquaponics techniques developed by Dr. Mark McMurtry et al., other institutes soon followed suit. Starting in 1997, Dr. James Rakocy and his colleagues at the University of the Virgin Islands researched and developed the use of deep water culture hydroponic grow beds in a large-scale aquaponics system.^[12]

The first aquaponics research in Canada was a small system added onto existing aquaculture research at a research station in Lethbridge, Alberta. Canada saw a rise in aquaponics setups throughout the ’90s, predominantly as commercial installations raising high-value crops such as trout and lettuce. A setup based on the deep water system developed at the University of Virgin Islands was built in a greenhouse at Brooks, Alberta where Dr. Nick Savidov and colleagues researched aquaponics from a background of plant science. The team made findings on rapid root growth in aquaponics systems and on closing the solid-waste loop, and found that owing to certain advantages in the system over traditional aquaculture, the system can run well at a low pH level, which is favoured by plants but not fish.

Parts of an aquaponic system

A commercial aquaponics system. An electric pump moves nutrient-rich water from the fish tank through a solids filter to remove particles the plants above cannot absorb. The water then provides nutrients for the plants and is cleansed before returning to the fish tank below.

Aquaponics consists of two main parts, with the aquaculture part for raising aquatic animals and the hydroponics part for growing plants.^[14][15] Aquatic effluents, resulting from uneaten feed or raising animals like fish, accumulate in water due to the closed-system recirculation of most aquaculture systems. The effluent-rich water becomes toxic to the aquatic animal in high concentrations but this contains nutrients essential for plant growth.^[14] Although consisting primarily of these two parts, aquaponics systems are usually grouped into several components or subsystems responsible for the effective removal of solid wastes, for adding bases to neutralize acids, or for maintaining water oxygenation.^[14] Typical components include:

• Rearing tank: the tanks for raising and feeding the fish;
• Settling basin: a unit for catching uneaten food and detached biofilms, and for settling out fine particulates;
• Biofilter: a place where the nitrification bacteria can grow and convert ammonia into nitrates, which are usable by the plants;^[14]
• Hydroponics subsystem: the portion of the system where plants are grown by absorbing excess nutrients from the water;
• Sump: the lowest point in the system where the water flows to and from which it is pumped back to the rearing tanks.

Depending on the sophistication and cost of the aquaponics system, the units for solids removal, biofiltration, and/or the hydroponics subsystem may be combined into one unit or subsystem,^[14] which prevents the water from flowing directly from the aquaculture part of the system to the hydroponics part.

Live components

An aquaponic system depends on different live components to work successfully. The three main live components are plants, fish (or other aquatic creatures) and bacteria. Some systems also include additional live components like worms.

Plants

A Deep Water Culture hydroponics system where plant grow directly into the effluent rich water without a soil medium. Plants can be spaced closer together because the roots do not need to expand outwards to support the weight of the plant.

Plant placed into a nutrient rich water channel in a Nutrient film technique (NFT) system

Many plants are suitable for aquaponic systems, though which ones work for a specific system depends on the maturity and stocking density of the fish. These factors influence the concentration of nutrients from the fish effluent, and how much of those nutrients are made available to the plant roots via bacteria.

Green leaf vegetables with low to medium nutrient requirements are well adapted to aquaponic systems, including chinese cabbage, lettuce, basil, spinach, chives, herbs, and watercress.^[15][16]

Other plants, such as tomatoes, cucumbers, and peppers, have higher nutrient requirements and will only do well in mature aquaponic systems that have high stocking densities of fish.^[16]

Plants that are common in salads have some of the greatest success in aquaponics, including cucumbers, shallots, tomatoes, lettuce, chiles, capsicum, red salad onions and snow peas.^[17]

Some profitable plants for aquaponic systems include chinese cabbage, lettuce, basil, roses, tomatoes, okra, cantaloupe and bell peppers.^[15]

Other species of vegetables that grow well in an aquaponic system include watercress, basil, coriander, parsley, lemongrass, sage, beans, peas, kohlrabi, taro, radishes, strawberries, melons, onions, turnips, parsnips, sweet potato, cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, and eggplant as well as the choys that are used for stir fries.^[17]

Fruiting plants like melons or tomatoes, and plants with higher nutrient needs need higher stocking densities of fish and more mature tanks to provide enough nutrients.

Fish (or other aquatic creatures)

Filtered water from the hydroponics system drains into a catfish tank for re-circulation.

Freshwater fish are the most common aquatic animal raised using aquaponics, although freshwater crayfish and prawns are also sometimes used.^[18] There is a branch of aquaponics using saltwater fish, called saltwater aquaponics. There are many species of warmwater and coldwater fish that adapt well to aquaculture systems.

In practice, tilapia are the most popular fish for home and commercial projects that are intended to raise edible fish because it is a warmwater fish species that can tolerate crowding and changing water conditions.^[16] Barramundi, silver perch, eel-tailed catfish or tandanus catfish, jade perch and Murray cod are also used.^[15] For temperate climates when there isn't ability or desire to maintain water temperature, bluegill and catfish are suitable fish species for home systems.

Koi and goldfish may also be used, if the fish in the system need not be edible.

Other suitable fish include channel catfish, rainbow trout, perch, common carp, Arctic char, largemouth bass and striped bass.^[16]

Bacteria

Nitrification, the aerobic conversion of ammonia into nitrates, is one of the most important functions in an aquaponics system as it reduces the toxicity of the water for fish, and allows the resulting nitrate compounds to be removed by the plants for nourishment.^[14] Ammonia is steadily released into the water through the excreta and gills of fish as a product of their metabolism, but must be filtered out of the water since higher concentrations of ammonia (commonly between 0.5 and 1 ppm) can kill fish. Although plants can absorb ammonia from the water to some degree, nitrates are assimilated more easily,^[15] thereby efficiently reducing the toxicity of the water for fish.^[14] Ammonia can be converted into other nitrogenous compounds through combined healthy populations of:

• Nitrosomonas: bacteria that convert ammonia into nitrites, and
• Nitrobacter: bacteria that convert nitrites into nitrates.

Hydroponic Subsystem

Plants are grown as in hydroponics systems, with their roots immersed in the nutrient-rich effluent water. This enables them to filter out the ammonia that is toxic to the aquatic animals, or its metabolites. After the water has passed through the hydroponic subsystem, it is cleaned and oxygenated, and can return to the aquaculture vessels. This cycle is continuous. Common aquaponic applications of hydroponic systems include:

• Deep-water raft aquaponics: styrofoam rafts floating in a relatively deep aquaculture basin in troughs.
• Recirculating aquaponics: solid media such as gravel or clay beads, held in a container that is flooded with water from the aquaculture. This type of aquaponics is also known as closed-loop aquaponics.
• Reciprocating aquaponics: solid media in a container that is alternately flooded and drained utilizing different types of siphon drains. This type of aquaponics is also known as flood-and-drain aquaponics or ebb-and-flow aquaponics.
• Other systems use towers that are trickle-fed from the top, nutrient film technique channels, horizontal PVC pipes with holes for the pots, plastic barrels cut in half with gravel or rafts in them. Each approach has its own benefits.^[19]

Since plants at different growth stages require different amounts of minerals and nutrients, plant harvesting is staggered with seedlings growing at the same time as mature plants. This ensures stable nutrient content in the water because of continuous symbiotic cleansing of toxins from the water.^[20]

Biofilter

In an aquaponics system, the bacteria responsible for the conversion of ammonia to usable nitrates for plants form a biofilm on all solid surfaces throughout the system that are in constant contact with the water. The submerged roots of the vegetables combined have a large surface area where many bacteria can accumulate. Together with the concentrations of ammonia and nitrites in the water, the surface area determines the speed with which nitrification takes place. Care for these bacterial colonies is important as to regulate the full assimilation of ammonia and nitrite. This is why most aquaponics systems include a biofiltering unit, which helps facilitate growth of these microorganisms. Typically, after a system has stabilized ammonia levels range from 0.25 to 2.0 ppm; nitrite levels range from 0.25 to 1 ppm, and nitrate levels range from 2 to 150 ppm. During system startup, spikes may occur in the levels of ammonia (up to 6.0 ppm) and nitrite (up to 15 ppm), with nitrate levels peaking later in the startup phase. Since the nitrification process acidifies the water, non-sodium bases such as potassium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide can be added for neutralizing the water's pH^[14] if insufficient quantities are naturally present in the water to provide a buffer against acidification. In addition, selected minerals or nutrients such as iron can be added in addition to the fish waste that serves as the main source of nutrients to plants.^[14]

A good way to deal with solids buildup in aquaponics is the use of worms, which liquefy the solid organic matter so that it can be utilized by the plants and/or other animals in the system. For a worm-only growing method, please see Vermiponics.

Operation

The five main inputs to the system are water, oxygen, light, feed given to the aquatic animals, and electricity to pump, filter, and oxygenate the water. Spawn or fry may be added to replace grown fish that are taken out from the system to retain a stable system. In terms of outputs, an aquaponics system may continually yield plants such as vegetables grown in hydroponics, and edible aquatic species raised in an aquaculture. Typical build ratios are .5 to 1 square foot of grow space for every 1 U.S. gal (3.8 L) of aquaculture water in the system. 1 U.S. gal (3.8 L) of water can support between .5 lb (0.23 kg) and 1 lb (0.45 kg) of fish stock depending on aeration and filtration.^[21]

Ten primary guiding principles for creating successful aquaponics systems were issued by Dr. James Rakocy, the director of the aquaponics research team at the University of the Virgin Islands, based on extensive research done as part of the Agricultural Experiment Station aquaculture program.^[22]

• Use a feeding rate ratio for design calculations
• Keep feed input relatively constant
• Supplement with calcium, potassium and iron
• Ensure good aeration
• Remove solids
• Be careful with aggregates
• Oversize pipes
• Use biological pest control
• Ensure adequate biofiltration
• Control pH

Feed source

As in most aquaculture based systems, stock feed often consists of fish meal derived from lower-value species. Ongoing depletion of wild fish stocks makes this practice unsustainable. Organic fish feeds may prove to be a viable alternative that relieves this concern. Other alternatives include growing duckweed with an aquaponics system that feeds the same fish grown on the system,^[23] excess worms grown from vermiculture composting, using prepared kitchen scraps,^[24] as well as growing black soldier fly larvae to feed to the fish using composting grub growers.^[25]

Water usage

Aquaponic systems do not typically discharge or exchange water under normal operation, but instead recirculate and reuse water very effectively. The system relies on the relationship between the animals and the plants to maintain a stable aquatic environment that experience a minimum of fluctuation in ambient nutrient and oxygen levels. Water is added only to replace water loss from absorption and transpiration by plants, evaporation into the air from surface water, overflow from the system from rainfall, and removal of biomass such as settled solid wastes from the system. As a result, aquaponics uses approximately 2% of the water that a conventionally irrigated farm requires for the same vegetable production. This allows for aquaponic production of both crops and fish in areas where water or fertile land is scarce. Aquaponic systems can also be used to replicate controlled wetland conditions. Constructed wetlands can be useful for biofiltration and treatment of typical household sewage.^[26] The nutrient-filled overflow water can be accumulated in catchment tanks, and reused to accelerate growth of crops planted in soil, or it may be pumped back into the aquaponic system to top up the water level.

Energy usage

Aquaponic installations rely in varying degrees on man-made energy, technological solutions, and environmental control to achieve recirculation and water/ambient temperatures. However, if a system is designed with energy conservation in mind, using alternative energy and a reduced number of pumps by letting the water flow downwards as much as possible, it can be highly energy efficient. While careful design can minimize the risk, aquaponics systems can have multiple 'single points of failure' where problems such as an electrical failure or a pipe blockage can lead to a complete loss of fish stock.

Current examples

Vegetable production part of the low-cost Backyard Aquaponics System developed at Bangladesh Agricultural University

The Caribbean island of Barbados created an initiative to start aquaponics systems at home, with revenue generated by selling produce to tourists in an effort to reduce growing dependence on imported food.

Dakota College at Bottineau in Bottineau, North Dakota has an aquaponics program that gives students the ability to a obtain a certificate or an AAS degree in aquaponics.

In Bangladesh, the world's most densely populated country, most farmers use agrochemicals to enhance food production and storage life, though the country lacks oversight on safe levels of chemicals in foods for human consumption.^[27] To combat this issue, a team led by M.A. Salam at the Department of Aquaculture of Bangladesh Agricultural University has created plans for a low-cost aquaponics system to provide organic produce and fish for people living in adverse climatic conditions such as the salinity-prone southern area and the flood-prone haor area in the eastern region.^[28][29] Salam's work innovates a form of subsistence farming for micro-production goals at the community and personal levels whereas design work by Chowdhury and Graff was aimed exclusively at the commercial level, the latter of the two approaches take advantage of economies of scale.

With more than a third of Palestinian agricultural lands in the Gaza Strip turned into a buffer zone by Israel, an aquaponic gardening system is developed appropriate for use on rooftops in Gaza City.^[30]

There has been a shift towards community integration of aquaponics, such as the nonprofit foundation Growing Power that offers Milwaukee youth job opportunities and training while growing food for their community. The model has spawned several satellite projects in other cities, such as New Orleans where the Vietnamese fisherman community has suffered from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, and in the South Bronx in New York City.^[31]

Whispering Roots is a non-profit organization in Omaha, Nebraska that provides fresh, locally grown, healthy food for socially and economically disadvantaged communities by using aquaponics, hydroponics and urban farming.^[32][33]

In addition, aquaponic gardeners from all around the world are gathering in online community sites and forums to share their experiences and promote the development of this form of gardening^[34] as well as creating extensive resources on how to build home systems.

Recently, aquaponics has been moving towards indoor production systems. In cities like Chicago, entrepreneurs are utilizing vertical designs to grow food year round. These systems can be used to grow food year round with minimal to no waste.^[35]

There are various modular systems made for the public that utilize aquaponic systems to produce organic vegetables and herbs, and provide indoor decor at the same time.^[36] These systems can serve as a source of herbs and vegetables indoors. Universities are promoting research on these modular systems as they get more popular among city dwellers.^[37]

References

1. Rakocy, James E.; Bailey, Donald S.; Shultz, R. Charlie; Thoman, Eric S. "Update on Tilapia and Vegetable Production in the UVI Aquaponic System" (PDF). University of the Virgin Islands Agricultural Experiment Station. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
2. Boutwelluc, Juanita (December 15, 2007). "Aztecs' aquaponics revamped". Napa Valley Register. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
3. Rogosa, Eli. "How does aquaponics work?". Retrieved April 24, 2013.
4. Crossley, Phil L. (2004). "Sub-irrigation in wetland agriculture" (PDF). Agriculture and Human Values. 21 (2/3): 191–205. doi:10.1023/B:AHUM.0000029395.84972.5e. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
5. Integrated Agriculture-aquaculture: A Primer, Issue 407. FAO. 2001. ISBN 9251045992.
6. Tomita-Yokotani, K.; Anilir, S.; Katayama, N.; Hashimoto, H.; Yamashita, M. (2009). "Space agriculture for habitation on mars and sustainable civilization on earth". Recent Advances in Space Technologies: 68–69.
7. "Carassius carassius". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
8. McMurtry, M. R.; Nelson, P. V.; Sanders, D. C. (1988). "Aqua-Vegeculture Systems". International Ag-Sieve. 1 (3). Retrieved April 24, 2013.
9. Bocek, Alex. "Introduction to Fish Culture in Rice Paddies". Water Harvesting and Aquaculture for Rural Development. International Center for Aquaculture and Aquatic Environments. Archived from the original on March 17, 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
10. "Aquaponics floating biofilter grows rice on fish ponds". Tom Duncan. Retrieved 2014-01-20.
11. "Waste Management and Environment - Floating new ideas". WME Magazine. Retrieved 2014-01-20.
12. Rakocy, James E. "Aquaculture – Aquaponic Systems". University of the Virgin Islands Agricultural Experiment Station. Archived from the original on 4 March 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
13. Fox, Bradley K.; Howerton, Robert; Tamaru, Clyde. "Construction of Automatic Bell Siphons for Backyard Aquaponic Systems" (PDF). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
14. Rakocy, James E.; Masser, Michael P.; Losordo, Thomas M. (November 2006). "Recirculating aquaculture tank production systems: Aquaponics — integrating fish and plant culture" (PDF) (454). Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. Retrieved April 24, 2013
15. Diver, Steve (2006). "Aquaponics — integration of hydroponics with aquaculture" (PDF). ATTRA - National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. National Center for Appropriate Technology. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
16. "NMSU: Is Aquaponics Right For You?". aces.nmsu.edu. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
17. "What Are The Easiest Plants To Grow With Aquaponics". aquaponicsideasonline.com. Retrieved 2016-01-02.
18. Backyard Aquaponics. "Importance of Fish". Retrieved April 24, 2013.
19. Lennard, Wilson A.; Leonard, Brian V. (2006). "A Comparison of Three Different Hydroponic Sub-systems (gravel bed, floating and nutrient film technique) in an Aquaponic Test System". Aquaculture International. 14 (6): 539–550. doi:10.1007/s10499-006-9053-2.
20. Rakocy, James E.; Shultz, R. Charlie; Bailey, Donald S.; Thoman, Eric S. (2004). M.A. Nichols, ed. "Aquaponic production of tilapia and basil: Comparing a batch and staggered cropping system" (PDF). Acta Horticulturae. International Society for Horticultural Science (648). Retrieved April 24, 2013.
21. Aquaponics (Video). Purdue University. 2011. Retrieved 2013-05-23.
22. http://aquaponicsjournal.com/docs/articles/Ten-Guidelines-for-Aquaponics.pdf
23. Rogosa, Eli. "Organic Aquaponics". Retrieved April 24, 2013.
24. Amadori, Michael (July 5, 2011). "Fish, Lettuce and Food Waste Put New Spin on Aquaponics". Newswise. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
25. Royte, Elizabeth (July 5, 2009). "Street Farmer". The New York Times Company. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
26. Hygnstrom, Jan R.; Skipton, Sharon O.; Woldt, Wayne. "Residential Onsite Wastewater Treatment: Constructed Wetlands for Effluent Treatment" (PDF). Retrieved June 15, 2014.
27. Some important talks on pest management (বালাই দমন সংক্রান্ত জরুরি কিছু কথা). In Bengali. The Sangbad, 29 January 2011
28. Fish & vegetable culture through aqaponics technology (এ্যাকোয়াপনিক্স প্রযুক্তিতে মাছ-সবজি চাষ). In Bengali. The Daily Janakantha, January 28, 2011
29. Innovation of a BAU researcher: "Aquaponics technology" three times production without any cost (বাকৃবি গবেষকের উদ্ভাবন 'একোয়াপনিক্স প্রযুক্তি' খরচ ছাড়াই উৎপাদন তিন গুণ). In Bengali. The Daily Kalerkantho, January 25, 2011
30. Rooftop gardens provide 'answer for Gaza'. Al Jazeera, 24 January 2015
31. Harris, L. Kasimu. "Aquaponics being taught in Vietnamese community". Louisiana Weekly. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
32. "Mission | Whispering Roots". whisperingroots.org. Retrieved 2016-01-02.
33. Lee, Cheril. "Kids and Collaboration". Retrieved 25 August 2013.
34. "Fish farming in a high-rise world". BBC News US & Canada. April 29, 2012. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
35. "Aquaponic farming operations taking root". Chicago Tribune. May 25, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
36. "Aquaponics systems that makes you self sustained for food". Small Garden Ideas. Retrieved 2016-01-02.
37. "The Indoor Aquaponics Farm". Retrieved June 3, 2013.

External links

• DIY aquaponics videos (Treehugger)
• Worlds Largest Aquaponics System by Tom Duncan
• Aquaponics Innovation Center
• Build a vertical aquaponic veggie & fish farm for small yards & houses.
• Open Source Aquaponics