Christ of Saint John of the Cross
 | |
| Artist | Salvador Dalí |
|---|---|
| Year | 1951 |
| Medium | Oil on canvas |
| Dimensions | 205 cm × 116 cm (80.7 in × 45.67 in) |
| Location | Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, Glasgow |
Christ of Saint John of the Cross is a painting by Salvador Dalí made in 1951. It depicts Jesus Christ on the cross in a darkened sky floating over a body of water complete with a boat and fishermen. Although it is a depiction of the crucifixion, it is devoid of nails, blood, and a crown of thorns, because, according to Dalí, he was convinced by a dream that these features would mar his depiction of Christ. Also in a dream, the importance of depicting Christ in the extreme angle evident in the painting was revealed to him.
Title
The painting is known as the Christ of Saint John of the Cross, because its design is based on a drawing by the 16th-century Spanish friar John of the Cross. The composition of Christ is also based on a triangle and circle (the triangle is formed by Christ's arms; the circle is formed by Christ's head). The triangle, since it has three sides, can be seen as a reference to the Trinity, and the circle may be an allusion to Platonic thought. The circle represents Unity: all things do exist in the "three" but in the four, merry they be.[1]
Inspiration
On the bottom of his studies for the painting, Dalí explained its inspiration: "In the first place, in 1950, I had a 'cosmic dream' in which I saw this image in colour and which in my dream represented the 'nucleus of the atom.' This nucleus later took on a metaphysical sense; I considered it 'the very unity of the universe,' the Christ!"[2]
In order to create the figure of Christ, Dalí had Hollywood stuntman Russell Saunders suspended from an overhead gantry, so he could see how the body would appear from the desired angle [3] and also envisage the pull of gravity on the human body. The depicted body of water is the bay of Port Lligat, Dalí's residence at the time of the painting.[4]
History
The painting and intellectual property rights were acquired for Glasgow Corporation in the early 1950s by Tom Honeyman, then the Director of Glasgow Museums. Honeyman got the painting for £8,200, a price considered high at the time although it was less than the £12,000 catalogue price, and included the copyright, which has earned Glasgow Museums back the original cost many times over.[5]
The purchase was controversial. A petition against the purchase, arguing that the money should be spent on exhibition space for local artists, was presented to the City Council by students at Glasgow School of Art.[6] The controversy caused Honeyman and Dalí to become friends, corresponding with each other for many years after the original events.[3]
The painting first went on display at the city's Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum on 23 June 1952. In 1961, a visitor attacked the painting with a stone and tore the canvas with his hands.[7] It was successfully restored over several months by conservators at Kelvingrove and returned to public display.[8] In 1993, the painting was moved to the city's St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art, but returned to Kelvingrove for its reopening in July 2006. It won a poll to decide Scotland's favourite painting in 2006, with 29% of the vote.[9]
Critical reception
This painting has continued to generate controversy. At the time of its purchase by Honeyman, the verdict by Modern Art critics was that producing such a traditional painting was a stunt by an artist already famous for his surrealist art.[5] In 2009 the Guardian art critic, Jonathan Jones, described it as "kitsch and lurid," but noted that the painting was "for better or worse, probably the most enduring vision of the crucifixion painted in the 20th century."[10]
In May 2013, in BBC Radio 4's Great Lives, British poet John Cooper Clarke described this image as being utterly different from any other image of the crucifixion, as the angle of view conveys the hanging pain of this method of execution, whilst hiding the ordinarily clichéd facial expressions normally seen in such depictions.[11]
Spanish offer
The Spanish government is said to have offered £80 million ($127 million USD) for the painting, but the offer was turned down.[12]
References
- ↑ Gaultier, Alyse. The Little Book of Dalí. Paris: Flammarion, 2004.
- ↑ Descharnes, Robert. Dalí. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 2003.
- 1 2 Davies, Gill Davies (23 June 2011). "Scotland's favourite painting: Dali's Christ of St John of the Cross". BBC Scotland.
- ↑ Meisler, Stanley (April 2005). "The Surreal World of Salvador Dalí". Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2014-07-12.
- 1 2 "Salvador Dali's 'Christ of St John of the Cross' Scotland's Favorite". Art Knowledge News. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
- ↑ "Controversy". Glasgow Museums. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ↑ "Dali painting to be shown in New York. "Special Insurance" by Exhibitor". The Glasgow Herald. 22 September 1965. p. 5. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- ↑ Polly Smith, Senior Conservator (8 Jul 2011). How to Restore a Salvador Dali Masterpiece. Glasgow Museums. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ↑ "Salvador Dali's 'Christ of St John of the Cross' Wins Herald Poll", GlasgowMuseums.com, August 30, 2005.
- ↑ Jones, Jonathan (27 January 2009). "Kitsch and lurid but also a glimpse of a strange soul". The Guardian.
- ↑ "BBC Radio 4 - Great Lives, Series 30, Salvador Dali". Great Lives. BBC. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
- ↑ Ross, Peter (2 July 2006). "Palace of dreams — That's how Kelvingrove was described ...". The Glasgow Herald. Retrieved 18 February 2015.