Battle of Helsinki

Battle of Helsinki
Part of the Finnish Civil War
German troops in the Kamppi district.
Date 12–13 April, 1918 Location Helsinki, Finland Result German and White victory
Belligerents
German Empire Finnish Whites	Finnish Reds
Commanders and leaders
Rüdiger von der Goltz Hugo Meurer Carl Voss-Schrader	F. E. Johansson † Edvard Nyqvist
Units involved
Baltic Sea Division Imperial German Navy Helsinki White Guard	Helsinki Red Guard
Strength
6,000 Germans 2,000 Whites	1,500–2,000 in the combat units
Casualties and losses
54 Germans killed 23 Whites killed	c. 400 killed 4,000–6,000 captured

The Worker's House on fire

The Battle of Helsinki was a 1918 Finnish Civil War battle, fought in 12–13 April between the German troops and Finnish Whites against the Finnish Reds in Helsinki, Finland. Together with the battles of Tampere and Vyborg, it was one of the three major urban battles of the Finnish Civil War. The Germans invaded Helsinki despite the oppose of the Finnish White Army leader Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim who wanted to attack the capital city with his own troops after Tampere had fallen in 6 April. However, the Germans had their own intrests of taking Helsinki as quick as possible and then moving further east towards the Russian border. The city had been under Red control for 11 weeks since the beginning of the war.

The German Baltic Sea Division landed Finland on 3 April and entered the Helsinki area eight days later. In the city centre, the defending Reds did not have defensive lines or barricades but were fighting inside single buildings and blocks, which the Germans then had to take one by one. During the battle, the life in Helsinki went on as usual. The shops and restaurants were open, the public transportation was in function and the factories were running. The curious spectators were wandering so close that the Germans had to told them move back. The White supporters considered Germans as liberators and handed them flowers as well as tea, coffee and snacks to eat.

Nearly 500 people were killed in the battle. The number includes about 400 Red Guard fighters who were killed in action or executed after capitulation, 54 Germans and 23 White Guard members. The number of executed Reds is unclear, but the it is estimated between 20 and 50.^[1] After the battle, from 4,000 to 6,000 Red Guard members or supporters was arrested.

The units

The 10,000-men-strong Baltic Sea Division attacked Helsinki with 6,000 men including two infantry regiments, one jäger battallion, an artillery battery and some supportive troops. The Imperial German Navy landed 400 Seebataillon marines to the Katajanokka district, where they entered the downtown and joined the Baltic Division. The Germans were supported by 2,000 Helsinki White Guard members, who had been active underground during the Red control of the city. However, the Whites did not have any importand role as they joined the battle in its late stage.

The Red Guard units defending Helsinki were mainly composed of unexperienced reserves. At the time, the main combat forces of the Helsinki Red Guard were fighting in the Tavastia Front. They were led by the brick layer Edvard Nyqvist, who had served as the city's Militia Chief, and the industrial worker Fredrik Edvard Johansson because the Red Guard general staff, as well as the Red Government, had left Helsinki 8 April and fled to the city of Vyborg in Eastern Finland.^[2] There was still some Red supporting Russian troops in town, but under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, signed between the Soviet Russia and the Central Powers, they did not took part on the battle.

Battle outside Helsinki

Baltic Sea Division landed at Hanko, 120 kilometres west of Helsinki, on 3 April and started marching east.^[3] The first battle between Germans and the Finnish Reds was fought three days later in the town of Karis. The Germans lost nine men but took over this important railway crossing, then closing Helsinki by the Coastal Railway and the Turku–Helsinki highway. After minor battles in Lohja and Kirkkonummi, the Germans finally entered foregrounds of the Krepost Sveaborg, a Russian-built system of fortifications around Helsinki, in the Leppävaara village of Espoo, 10 kilometres west of Helsinki. The Battle of Leppävaara was fought 11 April. The Germans attacked the Red defensive posts, and managed to force them to flee. Red Guard's losses were 13 men while the Germans had only two men killed in action. As the Reds retreated, the Germans had an open road towards the suburbs of Helsinki.^[4][5]

On the next morning, general Rüdiger von der Goltz orderd a group of 500 men to attack against Tikkurila, 16 kilometres north of Helsinki, in order to cut the Helsinki–Tampere railway and close the way out of the city. The Germans fought against local Red Guard members who defended from their own houses and yards with some support of an armoured train. Baltic Sea Division finally took the Tikkurila railway station at 5 PM and soon entered the Malmi railway station 3 kilometres south of Tikkurila. The poorly-equipped Reds had at least 25 men killed in Tikkurila, according to some sources even 100, but the Germans lost only two.^[5]

Attack to the city

Battle in the suburbs

Baltic Sea Division entered the northern suburbs of Pikku Huopalahti and Meilahti in the early morning of 12 April. Troops marched towards the downtown via the Turku Highway, which today is known as Mannerheimintie, the main street of Helsinki. The first combats were fought at 6 AM in the rocky hills of Tilkka, which the Germans took three hours later. The next defensive line was only a half a kilometre ahead. As the Germans broke trough the second line around 10 AM, the Reds attacked their left wing from the Pasila area. After two hours of fighting, the Germans pushed the Reds back and took the Pasila railway station, located three kilometres north of the Helsinki railway station. Now they were finally able to enter the city.^[6]

Battle in the city

Red fighter waving a white flag

At 1.30 PM the Germans reached the Töölö district. As the Reds managed to stop the invading troops, the German Colonel Hans von Tschirschky und Bögendorff formed two units. The other continued the attack along the Mannerheimintie as the other one evaded through the Hietalahti district to the southern parts of the city. At the same time, a third squad was entering the city from Pasila along the railway. By the National Museum the Germans were hit by heavy fire around 4 PM. The shooting came from the Turku Garrison, which was located near the present-day Lasipalatsi building. Germans now had to evade the Turku Garrison from west along the street Fredrikinkatu of the Kamppi district. The garrison was later taken over by setting the building on fire.^[6]

At 5.30 PM the Germans reached the Erottaja square where they took the Swedish Theatre by using capitulated Reds as human shields. Another known case where the Germans used human shield was later in the same evening as they marched over the Pitkäsilta bridge behind 300 capitulated Reds.^[1] According to a German officer, interwieved by a Finnish journalist, they had learned the method from the British.^[7] At this time, there was also hard fighting at the Helsinki Railway Station as well as in the nearby Kluuvi district. A squad of German Navy Marines landed Katajanokka at 7 PM and soon entered the Kruununhaka district.^[6]

On the next morning the Germans attacked the Red Guard headquarters at the Smolna building in Kaartinkaupunki area. The 400–500 Reds of the Smolna finally capitulated at 7 AM. The last fighting Reds were now at the northern worker districts of Kallio and Hakaniemi, where heavy artillery fire was aimed. Among other buildings, the Workers' House was hit and damaged severely. Finally at 2 PM, a white flag was raised on the tower of the Kallio Church and the battle was over.^[6]

Aftermath and commemoration

Capitured Reds

After the battle, 4,000–6,000 Red Guard supporters were arrested and transferred to the Helsinki Prison Camp in the Suomenlinna islands.^[2] In the days of the battle, more than 10,000 Reds and their families had fled the Helsinki area. Most of them were captured few weeks later near the city of Lahti, where tens of thousands of Red refugees fell into the hands of Germans and Whites. On the contrary to the cities of Tampere and Vyborg, there was not mass executions in Helsinki. That was most likely because of the Germans who prevented Whites from killing their prisoners.^[1] However, in the summer of 1918, more than 1,400 Red prisoners died at the Helsinki Prison Camp of executions, hunger and diseases.

The German commander Rüdiger von der Goltz decided to have a victory parade on Sunday 14 April, a day after the battle was over. It was held at the Senate Square, where von der Goltz was hailed by the mayor Johannes von Haartman and the governor Bruno Jalander. During the parade, there was still some shooting around the city by single Red Guard gunmen.^[8] The German fleet was also fired from some Russian ships. Even the Admiral Hugo Meurer's boat had to turn back and he could not participate the parade.^[9]

The Germans and Finnish Whites who were killed in action were buried to the graveyard of the Helsinki Old Church. The German memorial is designed by the Finnish sculptors Gunnar Finne and J. S. Sirén and the White memoria by Elias Ilkka and Erik Bryggman.^[10] The Reds were buried to the Malmi graveyard. Their memorial was placed to the Eläintarha park, but it was not revealed until 1970. The monument is a work of the sculptor Taisto Martiskainen and it includes verses of the poets Maiju Lassila, Elmer Diktonius and Elvi Sinervo^[11]

References

1. "Saksalaiset käyttivät ihmiskilpiä Helsingin valtauksessa 1918". Kansan Uutiset (in Finnish). 14 April 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
2. "Events of the Civil War 2: The Battle of Tampere and the end of the war". Pala Suomen Historiaa. 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
3. Smele, Jonathan D. (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 412. ISBN 978-144-22528-0-6.
4. "Saksalaiset hyökkäävät Etelä-Suomeen" (in Finnish). Helsingin Reservin Sanomat. 17 June 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
5. "Taistelut Leppävaarassa" (in Finnish). Helsingin Reservin Sanomat. 19 August 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
6. "Hyökkäys Helsinkiin" (in Finnish). Helsingin Reservin Sanomat. 16 September 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
7. Hoppu, Tuomas (2013). Vallatkaa Helsinki. Saksan hyökkäys punaiseen pääkaupunkiin 1918. Helsinki: Gummerus. p. 169. ISBN 978-951-20913-0-0.
8. "Saksalaisten voitonparaati Helsingissä" (in Finnish). University of Tampere. 1998. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
9. Korjus, Olli (2014). Kuusi kuolemaantuomittua. Helsinki: Atena. p. 69. ISBN 978-952-30002-4-7.
10. "Vapaussodan muistomerkkejä Helsingissä ja pääkaupunkiseudulla" (in Finnish). Suomen vapaussota 1918. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
11. "Crescendo / A Memorial to those who fell in the 1918". Helsinki Art Museum. Retrieved 8 November 2016.