Helsinki

"Helsingfors" redirects here. For the village in Västerbotten County, Sweden, see Hälsingfors. For the 2009 Finnish film, see Hellsinki.
Helsinki
Helsinki – Helsingfors
City
Helsingin kaupunki
Helsingfors stad
City of Helsinki

Clockwise from top: Helsinki Cathedral, view of central Helsinki, Sanoma building and Kiasma, Helsinki city centre at night, beaches at Aurinkolahti, Parliament House and Suomenlinna.

Coat of arms
Nickname(s): Stadi, Hesa[1]

Location in the Uusimaa region and the Helsinki sub-region
Helsinki

Location of Helsinki in Finland

Coordinates: 60°10′15″N 024°56′15″E / 60.17083°N 24.93750°E / 60.17083; 24.93750Coordinates: 60°10′15″N 024°56′15″E / 60.17083°N 24.93750°E / 60.17083; 24.93750
Country Finland
Region Uusimaa
Sub-region Helsinki
Charter 1550
Capital city 1812
Government
 • Lord Mayor Jussi Pajunen
 • Mayor To be elected in 2017
Area (2011-01-01)[2]
 • City 715.49 km2 (276.25 sq mi)
 • Land 213.75 km2 (82.53 sq mi)
 • Water 501.74 km2 (193.72 sq mi)
 • Urban 770.26 km2 (297.40 sq mi)
 • Metro 3,697.52 km2 (1,427.62 sq mi)
Area rank 170th largest in Finland
Population (2016-03-31)[3]
 • City 629,512
 • Rank Largest in Finland
 • Density 2,945.09/km2 (7,627.7/sq mi)
 • Urban 1,125,136
 • Urban density 1,460.7/km2 (3,783/sq mi)
 • Metro 1,441,601
 • Metro density 389.9/km2 (1,010/sq mi)
Demonym(s)

helsinkiläinen (Finnish)
helsingforsare (Swedish)

Helsinkian (English)
Population by native language[4]
 • Finnish 84.3% (official)
 • Swedish 6.1% (official)
 • Others 9.6%
Population by age[5]
 • 0 to 14 13.7%
 • 15 to 64 72%
 • 65 or older 14.3%
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
 • Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Municipal tax rate[6] 18.5%
Climate Dfb
Website www.hel.fi

Helsinki (/hɛlˈsɪŋki/; Finnish pronunciation: [ˈhelsiŋki]; Swedish: Helsingfors) is the capital and largest city of Finland. It is in the region of Uusimaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland. Helsinki has a population of 629,512,[3] an urban population of 1,214,210,[7] and a metropolitan population of over 1.4 million, making it the most populous municipality and urban area in Finland. Helsinki is located some 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Tallinn, Estonia, 400 km (250 mi) east of Stockholm, Sweden, and 388 km (241 mi) west of Saint Petersburg, Russia. Helsinki has close historical connections with these three cities.

The Helsinki metropolitan area includes the urban core of Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa, Kauniainen, and surrounding commuter towns.[8] It is the world's northernmost metro area of over one million people, and the city is the northernmost capital of an EU member state. The Helsinki metropolitan area is the fourth largest metropolitan area in the Nordic countries, the City of Helsinki being the third largest after Stockholm and Oslo. Helsinki is Finland's major political, educational, financial, cultural, and research center as well as one of northern Europe's major cities. Approximately 75% of foreign companies operating in Finland have settled in the Helsinki region.[9] The nearby municipality of Vantaa is the location of Helsinki Airport, with frequent service to various destinations in Europe and Asia.

In 2009, Helsinki was chosen to be the World Design Capital for 2012[10] by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design, narrowly beating Eindhoven for the title. The city was the venue for the 1952 Summer Olympics and the 52nd Eurovision Song Contest 2007.

In 2011, the Monocle magazine ranked Helsinki the most liveable city in the world in its "Liveable Cities Index 2011".[11] In the Economist Intelligence Unit's August 2015 Liveability survey, assessing the best and worst cities to live in globally, Helsinki placed among the world's top ten cities.[12]

Etymology

Helsinki is used to refer to the city in most languages, but not in Swedish.

The Swedish name Helsingfors is the original official name of the city (originally in the form Hellssingeforss). The Finnish name probably comes from Helsinga and similar names used for the river that is currently known as the Vantaa River, as documented already in the 14th century. Helsingfors comes from the name of the surrounding parish, Helsinge (source for Finnish Helsinki) and the rapids (Swedish: fors), which flowed through the original village, which is now located in the neighboring city Vantaa. As part of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire, Helsinki was known as Gelsingfors in Russian.

One suggestion for the origin of the name Helsinge is that it originated with medieval Swedish settlers who came from Hälsingland in Sweden. Others have proposed that the name derives from the Swedish word helsing, a former version of the word hals (neck), referring to the narrowest part of a river, i.e. the rapids.[13] Other Scandinavian cities located at similar geographic locations were given similar names at the time, for example Helsingør and Helsingborg.

The name Helsinki has been used in Finnish official documents and in Finnish language newspapers since 1819, when the Senate of Finland moved to Helsinki from Turku (Åbo). The decrees issued in Helsinki were dated with Helsinki as the place of issue. This is how the form Helsinki came to be used in written Finnish.[14]

In Helsinki slang the city is called Stadi (from the Swedish word stad, meaning "city"). Hesa (short for Helsinki), is not used by natives to the city.[1][15] Helsset is the Northern Sami name of Helsinki.[16]

History

Central Helsinki in 1820 before rebuilding. Illustration by Carl Ludvig Engel.
Construction of Suomenlinna began in the 18th century.

Early history

Helsinki was established as a trading town by King Gustav I of Sweden in 1550 as the town of Helsingfors, which he intended to be a rival to the Hanseatic city of Reval (today known as Tallinn). Little came of the plans as Helsinki remained a tiny town plagued by poverty, wars, and diseases. The plague of 1710 killed the greater part of the inhabitants of Helsinki.[17] The construction of the naval fortress Sveaborg (In Finnish Viapori, today also Suomenlinna) in the 18th century helped improve Helsinki's status, but it was not until Russia defeated Sweden in the Finnish War and annexed Finland as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland in 1809 that the town began to develop into a substantial city. During the war, Russians besieged the Sveaborg fortress, and about one quarter of the town was destroyed in an 1808 fire.[18]

Czar Alexander I of Russia moved the Finnish capital from Turku to Helsinki in 1812[19] to reduce Swedish influence in Finland, and to bring the capital closer to St. Petersburg. Following the Great Fire of Turku in 1827, The Royal Academy of Turku, at the time the country's only university, was also relocated to Helsinki, and eventually became the modern University of Helsinki. The move consolidated the city's new role and helped set it on a path of continuous growth. This transformation is highly apparent in the downtown core, which was rebuilt in neoclassical style to resemble St. Petersburg, mostly to a plan by the German-born architect C. L. Engel. As elsewhere, technological advancements such as railroads and industrialization were key factors behind the city's growth.

Twentieth century

Despite the tumultuous nature of Finnish history during the first half of the 20th century (including the Finnish Civil War and the Winter War which both left marks on the city), Helsinki continued its steady development. A landmark event were the 1952 Olympic Games, held in Helsinki. Finland's rapid urbanization in the 1970s, occurring late relative to the rest of Europe, tripled the population in the metropolitan area, and the Helsinki Metro subway system was built. The relatively sparse population density of Helsinki and its peculiar structure have often been attributed to the lateness of its growth.

Geography

Parts of Helsinki and Espoo seen from SPOT
Main article: Geography of Helsinki

Called the "Daughter of the Baltic", Helsinki is located on the tip of a peninsula and on 315 islands. The inner city area occupies a southern peninsula, which is rarely referred to by its actual name Vironniemi. Population density in certain parts of Helsinki's inner city area is very high, reaching 16,494 inhabitants per square kilometre (42,720/sq mi) in the district of Kallio, but as a whole Helsinki's population density of 3,050 per square kilometre (7,900/sq mi) ranks the city as quite sparsely populated in comparison to other European capital cities.[20][21] Much of Helsinki outside the inner city area consists of postwar suburbs separated from each other by patches of forest. A narrow, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long Helsinki Central Park, stretching from the inner city to the northern border of Helsinki, is an important recreational area for residents. The City of Helsinki has about 11,000 boat berths and possesses over 14 000 hectares of marine fishing waters adjacent to the Capital Region. Some 60 fish species are found in this area. Recreational fishing is a popular hobby among kids and adults alike.

Major islands in Helsinki include Seurasaari, Vallisaari, Lauttasaari, and Korkeasaari – the lattermost being the site of the country's biggest zoo. Other noteworthy islands are the fortress island of Suomenlinna (Sveaborg), the military island of Santahamina, and Isosaari. Pihlajasaari island is a favorite summer spot for gay men and naturists, comparable to Fire Island off New York City.

Metropolitan area

Main article: Greater Helsinki
The Greater Helsinki urban area

The Helsinki Capital Region consists of the four municipalities of Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa, and Kauniainen[22] and is considered to be the only metropolis in Finland.[23] It has a population of over 1,1 million, and is by far the biggest and most densely populated area of Finland, over four times bigger than Tampere. The Capital Region spreads over a land area of 770 square kilometres (300 sq mi) and has a population density of 1,418 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,670/sq mi). With over 20 percent of the country's population in just 0.2 percent of its surface area, the housing density of the area is high by Finnish standards.

The Helsinki Metropolitan Area (Greater Helsinki) consists of the cities of Helsinki Capital Region and ten surrounding municipalities. The Metropolitan Area covers 3,697 square kilometres (1,427 sq mi) and contains a total population of over 1.4 million, or about a fourth of the total population of Finland. The Metropolitan Area has a high concentration of employment: approximately 750,000 jobs.[24] Despite the intensity of land use, the region also has large recreational areas and green spaces. The Greater Helsinki area is the world's northernmost urban area with a population of over one million people, and the city is the northernmost capital of an EU member state.

Climate

Helsinki in summer

Helsinki has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb), less than 2 °C (3.6 °F) above the threshold for subarctic classification. Owing to the mitigating influence of the Baltic Sea and North Atlantic Current (see also Extratropical cyclone), temperatures in winter are higher than the northern location might suggest, with the average in January and February around −5 °C (23 °F).[25]

Winters in Helsinki are notably warmer than in the north, and the snow season is much shorter. Temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F) occur a few times a year or less. However, because of the latitude, days last 5 hours and 48 minutes around the winter solstice with very low Sun (at noon Sun is little bit over 6 degrees in the sky), and the cloudy weather at this time of year accentuates the darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long daylight in summer, during the summer solstice days last 18 hours and 57 minutes .[26]

The average maximum temperature from June to August is around 19 to 22 °C (66 to 72 °F). Due to the marine effect, especially during hot summer days, daily temperatures are a little cooler and night temperatures are higher than further away in the mainland. The highest temperature ever recorded in the city centre was 33.1 °C (91.6 °F), on 18 July 1945, and the lowest was −34.3 °C (−30 °F), on 10 January 1987.[27] Helsinki Airport (located in Vantaa, 17 kilometres (11 mi) north of the Helsinki city centre) recorded a temperature of 34.0 °C (93.2 °F), on 29 July 2010, and a low of −35.9 °C (−33 °F), on 9 January 1987. Precipitation is received from frontal passages and thunderstorms. Thunderstorms are most common in summer.

Climate data for Central Helsinki (Kaisaniemi)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 8.5
(47.3)		 11.8
(53.2)		 17.1
(62.8)		 21.9
(71.4)		 29.6
(85.3)		 32.0
(89.6)		 33.1
(91.6)		 31.2
(88.2)		 26.2
(79.2)		 19.4
(66.9)		 13.8
(56.8)		 10.5
(50.9)		 33.1
(91.6)
Average high °C (°F) −1.3
(29.7)		 −1.9
(28.6)		 1.6
(34.9)		 7.6
(45.7)		 14.4
(57.9)		 18.5
(65.3)		 21.5
(70.7)		 19.8
(67.6)		 14.6
(58.3)		 9.0
(48.2)		 3.7
(38.7)		 0.5
(32.9)		 9.0
(48.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.9
(25)		 −4.7
(23.5)		 −1.3
(29.7)		 3.9
(39)		 10.2
(50.4)		 14.6
(58.3)		 17.8
(64)		 16.3
(61.3)		 11.5
(52.7)		 6.6
(43.9)		 1.6
(34.9)		 −2
(28)		 5.9
(42.6)
Average low °C (°F) −6.5
(20.3)		 −7.4
(18.7)		 −4.1
(24.6)		 0.8
(33.4)		 6.3
(43.3)		 10.9
(51.6)		 14.2
(57.6)		 13.1
(55.6)		 8.7
(47.7)		 4.3
(39.7)		 −0.6
(30.9)		 −4.5
(23.9)		 2.9
(37.2)
Record low °C (°F) −34.3
(−29.7)		 −31.5
(−24.7)		 −24.5
(−12.1)		 −16.3
(2.7)		 −4.8
(23.4)		 0.7
(33.3)		 5.4
(41.7)		 2.8
(37)		 −4.5
(23.9)		 −11.6
(11.1)		 −18.6
(−1.5)		 −29.5
(−21.1)		 −34.3
(−29.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 52
(2.05)		 36
(1.42)		 38
(1.5)		 32
(1.26)		 37
(1.46)		 57
(2.24)		 63
(2.48)		 80
(3.15)		 56
(2.2)		 76
(2.99)		 70
(2.76)		 58
(2.28)		 655
(25.79)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 21
(8.3)		 23
(9.1)		 14
(5.5)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 4
(1.6)		 12
(4.7)		 74
(29.2)
Average rainy days 19 17 15 11 11 14 12 15 14 16 18 20 182
Mean monthly sunshine hours 38 70 138 194 284 297 291 238 150 93 36 29 1,858
Source: Climatological statistics for the normal period 1981–2010 (except the Records rows, which are 'all-time' records [data source required]) [25]
Climate data for Helsinki Airport (Vantaa)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 8.2
(46.8)		 10.0
(50)		 17.5
(63.5)		 24.0
(75.2)		 29.0
(84.2)		 31.4
(88.5)		 34.0
(93.2)		 31.5
(88.7)		 25.3
(77.5)		 18.2
(64.8)		 11.3
(52.3)		 10.8
(51.4)		 34
(93.2)
Average high °C (°F) −2.4
(27.7)		 −2.7
(27.1)		 1.5
(34.7)		 8.7
(47.7)		 15.8
(60.4)		 19.6
(67.3)		 22.5
(72.5)		 20.5
(68.9)		 14.8
(58.6)		 8.6
(47.5)		 2.6
(36.7)		 −0.7
(30.7)		 9.1
(48.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −5
(23)		 −5.7
(21.7)		 −1.9
(28.6)		 4.1
(39.4)		 10.4
(50.7)		 14.6
(58.3)		 17.7
(63.9)		 15.8
(60.4)		 10.7
(51.3)		 5.6
(42.1)		 0.4
(32.7)		 −3.2
(26.2)		 5.3
(41.5)
Average low °C (°F) −8.1
(17.4)		 −8.9
(16)		 −5.4
(22.3)		 −0.2
(31.6)		 4.8
(40.6)		 9.5
(49.1)		 12.6
(54.7)		 11.3
(52.3)		 6.9
(44.4)		 2.7
(36.9)		 −2.1
(28.2)		 −6
(21)		 1.4
(34.5)
Record low °C (°F) −35.9
(−32.6)		 −30.2
(−22.4)		 −27.2
(−17)		 −12.1
(10.2)		 −5.4
(22.3)		 −0.5
(31.1)		 4.0
(39.2)		 2.0
(35.6)		 −7.3
(18.9)		 −14.5
(5.9)		 −19.9
(−3.8)		 −29.5
(−21.1)		 −35.9
(−32.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 54
(2.13)		 37
(1.46)		 37
(1.46)		 32
(1.26)		 39
(1.54)		 61
(2.4)		 66
(2.6)		 79
(3.11)		 64
(2.52)		 82
(3.23)		 73
(2.87)		 58
(2.28)		 682
(26.86)
Average rainy days 23 20 17 12 12 14 13 15 16 18 21 24 205
Mean monthly sunshine hours 38 74 131 196 275 266 291 219 143 84 37 26 1,780
Percent possible sunshine 21 34 41 49 55 49 52 44 35 25 16 14 36.3
Source: Climatological statistics for the normal period 1981–2010 (except the Records rows, which are 'all-time' records [data source required]) [27] Sun and record temperatures 1981–2011 only

Cityscape

Aleksanterinkatu in Central Helsinki.
The view across summertime Eläintarhanlahti.
The Helsinki Cathedral is among the most prominent buildings in the city.
The Parliament of Finland on the right, and new supplemental offices on the left.

Carl Ludvig Engel, appointed to plan a new city centre all on his own, designed several neoclassical buildings in Helsinki. The focal point of Engel's city plan is the Senate Square. It is surrounded by the Government Palace (to the east), the main building of Helsinki University (to the west), and (to the north) the large Cathedral, which was finished in 1852, twelve years after Engel's death. Helsinki's epithet "The White City of the North" derives from this construction era.

Helsinki is also home to numerous Art Nouveau (Jugend in Finnish) influenced buildings of the romantic nationalism, designed in the early 20th century and strongly influenced by The Kalevala, which is a very popular theme in the national romantic art of that era. Helsinki's Art Nouveau style is also featured in large residential areas such as Katajanokka and Ullanlinna. The master of the Finnish Art Nouveau was Eliel Saarinen, whose architectural masterpiece was the Helsinki Central railway station.

Helsinki also features several buildings by Finnish architect Alvar Aalto, recognized as one of the pioneers of architectural functionalism. However, some of his works, such as the headquarters of the paper company Stora Enso and the concert venue Finlandia Hall, have been subject to divided opinions from the citizens.[28][29][30]

Functionalist buildings in Helsinki by other architects include the Olympic Stadium, the Tennis Palace, the Rowing Stadium, the Swimming Stadium, the Velodrome, the Glass Palace, the Exhibition Hall (now Töölö Sports Hall), and Helsinki-Malmi Airport. The sports venues were built to serve the 1940 Helsinki Olympic Games; the games were initially cancelled due to the Second World War, but the venues eventually got to fulfill their purpose in the 1952 Olympic Games. Many of them are listed by DoCoMoMo as significant examples of modern architecture. The Olympic Stadium and Helsinki-Malmi Airport are in addition catalogued by the Finnish National Board of Antiquities as cultural-historical environments of national significance.

Helsinki's neoclassical buildings were often used as a backdrop for scenes set to take place in the Soviet Union in many Cold War era Hollywood movies, when filming in the USSR was not possible. Some of them include The Kremlin Letter (1970), Reds (1981), and Gorky Park (1983).[31] Because some streetscapes were reminiscent of Leningrad's and Moscow's old buildings, they too were used in movie productions. At the same time the government secretly instructed Finnish officials not to extend assistance to such film projects.[32]

In the 21st century Helsinki has decided to allow the construction of skyscrapers. Several projects are already in progress, mainly in Pasila and Kalasatama. The tallest (with 40 floors) will rise to at least 150 metres (500 feet). In Pasila, twenty new high-rises will be erected within 10 years.[33] In Kalasataman Keskus REDI, the first 35-story (130 metres) and 32-story (122 metres) residential towers are already under construction. Later they will be joined by a 37-story (140 metres), two 32-story (122 metres, 400 feet), 31-story (120 metres), and 27-story (100 metres) residential buildings. In the Kalasatama area, there will be 30 high-rises within 10 years.[34]

A panoramic view over the southernmost districts of Helsinki from Hotel Torni. The Helsinki Old Church and its surrounding park are seen in the foreground, while the towers of St. John's Church (near center) and Mikael Agricola Church (right) can be seen in the middle distance, backdropped by the Gulf of Finland.
A panoramic view of Rautatientori ("Railway Square"). Art museum Ateneum can be seen on the left, the Helsinki Central Railway Station is centered, and the Finnish National Theatre is to the right.
A panoramic view of Kamppi Center and its surroundings

Government

Main article: Politics of Helsinki
The Helsinki City Hall houses the City Council of Helsinki

As in all Finnish municipalities, the city council is the main decision-making organ in local politics, dealing with issues such as city planning, schools, health care, and public transport. The council is elected every four years.

The City Council of Helsinki consists of eighty-five members. Following the most recent municipal elections, in 2012, the three largest parties are the National Coalition Party (23), the Greens (19), and the Social Democrats (15).[35] The Mayor, Jussi Pajunen, is a member of the National Coalition Party.

Traditionally, the conservative National Coalition Party (Kokoomus) has been the biggest party on Helsinki City Council, with the Social Democrats being the second biggest. In 2000 the Greens, for which Helsinki is the strongest area of support nationally, gained the position of second most popular party in the city, in 2004 the Social Democrats regained that position, and since 2008 the Greens have again been the second biggest party.

The Left Alliance is the fourth largest party, while the True Finns have increased their support steadily to become the fifth largest party. Support for the Swedish People's Party has been steadily declining over the years, most likely because of the diminishing proportion of Swedish speakers in Helsinki. The Centre Party of Finland, despite being one of the major parties in national politics, has little support in Helsinki, as is the case in most big cities.

Demographics

Children jumping into the sea in Lauttasaari

Helsinki has a higher proportion of women (53.4%) than elsewhere in Finland (51.1%). Helsinki's current population density of 2,739.36 people per square kilometre is by far the highest in Finland. Life expectancy for both genders is slightly below the national averages: 75.1 years for men as compared to 75.7 years, 81.7 years for women as compared to 82.5 years.[36][37]

Helsinki has experienced strong growth since the 1810s, when it replaced Turku as the capital of the Grand Duchy of Finland, which later became the sovereign Republic of Finland. The city continued to show strong growth from that time onward, with the exception during the Finnish Civil War period. From the end of World War II up until the 1970s there was a massive exodus of people from the countryside to the cities of Finland, in particular Helsinki. Between 1944 and 1969 the population of the city nearly doubled from 275,000[38] to 525,600.[39]

In the 1960s, the population growth of Helsinki proper began to decrease mainly due to lack of housing.[40] Many residents began to move to neighbouring Espoo and Vantaa, where population growth has since soared. Espoo's population increased ninefold in sixty years, from 22,874 people in 1950 to 244,353 in 2009. Neighboring Vantaa has seen even more dramatic change in the same time span: from 14,976 in 1950 to 197,663 in 2009, a thirteenfold increase. These dramatic increases pushed the municipalities of greater Helsinki into more intense cooperation in such areas as public transportation[41] and waste management.[42] The increasing scarcity of housing and the higher costs of living in the Helsinki Capital Region have pushed many daily commuters to find housing in formerly very rural areas, and even further, to such cities as Lohja (50 km (31 mi) northwest from the city centre), Hämeenlinna and Lahti (both 100 km (62 mi) from Helsinki), and Porvoo (50 km (31 mi) to the east).

Language

Population by mother tongue[43]
Language Population (2013) Percentage
Finnish 494,627 81.9%
Swedish 35,674 5.9%
Russian 15,341 2.5%
Estonian 10,207 1.7%
Somali 7,193 1.2%
English 4,879 0.8%
Arabic 3,446 0.6%
Chinese 2,691 0.4%
Kurdish 2,264 0.4%
Spanish 2,073 0.3%
German 1,665 0.3%
French 1,462 0.2%
Persian 1,457 0.2%
Vietnamese 1,416 0.2%
Turkish 1,408 0.2%
Thai 1,123 0.2%
Albanian 1,005 0.2%
Other 15,978 2.6%
The population broken down by language group, 1870–2013. During the period, the population increased significantly, and the city changed its linguistic majority from Swedish to Finnish.
     Finnish speakers
     Swedish speakers
     Russian speaker
     Speakers of other languages

Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of the municipality of Helsinki. The majority, or 81.9%[44] of the population, speaks Finnish as their native language. A minority, at 5.9%, speaks Swedish. Around 12.2% of the population speaks a native language other than Finnish or Swedish. Helsinki slang today combines influences mainly from Finnish and English, but has traditionally had strong Russian and Swedish influences. Finnish today is the common language of communication between Finnish speakers, Swedish speakers, and speakers of other languages (New Finns) in day-to-day affairs in the public sphere between unknown persons. In instances where a speaker's knowledge of Finnish is not known, English is usually spoken. Swedish is commonly spoken in city or national agencies specifically aimed at Finland-Swedish speakers, such as the Social Services Department on Hämeentie or the Luckan Cultural centre in Kamppi. Knowledge of Finnish is also essential in business and is usually a basic requirement in the employment market.[45]

Finnish speakers surpassed Swedish speakers in 1890 to become the majority of the city's population.[46] At the time, the population of Helsinki was 61,530.[47]

Immigration

Helsinki is the global gateway to and from Finland. The city has Finland's largest immigrant population in both absolute and relative terms. There are over 140 nationalities represented in Helsinki. The largest groups (as of 2013) are from Sweden, Russia, Estonia, Somalia, China, Kurdistan, Spain, Germany, France, Vietnam, and Turkey. Helsinki was already an international city in the 19th century with a distinctive Swedish majority as well as Finnish, Russian, and German minorities.

Foreign citizens make up 8.0% of the population, while the total foreign-born population makes up 11.1%.[48] In 2012, 68,375[48] residents spoke a native language other than Finnish, Swedish, or one of the three Sami languages spoken in Finland. The largest groups of residents not of Finnish background come from Russia (14,532), Estonia (9,065), and Somalia (6,845).[48] Half of the immigrant population in Finland lives in Greater Helsinki, and one third in the city of Helsinki.[49]

Economy

Kamppi Center, a shopping and transportation complex in Kamppi

The Helsinki Metropolitan Area generates approximately one third of Finland's GDP. GDP per capita is roughly 1.3 times the national average.[50]

The metropolitan area's gross value added per capita is 200% of the mean of 27 European metropolitan areas, equalling those of Stockholm or Paris. The gross value added annual growth has been around 4%.[51]

83 of the 100 largest Finnish companies are headquartered in Greater Helsinki. Two-thirds of the 200 highest-paid Finnish executives live in Greater Helsinki and 42% in Helsinki. The average income of the top 50 earners was 1.65 million euro.[52]

The tap water is of excellent quality and it is supplied by 120 km (75 mi) long Päijänne Water Tunnel, one of the world's longest continuous rock tunnels. Bottled Helsinki tap water is even sold to other countries, such as Saudi Arabia.[53]

Education

University of Helsinki's Main Library: Kaisa-talo
Main building of the University of Helsinki
Haaga-Helia University Of Applied Sciences is the largest business polytechnic in Finland

Helsinki has 190 comprehensive schools, 41 upper secondary schools, and 15 vocational institutes. Half of the 41 upper secondary schools are private or state-owned, the other half municipal. Higher level education is given in eight universities (see the section "Universities" below) and four polytechnics.

Universities

Universities of Applied Sciences

Helsinki is one of the co-location centres of the Knowledge and Innovation Community (Future information and communication society) of The European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT).[54]

The educational department takes part in Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013 in Finland.

Culture

Museums

The biggest historical museum in Helsinki is the National Museum of Finland, which displays a vast historical collection from prehistoric times to the 21st century. The museum building itself, a national romantic style neomedieval castle, is a tourist attraction. Another major historical museum is the Helsinki City Museum, which introduces visitors to Helsinki's 500-year history. The University of Helsinki also has many significant museums, including the Helsinki University Museum "Arppeanum" and the Finnish Museum of Natural History.

The Finnish National Gallery consists of three museums: Ateneum Art Museum for classical Finnish art, Sinebrychoff Art Museum for classical European art, and Kiasma Art Museum for modern art, in a building by architect Steven Holl. The old Ateneum, a neo-Renaissance palace from the 19th century, is one of the city's major historical buildings. All three museum buildings are state-owned through Senate Properties.

The Design Museum is devoted to the exhibition of both Finnish and foreign design, including industrial design, fashion, and graphic design. Other museums in Helsinki include the Military Museum of Finland, Didrichsen Art Museum, Amos Anderson Art Museum, and the Tram Museum.

Theatres

The Finnish National Theatre (1902), designed by architect Onni Tarjanne

Helsinki has three major theatres: The Finnish National Theatre, the Helsinki City Theatre, and the Swedish Theatre (Svenska Teatern). Other notable theatres in the city include the Alexander Theatre, Q-teatteri, Savoy Theatre, KOM-theatre, and Teatteri Jurkka.

Music

Helsinki is home to two full-size symphony orchestras, the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra and the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra, both of which perform at the Helsinki Music Centre concert hall. Acclaimed contemporary composers Kaija Saariaho, Magnus Lindberg, Esa-Pekka Salonen, and Einojuhani Rautavaara, among others, were born and raised in Helsinki, and studied at the Sibelius Academy. The Finnish National Opera, the only full-time, professional opera company in Finland, is located in Helsinki. The opera singer Martti Wallén, one of the company's long-time soloists, was born and raised in Helsinki, as was mezzo-soprano Monica Groop.

Many widely renowned and acclaimed bands have originated in Helsinki, including Hanoi Rocks, HIM, Stratovarius, The 69 Eyes, Finntroll, Ensiferum, Wintersun, The Rasmus, Poets of the Fall, and Apocalyptica.

The city's main musical venues are the Finnish National Opera, the Finlandia concert hall, and the Helsinki Music Centre. The Music Centre also houses a part of the Sibelius Academy. Bigger concerts and events are usually held at one of the city's two big ice hockey arenas: the Hartwall Areena or the Helsinki Ice Hall. Helsinki has Finland's largest fairgrounds.

Helsinki Arena hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2007, the first Eurovision Song Contest arranged in Finland, following Lordi's win in 2006.[55]

Art

Strange Fruit performing at the Night of the Arts in Helsinki

The Helsinki Festival is an annual arts and culture festival, which takes place every August (including the Night of the Arts).[56]

Vappu is an annual carnival for students and workers.

At the Senate Square in September / October 2010, the largest open-air art exhibition ever in Finland took place: About 1.4 million people saw the international exhibition of United Buddy Bears.

Helsinki is the 2012 World Design Capital, in recognition of the use of design as an effective tool for social, cultural, and economic development in the city. In choosing Helsinki, the World Design Capital selection jury highlighted Helsinki's use of 'Embedded Design', which has tied design in the city to innovation, "creating global brands, such as Nokia, Kone, and Marimekko, popular events, like the annual Helsinki Design Week, outstanding education and research institutions, such as the University of Art and Design Helsinki, and exemplary architects and designers such as Eliel Saarinen and Alvar Aalto".[10]

Helsinki also hosts many film festivals. Most of them are small venues, but some have gained renown even abroad. The most prolific would be the Love & Anarchy film festival (also known as Helsinki International Film Festival), which features films on a wide spectrum. Night Visions, on the other hand, focuses on genre cinema, screening horror, fantasy, and science fiction films in very popular movie marathons that take whole night. Another popular film festival is DocPoint, a festival that focuses solely on documentary cinema.[57][58][59]

Media

Yle headquarters in Pasila, Helsinki
Linus Torvalds, the Finnish software engineer best known for creating the popular open-source kernel Linux

Today, there are around 200 newspapers, 320 popular magazines, 2,100 professional magazines, 67 commercial radio stations, three digital radio channels, and one nationwide and five national public service radio channels.

Each year, around 12,000 book titles are published and 12 million records are sold across Finland.[60]

Sanoma publishes the newspaper Helsingin Sanomat (its circulation of 412,000[61] making it the largest), the tabloid Ilta-Sanomat, the commerce-oriented Taloussanomat, and the television channel Nelonen. The other major publisher Alma Media publishes over thirty magazines, including the newspaper Aamulehti, tabloid Iltalehti, and commerce-oriented Kauppalehti. Worldwide, Finns, along with other Nordic peoples and the Japanese, spend the most time reading newspapers.[62]

Yle, the Finnish Broadcasting Company, operates five television channels and thirteen radio channels in both national languages. Headquartered in the neighbourhood of Pasila, Yle is funded through a mandatory television license and fees for private broadcasters. All TV channels are broadcast digitally, both terrestrially and on cable. The commercial television channel MTV3 and commercial radio channel Radio Nova are owned by Nordic Broadcasting (Bonnier and Proventus Industrier).

As of 2007, around 79% of the Finnish population uses the Internet.[63] Finland had around 1.52 million broadband Internet connections by the end of June 2007 or around 287 per 1,000 inhabitants.[64] All Finnish schools and public libraries have Internet connections and computers, and most residents have a mobile phone. Value-added services are rare.[65] In October 2009, Finland's Ministry of Transport and Communications committed to ensuring that every person in Finland would be able to access the Internet at a minimum speed of one megabit-per-second beginning July 2010.[66]

Sports

Main article: Sport in Helsinki
The Helsinki Olympic Stadium was the centre of activities during the 1952 Summer Olympics.

Helsinki has a long tradition of sports: the city gained much of its initial international recognition during the 1952 Summer Olympics, and the city has arranged sporting events such as the first World Championships in Athletics 1983 and 2005, and the European Championships in Athletics 1971, 1994, and 2012. Helsinki hosts successful local teams in both of the most popular team sports in Finland: football and ice hockey. Helsinki houses HJK Helsinki, Finland's largest and most successful football club, and IFK Helsingfors, their local rivals with 7 championship titles. The fixtures between the two are commonly known as Stadin derby. Helsinki's track and field club Helsingin Kisa-Veikot is also dominant within Finland. Ice hockey is popular among many Helsinki residents, who usually support either of the local clubs IFK Helsingfors (HIFK) or Jokerit. HIFK, with 14 Finnish championships titles, also plays in the highest bandy division,[67] along with Botnia−69. The Olympic stadium hosted the first ever Bandy World Championship in 1957.[68]

Helsinki was elected host-city of the 1940 Summer Olympics, but due to World War II they were canceled. Instead Helsinki was the host of the 1952 Summer Olympics. The Olympics were a landmark event symbolically and economically for Helsinki and Finland as a whole that was recovering from the winter war and the continuation war fought with the Soviet Union. Helsinki was also in 1983 the first ever city to host the World Championships in Athletics. Helsinki also hosted the event in 2005, thus also becoming the first city to ever host the Championships for a second time. The Helsinki City Marathon has been held in the city every year since 1980, usually in August. A Formula 3000 race through the city streets was held on 25 May 1997. In 2009 Helsinki was host of the European Figure Skating Championships, and in 2017 it will host World Figure Skating Championships.[69]


Transport

Roads

Helsinki region roads

The backbone of Helsinki's motorway network consists of three semicircular ring roads, Ring I, Ring II, and Ring III, which connect expressways heading to other parts of Finland, and the western and eastern arteries of Länsiväylä and Itäväylä respectively. While variants of a Keskustatunneli tunnel under the city centre have been repeatedly proposed, as of 2015 the plan remains on the drawing board.

Helsinki has some 390 cars per 1000 inhabitants.[70] This is less than in cities of similar population and construction density, such as Brussels' 483 per 1000, Stockholm's 401, and Oslo's 413.[71][72]

Rail transport and buses

The Helsinki Metro with its characteristic bright orange trains is the world's northernmost subway
Central railway station

Public transport is generally a hotly debated subject in the local politics of Helsinki. In the Helsinki metropolitan area, public transportation is managed by the Helsinki Regional Transport Authority, the metropolitan area transportation authority. The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the metro, bus lines, two ferry lines, and on-demand minibuses.[73]

Today, Helsinki is the only city in Finland to have trams or a metro system. There used to be two other cities in Finland with trams: Turku and Viipuri (Vyborg, now in Russia), but both have since abandoned them. The Helsinki Metro, opened in 1982, is the only rapid transit system in Finland. In 2006, the construction of the long debated extension of the metro into Western Helsinki and Espoo was approved, and serious debate about an eastern extension into Sipoo has taken place.[74]

Helsinki's metro system currently consists of 17 stations, with six of them being underground.[75] Once the expansion into Western Helsinki and Espoo is completed in August 2016, seven new metro stations will be opened, with all of them being underground.[76] As of June 2016, the Metro expansion has been delayed until early 2017.[77]

A Helsinki to Tallinn Tunnel has been proposed[78] and agreed upon by representatives of the cities.[79] The rail tunnel would connect Helsinki to the Estonian capital Tallinn, further linking Helsinki to the rest of continental Europe by Rail Baltica.

Aviation

Hernesaari Heliport, next to West Harbour used by cruiseliners

Air traffic is handled primarily from the international Helsinki Airport, located approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) north of Helsinki's downtown area, in the neighbouring city of Vantaa. Helsinki's own airport, Helsinki-Malmi Airport, is mainly used for general and private aviation. Charter flights are available from Hernesaari Heliport.

Sea transport

The South Harbour

Like many other cities of the world, Helsinki had been deliberately founded next to the sea. The city therefore was able to benefit from good sea transportation links right from the start. The freezing of the sea imposed limitations on sea traffic up to the end of the 19th century. But for the last hundred years, the routes leading to Helsinki have been kept open even in winter with the aid of icebreakers, many of them built in the Helsinki Hietalahti shipyard. The arrival and departure of ships has also been a part of everyday life in Helsinki. Regular route traffic from Helsinki to Stockholm, Tallinn, and St. Petersburg began as far back as 1837. Over 300 cruise ships and 360,000 cruise passengers visit Helsinki annually. There are international cruise ship docks in South Harbour, Katajanokka, West Harbour, and Hernesaari. Helsinki is the second busiest passenger port in Europe with approximately 11 million passengers in 2013.[80] Ferry connections to Tallinn, Mariehamn, and Stockholm are serviced by various companies. Finnlines passenger-freight ferries to Gdynia, Poland; Travemünde, Germany; and Rostock, Germany are also available. St Peter Line offers passenger ferry service to Saint Petersburg several times a week.

International relations

Special partnership cities

Helsinki has a special partnership relation with:

Notable people

Born before 1900

Karl Fazer

Born after 1900

References

Citations
  1. 1 2 Ainiala, Terhi (2009). "Place Names in the Construction of Social Identities: The Uses of Names of Helsinki". Research Institute for the Languages of Finland. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  2. ↑ "Area by municipality as of 1 January 2011" (PDF) (in Finnish and Swedish). Land Survey of Finland. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  3. 1 2 "Ennakkoväkiluku sukupuolen mukaan alueittain, maaliskuu.2016" (in Finnish). Statistics Finland. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
  4. ↑ "Population according to language and the number of foreigners and land area km2 by area as of 31 December 2008". Statistics Finland's PX-Web databases. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
  5. ↑ "Population according to age and gender by area as of 31 December 2008". Statistics Finland's PX-Web databases. Statistics Finland. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
  6. ↑ "List of municipal and parish tax rates in 2011". Tax Administration of Finland. 29 November 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
  7. ↑ "Taulukko: Taajamat väkiluvun ja väestöntiheyden mukaan 31.12.2014" (in Finnish). 31 December 2014.
  8. ↑ "Cities of Finland". Eurostat. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  9. ↑ "Helsinki Region Marketing Ltd — Helsinki Region in Brief". Web.archive.org. 2 December 2007. Archived from the original on 2 December 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  10. 1 2 "Past capital: Helsinki". Worlddesigncapital.com. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  11. ↑ "Most liveable city: Helsinki — Monocle Film / Affairs". Monocle.com. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  12. ↑ "Global Liveability Ranking 2015". The Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
  13. ↑ "Utbildning & Vetenskap: Svenskfinland". Veta.yle.fi. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  14. ↑ Jäppinen, Jere (15 November 2011). "Mistä Helsingin nimi on peräisin?". Helsingin Sanomat: D2.
  15. ↑ Ristkari, Maiju: Heinäsorsat Helsingissä. Aku Ankka #44/2013, introduction on page 2.
  16. ↑ "Sami Grammar". uta.fi. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  17. ↑ "Ruttopuisto – Plague Park". Tabblo.com. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
  18. ↑ Niukkanen, Marianna; Heikkinen, Markku. "Vuoden 1808 suurpalo". Kurkistuksia Helsingin kujille (in Finnish). National Board of Antiquities. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  19. ↑ http://www.helsinki200.fi/en/helsinki-1812-2012/1812-emperor-alexander-i-promotes-helsinki-capital-grand-duchy/
  20. ↑ "Geography of Helsinki, Overview of Finland". easyexpat.com. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  21. ↑ "Helsinki — School of Computer Science — SOCS". McGill University. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  22. ↑ "Aluejaot". Tietopalvelu (in Finnish). Uudenmaan liitto. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  23. ↑ "Uudenmaan maakuntakaava selostus" (PDF) (in Finnish). Helsinki-Uusimaa Region. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  24. ↑ "Helsingin seutu tiivistetysti". Kaupunkitieto (in Finnish). Helsinginseutu.fi.
  25. 1 2 "Climatological statistics for the normal period 1971–2000". Fmi.fi. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  26. ↑ Tukiainen, Matti. "Helsinki, Finland – Sunrise, sunset, dawn and dusk times around the World!". Gaisma. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
  27. 1 2 "Ilmatieteen laitos – Sää ja ilmasto – Ilmastotilastot – Ilman lämpötila" (in Finnish). Finnish Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  28. ↑ "Stora Enson pääkonttori, Kanavaranta 1". "Helsingin Aallot" blog (in Finnish). 25 February 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
  29. ↑ "Kohtaako Enson konttori voittajansa?". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). 14 June 2008. Lead editorial. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
  30. ↑ Penttilä, Vappu. "Kiasma nousi inhokkien ykköseksi". Verkkoliite (in Finnish). Helsingin Sanomat. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
  31. ↑ http://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0804/080464.html
  32. ↑ Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Political Department: "Memo 56 of 20 January 1982 (labelled highly confidential in 1982)" (PDF). (1.37 MB)
  33. ↑ "Uutta Helsinkiä".
  34. ↑ "REDI" (PDF).
  35. ↑ "Helsingin vaalipiiri — Tulospalvelu — Kuntavaalit 2012". Vaalikone.fi. Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  36. ↑ Tapani Valkonen ym. (17 December 2007). "Tutkimuksia 10/2007: Elinajanodotteen kehitys Helsingissä ja sen väestönosaryhmissä 1991–2005" (PDF). Helsingin kaupunki, tietokeskus. Retrieved 30 December 2007.
  37. ↑ Tilastolaitoksen historiaa. "Tilasto". Stat.fi. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  38. ↑ "Helsingin historia". Hel.fi. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  39. ↑ "Maan alle". Aatos.fi. 30 December 1972. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  40. ↑ Butzin, Bernhard (1991). "Helsinki — aspects of urban development and planning". GeoJournal. Springer, Netherlands. 2 (1): 11–26. doi:10.1007/BF00212573. ISSN 0343-2521.
  41. ↑ "HSL Helsingin seudun liikenne – About HSL". Hsl.fi. 1 January 2010. Archived from the original on 19 January 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  42. ↑ "HSY – Default". Hsy.fi. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  43. ↑ "Foreigners in Helsinki 2013" (PDF). City of Helsinki. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  44. ↑ "General information on Helsinki". Helsinki City.
  45. ↑ "Immigrants Learning Swedish over Finnish Run into Problems | News | YLE Uutiset". yle.fi. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
  46. ↑ "Helsingin nimistön vaiheita". Scripta.kotus.fi. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  47. ↑ "Kysy.fi | Helsingin kaupunginkirjasto" (in Finnish). Igs.kirjastot.fi. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  48. 1 2 3 "12 06 28 Tilastoja 23 Peuranen" (PDF) (in Finnish). City of Helsinki. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  49. ↑ Katriina Pajari (7 December 2008). "Kolmannes maahanmuuttajista asuu Helsingissä – HS.fi – Kaupunki". HS.fi. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  50. ↑ "Helsinki Region Statistics". Helsinginseutu.fi. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  51. ↑ "Kansilehti2.vp" (PDF). Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  52. ↑ "Helsingin Sanomat – International Edition – Metro". Hs.fi. 9 November 2005. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  53. ↑ Archived 11 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  54. ↑ "European Institute of Innovation and Technology: Home". Eit.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  55. ↑ "Eurovision Song Contest 2007 Final". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  56. ↑ "Helsinki Festival". Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  57. ↑ "Helsinki International Film Festival". hiff.fi. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  58. ↑ "DocPoint". docpoint.info. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  59. ↑ "Night Visions Film Festival". Nightvisions.info. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  60. ↑ "Media moves". ThisisFINLAND (Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland).
  61. ↑ "Circulation Statistics". The Finnish Audit Bureau of Circulations (Levikintarkastus Oy). Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
  62. ↑ "World Press Trends: Newspapers Still Reach More Than Internet". World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  63. ↑ "Internet used by 79 per cent of the population at the beginning of 2007". Statistics Finland. Retrieved 22 December 2007.
  64. ↑ "Market Review 2/2007" (PDF). Finnish Communications Regulatory Authority (FICORA). 31 August 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2007.
  65. ↑ "Information technology has become part of Finns' everyday life". Tilastokeskus.fi. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  66. ↑ "1Mb Broadband Access Becomes Legal Right". YLE. 14 October 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2009.
  67. ↑ Video from the Finnish final 2009 against OLS from Oulu: Youtube.com
  68. ↑ "The Finnish Bandy Federation". Retrieved 2 April 2016.
  69. ↑ http://www.helsinki2017.com
  70. ↑ Archived 11 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  71. ↑ "Runge" (PDF). European Academy of the Urban Environment. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  72. ↑ "Tietokeskus: suunnatframe". Hel2.fi. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
  73. ↑ Barry, Keith (10 November 2013). "New Helsinki Bus Line Lets You Choose Your Own Route". Wired. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  74. ↑ "Länsimetro rakentaa tulevaisuutta turvallisesti". Lansimetro.fi. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  75. ↑ https://www.hsl.fi/en/timetables-and-routes/metro-and-tram-routes
  76. ↑ http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/helsinki-metro/
  77. ↑ https://www.hsl.fi/en/news/2016/west-metro-ready-trial-operation-january-2017-no-major-changes-espoo-bus-network-15-august
  78. ↑ "Helsinki-Tallinn tunnel proposals look to bring cities closer than ever". The Guardian. 2016-01-06.
  79. ↑ Feargus O'Sullivan (2016-01-07). "Helsinki and Tallinn Agree to Build the World's Longest Underwater Rail Tunnel". CityLab.
  80. ↑ "Helsinki port".
  81. ↑ Yan, Yangtze (14 July 2006). "Beijing, Helsinki forge sister city relationship". Gov.cn. Chinese Government. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  82. ↑ "Sister Cities". Beijing Municipal Government. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  83. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Partners and Networks". Hel.fi (international section). City of Helsinki. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
  84. ↑ "Partnerská města HMP" [Prague – Twin Cities HMP]. Portál „Zahraniční vztahy“ [Portal "Foreign Affairs"] (in Czech). 2013-07-18. Archived from the original on 2013-06-25. Retrieved 2013-08-05.

External links

Preceded by
Athens, Greece 2006		 Eurovision Song Contest Hosts Helsinki
2007 		Succeeded by
Belgrade, Serbia 2008
Preceded by
Lausanne, Switzerland (2011)		 World Gymnaestrada host city
2015 		Succeeded by
Dornbirn, Austria (2019)
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 12/4/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.