Battle of Rocroi

Coordinates: 49°55′10″N 4°31′40″E / 49.91944°N 4.52778°E

Battle of Rocroi
Part of the Thirty Years' War Franco-Spanish War (1635-59)
Rocroi, el último tercio, by Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau (2011)
Date 19 May 1643 Location Rocroi, France Result Decisive French victory
Belligerents
France	Spain
Commanders and leaders
Duc d'Enghien	Francisco de Melo
Strength
17,000 infantry 6,000 cavalry 14 guns[1]	19,000 infantry (includes 8,000 Spanish)[2] 8,000 cavalry 18 guns[1]
Casualties and losses
4,000 dead, wounded or captured[3]	7,000 dead, wounded or captured[3]

The Battle of Rocroi of 19 May 1643 resulted in the victory of a French army under the Duc d'Enghien against the Spanish Army under General Francisco de Melo only five days after the accession of Louis XIV of France to the throne of France, late in the Thirty Years' War. The battle is considered by many to be the turning point of the perceived invincibility of the Spanish tercio.

Prelude

Map of the troop dispositions

The Habsburg Spanish army of about 27,000 men advanced from Flanders, through the Ardennes, and into northern France to relieve French pressure on the Franche-Comté and Catalonia. The Spanish troops set siege to Rocroi, which lay athwart the route to the valley of the Oise. The French, under the command of 21-year-old Louis, duc d'Enghien, reacted quickly and forced a battle before the arrival of 6,000 Spanish reinforcements. The Spanish failed to block the route to Rocroi, which passed through a defile bordered by woods and marsh. Enghien advanced through the defile and assembled his force along a ridge looking down on the besieged town of Rocroi. The Spanish quickly formed up between the town and the ridge. The French army, some 23,000 strong, was arranged with two lines of infantry in the center, squadrons of cavalry on each wing and with a thin line of artillery at the front. The Spanish army was similarly arranged, but with its infantry in their traditional tercios, or squares. The two armies bivouacked in their positions for the night.

Battle

Duc d'Enghien at the Battle of Rocroi

The battle began after dawn. The French army attacked, but the French infantry in the centre were bested by the Spanish. The cavalry on the French left, advancing against Enghien's orders, was also thrown back. But the cavalry on the French right, under the command of Jean de Gassion, routed the Spanish cavalry opposite. Enghien was able to follow this up by attacking the exposed left flank of the Spanish infantry. Spanish cavalry made a successful counter-attack to drive off the French cavalry, but were checked by the advance of the French reserve.

Enghien now carried out a huge cavalry encirclement, sweeping behind the Spanish army and smashing his way through to attack the rear of the Spanish cavalry, which was still in combat with his reserves. The Spanish horse was put to flight, leaving the Spanish infantry to carry on the fight. The French were twice repulsed by the stubborn Spanish squares, so Enghien arranged for his artillery and captured Spanish guns to blast them apart.

The German and Walloon tercios fled from the battlefield, while the Spanish remained on the field with their commander, repulsing four cavalry charges by the French and never breaking formation, despite repeated heavy artillery bombardment. Enghien then offered surrender conditions just like those obtained by a besieged garrison in a fortress. Having agreed to those terms, the remains of the two tercios left the field with deployed flags and weapons.^[4]

The total Spanish losses were about 7,000 dead, wounded, or captured. French losses were about 4,000.

Significance

The battle was an important personal victory for Mazarin, and established the reputation of the French general Enghien, the future "Grand Condé", but the Spanish were able to rapidly regroup and stabilize their positions.^[5] Despite this, the battle was of great symbolic importance because of the high reputation of the Army of Flanders.^[6]

It has been noted that Melo's German, Walloon, and Italian troops actually surrendered first, while the Spanish infantry surrendered only after standing hours of infantry and cavalry charges and a vicious spell under the French guns. They were given the treatment usually given to a fortress garrison and retired from the field with their arms, flags and honors.

Military intervention by Bourbon France had proved a very different matter from the Valois contests of the previous century; it was the new nature and weight of absolute monarchy in France which was now to encompass the downfall of Spanish imperial power in Europe.^[7] With the end of the Fronde, Cardinal Mazarin slowly turned the tide against the Spanish in France and in the Low Countries. Mazarin's alliance with England resulted in the defeat of the Spanish at the Battle of the Dunes and consequently the taking of Dunkirk in 1658, leading to the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659. Although Spain looked to be all-powerful in 1652, the peace settlement reflected the demise of Spain's mastery of Europe in the late 1650s.^[8]

In media

A 2006 Spanish movie, Alatriste, directed by Agustín Díaz Yanes, portrays this battle in its final scene. The soundtrack features in this scene a funeral march, La Madrugá, composed by Colonel Abel Moreno for the Holy Week of Seville, played by the band of the regiment Soria 9, heir of that which participated in the battle, the oldest unit in the Spanish Army, and since nicknamed "the bloody Tercio".

Museum

The sedan chair belonging to the elderly Spanish infantry general Fontaines (who was from the Spanish Netherlands - now Belgium - and was known to the Spanish as Fuentes) was taken as a trophy by the French and may be seen in the museum of Les Invalides in Paris. Fontaines was killed in the battle; Enghien is reported to have said, "Had I not won the day I wish I had died like him".

References

1. John Childs (2006). Warfare in the Seventeenth Century. Smithsonian Books. p. 74. ISBN 006089170X.
2. "Battle of Rocroi". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-01.
3. John Childs (2006). Warfare in the Seventeenth Century. Smithsonian Books. p. 75. ISBN 006089170X.
4. Agustín Pacheco Fernández, Rocroi, el último tercio. Spain: Galland Books, 2011. pp. 15-17
5. Jeremy Black European Warfare, 1494-1660, Psychology Press, 2002,p 147
6. Jeremy Black European Warfare, 1494-1660, Psychology Press, 2002,p 147
7. Perry Anderson (23 April 2013). Lineages of the Absolutist State (Verso World History Series). Verso Books. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-78168-054-4. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
8. William Young (1 September 2004). International Politics And Warfare In The Age Of Louis Xiv And Peter The Great: A Guide To The Historical Literature. iUniverse. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-595-32992-2. Retrieved 28 April 2013.

Further reading

• Dupuy, Trevor N. (1993). Harper Encyclopedia of Military History. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-270056-1.
• Stephane Thion (2013). Rocroi 1643: The Victory of Youth. Histoire et Collections. ISBN 978-2352502555.