BWF World Superseries Champions from Indonesia

Official logo for BWF World Superseries Premier events
Official logo for BWF World Superseries events

Overview

The BWF World Superseries is a circuit of 12 tournaments attracting the top 32 world ranked players in singles (men’s and women’s) and doubles (men’s, women’s and mixed) who are members of Member Associations affiliated to the BWF.

The 12 legs of the series (eight in Asia, three in Europe and one in Oceania) lead to a finals – the best of the best. The top eight in each discipline qualify to compete in the season finale – the Dubai World Superseries Finals.

Inaugurated in 2007, the BWF World Superseries attracts all the star quality players on the international circuit and generates significant television coverage globally. From Birmingham (England) to Hong Kong, players compete for ranking points towards their Destination Dubai Ranking used in the qualifications for Dubai World Superseries Finals.

The Series is a two-tier circuit, where five of the World Superseries events are “Premier” events with higher ranking points and prize money, which introduced since 2011.[1]

BWF World Superseries Champions from Indonesia

Successful players

Below is the list of the most successful Indonesian players ever at BWF World Superseries events since inaugurated in 2007:

Rank Player MS WS MD WD XD No. of Superseries Titles
1 Liliyana Natsir 2 19 21
2 Hendra Setiawan 18 18
3 Tontowi Ahmad 14 14
4 Markis Kido 10 10
5 Mohammad Ahsan 9 9
6 Vita Marissa 2 3 5
Nova Widianto 5 5
Sony Dwi Kuncoro 5 5
7 Markus Fernaldi Gideon 4 4
8 Simon Santoso 3 3
Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo 3 3
9 Flandy Limpele 2 2
Nitya Krishinda Maheswari 2 2
Greysia Polii 2 2
10 Candra Wijaya 1 1
Taufik Hidayat 1 1
Muhammad Rijal 1 1
Tommy Sugiarto 1 1
Angga Pratama 1 1
Ricky Karanda Suwardi 1 1
Praveen Jordan 1 1
Debby Susanto 1 1

MS: Men's singles; WS: Women's singles; MD: Men's doubles; WD: Women's doubles; XD: Mixed doubles

The following is a list of Indonesian players who have been a champion at BWF World Superseries events since inaugurated in 2007:

Men's Singles

No. Date Player Tournament Opponent Score Ref.
1 22 June 2008 Sony Dwi Kuncoro (1) Indonesia Open Superseries Indonesia Simon Santoso 19–21, 21–14, 21–9 [2][3]
2 21 September 2008 Sony Dwi Kuncoro (2) Japan Open Superseries Malaysia Lee Chong Wei 21–17, 21–11 [4]
3 28 September 2008 Sony Dwi Kuncoro (3) China Masters Superseries China Chen Jin 21–16, 21–16 [5]
4 25 October 2009 Simon Santoso (1) Denmark Open Superseries Germany Marc Zwiebler 21–14, 21–6 [6]
5 20 June 2010 Sony Dwi Kuncoro (4) Singapore Open Superseries Thailand Boonsak Ponsana 21–19, 21–18 [7][8]
6 7 November 2010 Taufik Hidayat (1) French Open Superseries Denmark Joachim Persson 21–16, 21–11 [9][10]
7 17 June 2012 Simon Santoso (2) Indonesia Open Superseries Premier China Du Pengyu 21–18, 13–21, 21–11 [11][12]
8 23 June 2013 Tommy Sugiarto (1) Singapore Open Superseries Thailand Boonsak Ponsana 20–22, 21–5, 21–17 [13][14]
9 13 April 2014 Simon Santoso (3) Singapore Open Superseries Malaysia Lee Chong Wei 21–15, 21–10 [15][16]
10 17 April 2016 Sony Dwi Kuncoro (5) Singapore Open Superseries South Korea Son Wan-ho 21–16, 13–21, 21–14 [17][18][19]

Women's Singles

Still no Champions

Men's Doubles

No. Date Player Tournament Opponent Score Ref.
1 16 September 2007 Indonesia Candra Wijaya (1)
United States Tony Gunawan		 Japan Open Superseries Denmark Lars Paaske
Denmark Jonas Rasmussen		 19–21, 21–13, 23–21 [20]
2 25 November 2007 Markis Kido (1)
Hendra Setiawan		 China Open Superseries China Guo Zhendong
China Xie Zhongbo		 21–12, 21–19 [21]
3 2 December 2007 Markis Kido (2)
Hendra Setiawan		 Hong Kong Open Superseries Indonesia Candra Wijaya
United States Tony Gunawan		 21–12, 18–21, 21–13
4 20 January 2008 Markis Kido (3)
Hendra Setiawan		 Malaysia Open Superseries Denmark Lars Paaske
Denmark Jonas Rasmussen		 21–10, 20–22, 21–18 [22]
5 28 September 2008 Markis Kido (4)
Hendra Setiawan		 China Masters Superseries China Sun Junjie
China Xu Chen		 21–17, 24–22 [23][24]
6 26 October 2008 Markis Kido (5)
Hendra Setiawan		 Denmark Open Superseries China Fu Haifeng
China Shen Ye		 21–18, 21–19 [25]
7 2 November 2008 Markis Kido (6)
Hendra Setiawan		 French Open Superseries China Cai Yun
China Xu Chen		 21–15, 21–12
8 27 September 2009 Markis Kido (7)
Hendra Setiawan		 Japan Open Superseries Indonesia Yonathan Suryatama Dasuki
Indonesia Rian Sukmawan		 21–19, 24–22 [26]
9 1 November 2009 Markis Kido (8)
Hendra Setiawan		 French Open Superseries Malaysia Koo Kien Keat
Malaysia Tan Boon Heong		 15–21, 21–15, 21–14 [27]
10 24 June 2012 Markis Kido (9)
Hendra Setiawan		 Singapore Open Superseries South Korea Yoo Yeon-seong
South Korea Ko Sung-hyun		 22–20, 11–21, 21–6 [28][29]
11 20 January 2013 Mohammad Ahsan (1)
Hendra Setiawan		 Malaysia Open Superseries South Korea Lee Yong-dae
South Korea Ko Sung-hyun		 21–15, 21–13 [30]
12 16 June 2013 Mohammad Ahsan (2)
Hendra Setiawan		 Indonesia Open Superseries Premier South Korea Lee Yong-dae
South Korea Ko Sung-hyun		 21–14, 21–18 [31]
13 23 June 2013 Mohammad Ahsan (3)
Hendra Setiawan		 Singapore Open Superseries South Korea Lee Yong-dae
South Korea Ko Sung-hyun		 21–15, 21–18 [32]
14 22 September 2013 Mohammad Ahsan (4)
Hendra Setiawan		 Japan Open Superseries China Chai Biao
China Hong Wei		 22–20, 21–16 [33]
15 27 October 2013 Markis Kido (1)
Markus Fernaldi Gideon		 French Open Superseries Malaysia Koo Kien Keat
Malaysia Tan Boon Heong		 21–16, 21–18 [34]
16 15 December 2013 Mohammad Ahsan (5)
Hendra Setiawan		 World Superseries Finals South Korea Kim Gi-jung
South Korea Kim Sa-rang		 21–14, 21–16 [35]
17 9 March 2014 Mohammad Ahsan (6)
Hendra Setiawan		 All England Open Superseries Premier Japan Hiroyuki Endo
Japan Kenichi Hayakawa		 21–19, 21–19 [36][37]
18 23 November 2014 Mohammad Ahsan (7)
Hendra Setiawan		 Hong Kong Open Superseries China Liu Xiaolong
China Qiu Zihan		 21–16, 16–21, 21–17 [38][39]
19 5 April 2015 Mohammad Ahsan (8)
Hendra Setiawan		 Malaysia Open Superseries Premier South Korea Lee Yong-dae
South Korea Yoo Yeon-seong		 14–21, 21–15, 23–21 [40][41]
20 12 April 2015 Angga Pratama (1)
Ricky Karanda Suwardi		 Singapore Open Superseries China Fu Haifeng
China Zhang Nan		 21–15, 11–21, 21–14 [42][43]
21 13 December 2015 Mohammad Ahsan (9)
Hendra Setiawan		 World Superseries Finals China Chai Biao
China Hong Wei		 13–21, 21–14, 21–14 [44][45]
22 3 April 2016 Markus Fernaldi Gideon (1)
Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo		 India Open Superseries Indonesia Angga Pratama
Indonesia Ricky Karanda Suwardi		 21–17, 21–13 [46]
23 12 June 2016 Markus Fernaldi Gideon (2)
Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo		 Australian Open Superseries Indonesia Angga Pratama
Indonesia Ricky Karanda Suwardi		 21–14, 21–15 [47][48]
24 20 November 2016 Markus Fernaldi Gideon (3)
Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo		 China Open Superseries Premier Denmark Mathias Boe
Denmark Carsten Mogensen		 21–18, 22–20

Women's Doubles

No. Date Player Tournament Opponent Score Ref.
1 15 July 2007 Vita Marissa (1)
Liliyana Natsir		 China Masters Superseries China Zhao Tingting
China Yang Wei		 12–21, 21–15, 21–16 [49]
2 22 June 2008 Vita Marissa (2)
Liliyana Natsir		 Indonesia Open Superseries Japan Miyuki Maeda
Japan Satoko Suetsuna		 21–15, 21–14 [50][51]
3 20 September 2015 Nitya Krishinda Maheswari (1)
Greysia Polii		 Korea Open Superseries South Korea Chang Ye-na
South Korea Lee So-hee		 21–15, 21–18 [52]
4 17 April 2016 Nitya Krishinda Maheswari (2)
Greysia Polii		 Singapore Open Superseries Japan Ayaka Takahashi
Japan Misaki Matsutomo		 Walkover [53]

Mixed Doubles

No. Date Player Tournament Opponent Score Ref.
1 6 May 2007 Flandy Limpele (1)
Vita Marissa		 Singapore Open Superseries Thailand Sudket Prapakamol
Thailand Saralee Thungthongkam		 21–14, 21–13 [54]
2 4 November 2007 Flandy Limpele (2)
Vita Marissa		 French Open Superseries China Xie Zhongbo
China Zhang Yawen		 21–11, 21–15
3 25 November 2007 Nova Widianto (1)
Liliyana Natsir		 China Open Superseries Thailand Sudket Prapakamol
Thailand Saralee Thungthongkam		 15–21, 21–18, 21–11 [55]
4 2 December 2007 Nova Widianto (2)
Liliyana Natsir		 Hong Kong Open Superseries China Zheng Bo
China Gao Ling		 21–23, 21–18, 21–19
5 15 June 2008 Nova Widianto (3)
Liliyana Natsir		 Singapore Open Superseries England Anthony Clark
England Donna Kellogg		 17–21, 21–14, 21–9 [56]
6 21 September 2008 Muhammad Rijal (1)
Vita Marissa		 Japan Open Superseries Indonesia Nova Widianto
Indonesia Liliyana Natsir		 14–21, 21–15, 21–19 [57][58]
7 11 January 2009 Nova Widianto (4)
Liliyana Natsir		 Malaysia Open Superseries South Korea Lee Yong-dae
South Korea Lee Hyo-jung		 21–14, 21–19 [59]
8 1 November 2009 Nova Widianto (5)
Liliyana Natsir		 French Open Superseries Indonesia Hendra Aprida Gunawan
Indonesia Vita Marissa		 21–7, 21–7 [60][61]
9 1 May 2011 Tontowi Ahmad (1)
Liliyana Natsir		 India Open Superseries Indonesia Fran Kurniawan
Indonesia Pia Zebadiah Bernadeth		 21–18, 23–21 [62]
10 19 June 2011 Tontowi Ahmad (2)
Liliyana Natsir		 Singapore Open Superseries Chinese Taipei Chen Hung-ling
Chinese Taipei Cheng Wen-hsing		 21–14, 27–25 [63]
11 11 March 2012 Tontowi Ahmad (3)
Liliyana Natsir		 All England Open Superseries Premier Denmark Thomas Laybourn
Denmark Kamilla Rytter Juhl		 21–17, 21–19 [64][65]
12 29 April 2012 Tontowi Ahmad (4)
Liliyana Natsir		 India Open Superseries Thailand Sudket Prapakamol
Thailand Saralee Thoungthongkam		 21–16, 12–21, 21–14 [66][67]
13 10 March 2013 Tontowi Ahmad (5)
Liliyana Natsir		 All England Open Superseries Premier China Zhang Nan
China Zhao Yunlei		 21–13, 21–17 [68]
14 28 April 2013 Tontowi Ahmad (6)
Liliyana Natsir		 India Open Superseries South Korea Ko Sung-hyun
South Korea Kim Ha-na		 21–16, 21–13 [69]
15 23 June 2013 Tontowi Ahmad (7)
Liliyana Natsir		 Singapore Open Superseries South Korea Yoo Yeon-seong
South Korea Eom Hye-won		 21–12, 21–12 [70][71]
16 17 November 2013 Tontowi Ahmad (8)
Liliyana Natsir		 China Open Superseries Premier Denmark Joachim Fischer Nielsen
Denmark Christinna Pedersen		 21–10, 5–21, 21–17 [72]
17 9 March 2014 Tontowi Ahmad (9)
Liliyana Natsir		 All England Open Superseries Premier China Zhang Nan
China Zhao Yunlei		 21–13, 21–17 [73][74]
18 13 April 2014 Tontowi Ahmad (10)
Liliyana Natsir		 Singapore Open Superseries Indonesia Riky Widianto
Indonesia Puspita Richi Dili		 21–15, 22–20 [75]
19 26 October 2014 Tontowi Ahmad (11)
Liliyana Natsir		 French Open Superseries England Chris Adcock
England Gabrielle Adcock		 21–9, 21–16 [76][77]
20 13 March 2016 Praveen Jordan (1)
Debby Susanto		 All England Open Superseries Premier Denmark Joachim Fischer Nielsen
Denmark Christinna Pedersen		 21–12, 21–17 [78]
21 10 April 2016 Tontowi Ahmad (12)
Liliyana Natsir		 Malaysia Open Superseries Premier Malaysia Chan Peng Soon
Malaysia Goh Liu Ying		 23–21, 13–21, 21–16 [79]
22 20 November 2016 Tontowi Ahmad (13)
Liliyana Natsir		 China Open Superseries Premier China Zhang Nan
China Li Yinhui		 21–13, 22–24, 21–16
23 27 November 2016 Tontowi Ahmad (14)
Liliyana Natsir		 Hong Kong Open Superseries Indonesia Praveen Jordan
Indonesia Debby Susanto		 21–19, 21–17

References

  1. ↑ "Yonex All England Elevated To BWF Premier Super Series Event". www.badmintonstore.com. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  2. ↑ "Sony, Vita/Lilyana grab RI Super Series titles". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
  3. ↑ "Home shuttlers win two titles in Jakarta". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
  4. ↑ "Sony won Japan Open men's singles". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
  5. ↑ "Sony, Kido/Hendra win China Masters". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
  6. ↑ "Simon Santoso Wins First Super Series Title". The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 26 October 2009.
  7. ↑ "RI shuttler Sony grabs title at Singapore". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  8. ↑ "Sony Halts Title Drought". The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
  9. ↑ "Finally, Taufik Breaks Super Series Jinx With French Open Title". The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
  10. ↑ "Taufik clinches Indonesia's first Super Series triumph". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
  11. ↑ "Badminton: Simon Santoso Wins at Indonesia Open". The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  12. ↑ "Simon wins, mix double fails in Indonesia Open tournament". ANTARA News. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  13. ↑ "Badminton: Indonesian Sugiarto defeats Thai Boonsak for Li-Ning Singapore Open title". The Strait Times. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
  14. ↑ "Indonesia Rakes In Three Titles at Singapore Open". The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  15. ↑ "Badminton: Simon Santoso upsets Lee Chong Wei to win OUE S'pore Open". The Strait Times. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
  16. ↑ "Simon back on form as he upsets no. 1 Chong Wei". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  17. ↑ "Badminton: Sony Dwi Kuncoro tastes Superseries success again at S'pore Open". The Straits Times. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  18. ↑ "Badminton: Sony wins Singapore Open 2016". ANTARA News. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  19. ↑ "Tuned in: Sony Dwi Kuncoro beats Son Wan-ho to win the Singapore Open". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  20. ↑ "Yonex Open Japan Super Series 2007". www.tournamentsoftware.com. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  21. ↑ "China Open Super Series 2007". www.tournamentsoftware.comm. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  22. ↑ "Proton Malaysia Open Super Series 2008". www.tournamentsoftware.com. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  23. ↑ "Sony, Kido/Hendra win China Masters". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
  24. ↑ "China Masters Super Series 2008". www.tournamentsoftware.com. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  25. ↑ "Denmark Open Super Series 2008". www.tournamentsoftware.com. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  26. ↑ "Yonex Open Japan Super Series 2009". www.tournamentsoftware.com. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  27. ↑ "Badminton Duos Triumph in Good Day for Indonesia". The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  28. ↑ "Markis Kido, Hendra Setiawan win Singapore Open title". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
  29. ↑ "Badminton: Markis and Hendra End 3-Year Title Drought". The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  30. ↑ "Badminton: PBSI Hopes Rp 1b Incentive to Best Shuttler Will Boost Performances". The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  31. ↑ "Ahsan-Hendra win only title for RI at Indonesia Open". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
  32. ↑ "Indonesian shuttlers spike three titles at Singapore Open". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  33. ↑ "Ahsan, Hendra Win Japan Open". The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  34. ↑ "French Open 2013: Day 6 - Kido/Fernaldo Shine in City of Light". Badminton World Federation. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
  35. ↑ "Hendra, Ahsan Indonesia's 1st champions in BWF Finals". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
  36. ↑ "Hendra/Ahsan win RI's 1st All England title after 11 years". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
  37. ↑ "Indonesian pair Hendra/Ahsan wins All England". ANTARA News. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
  38. ↑ "Ahsan/Hendra wins hard-fought HK Open". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
  39. ↑ "Muhammad Ahsan/Hendra Setiawan Clinches Indonesia's Sole Title in Yonex-Sunrise Hong Kong Open 2014". Global Indonesian Voices. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
  40. ↑ "Hendra-Ahsan get Malaysian Open title lift". The Star Online. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  41. ↑ "RI men's doubles spoil Chinese domination". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  42. ↑ "RI takes title at WO-marred tournament". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  43. ↑ "Angga Pratama and Ricky Suwardi Wins Singapore Open 2015". Global Indonesian Voices. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  44. ↑ "Hendra/Ahsan secure second BWF title in Dubai". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  45. ↑ "Indonesia duo wins men's doubles superseries title". Xinhua. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  46. ↑ "Badminton: Marcus/Kevin wins India Open 2016". ANTARA News. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  47. ↑ "Indonesian Men`s Double Pair Kevin/Marcus Wins Australian Open". TEMPO. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  48. ↑ "Putting it briefly: Kevin/Marcus win at Australia Open". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  49. ↑ "China Masters SS 2007". www.tournamentsoftware.com. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
  50. ↑ "Sony, Vita/Lilyana grab RI Super Series titles". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
  51. ↑ "Home shuttlers win two titles in Jakarta". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
  52. ↑ "RI's Greysia/Nitya oust hosts to grab first Superseries title". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  53. ↑ "Badminton: Greysia/Nitya champion of Singapore Open 2016". ANTARA News. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  54. ↑ "Aviva Open Singapore Superseries 2007". www.tournamentsoftware.com. Retrieved 6 May 2007.
  55. ↑ "China Open Super Series 2007". www.tournamentsoftware.com. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  56. ↑ "Nova/Liliyana win Singapore Super Series". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
  57. ↑ "ndonesian pairs meet in doubles final at Japan Open". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
  58. ↑ "Sony won Japan Open men's singles". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
  59. ↑ "Nova, Lilyana slice and dice at Malaysia Super Series". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 11 January 2009.
  60. ↑ "All Indonesian mixed doubles final at French Open". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 31 October 2009.
  61. ↑ "Badminton Duos Triumph in Good Day for Indonesia". The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
  62. ↑ "Tantowi, Liliyana grab India Open trophy". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
  63. ↑ "LI NING Singapore Open". www.bwf.tournamentsoftware.com. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  64. ↑ "Indonesian mixed double players win all england champion title". ANTARA News. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  65. ↑ "Liliyana/Tontowi win All England title". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  66. ↑ "Lilyana-Tontowi win Indian Open". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  67. ↑ "RI's Tontowi–Liliyana defends India Open title". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  68. ↑ "Tontowi/Liliyana eye World Championship". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  69. ↑ "A Hat-Trick for Liliyana and Tontowi at India Open Badminton Super Series". The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  70. ↑ "Indonesian shuttlers spike three titles at Singapore Open". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  71. ↑ "Tontowi/Liliyana wins Singapore Badminton Open champion title". ANTARA News. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
  72. ↑ "Indonesia Wins China Open". The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  73. ↑ "Indonesia hails All England champions". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
  74. ↑ "Tontowi/Liliyana Hits Hat-trick in All England". Global Indonesian Voices. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
  75. ↑ "Indonesians Get Big Badminton Wins in Singapore". The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  76. ↑ "French open: Chris and Gabby Adcock lose mixed doubles final". BBC Sport. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  77. ↑ "Tontowi-Liliyana Triumphs in Yonex French Open 2014". Global Indonesian Voices. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
  78. ↑ "Final results of All England badminton championships". Xinhua. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  79. ↑ "Tontowi and Liliyana Win Gold at Malaysia Open". The Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 7 April 2016.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/27/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.