First Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress
Thirteen Colonies
First Continental Congress 1774
Type
Type	Unicameral
History
Preceded by	Stamp Act Congress
Succeeded by	Second Continental Congress
Leadership
President of Congress	Peyton Randolph Henry Middleton
Secretary	Charles Thomson
Seats	56 from 12 colonies (excluding Georgia)
Meeting place
Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia

The First Continental Congress was a meeting of delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies that met on September 5 to October 26, 1774, at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, early in the American Revolution. It was called in response to "The passage of the Coercive Acts" (also known as Intolerable Acts by the Colonial Americans) by the British Parliament. The Intolerable Acts had punished Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party.

The Congress was attended by 56 delegates. The Pennsylvania delegation was appointed by the colonial assembly. Georgia declined to send delegates because they were hoping for British assistance with Native American problems on their frontier and did not want to upset the British.^[1]

The Congress met briefly to consider options, including an economic boycott of British trade; rights and grievances; and petitioned King George III for redress of those grievances.

The Congress also called for another Continental Congress in the event that their petition was unsuccessful in halting enforcement of the Intolerable Acts. Their appeal to the Crown had no effect, and so the Second Continental Congress was convened the following year to organize the defense of the colonies at the onset of the American Revolutionary War. The delegates also urged each colony to set up and train its own militia.

Convention

Carpenters' Hall

The Congress met from September 5 to October 26, 1774. Peyton Randolph presided over the proceedings; Henry Middleton took over as President of the Congress for the last few days, from October 22 to October 26. Charles Thomson, leader of Philadelphia Committee of Correspondence, was selected to be Secretary of the Continental Congress.^[2]

The delegates who attended the Congress were not of one mind concerning why they were there. Conservatives, such as Joseph Galloway, John Dickinson, John Jay, and Edward Rutledge, believed their task to be the forging of common policies to pressure Parliament to rescind its unreasonable acts. Their ultimate goal was to develop a reasonable solution to the difficulties and bring about reconciliation between the colonies and Great Britain. Radicals, such as Patrick Henry, Roger Sherman, Samuel Adams, and John Adams, believed their task to be the development of a decisive statement of the rights and liberties of the Colonies. Their ultimate goal was to end the perceived abuses of parliamentary authority, and to retain, in the empire and under the king if possible, the constitutional rights which were claimed on the basis of the colonial charters and the English constitution.^[3]

Among the radicals, Sherman denied altogether the legislative authority of Parliament and Henry was of the opinion that the Congress needed to develop a completely new system of governance, independent from Great Britain, for the existing colonial governments were already dissolved.^[4] To counter these ideas, Galloway put forward a "Plan of Union", which suggested an American legislative body be formed, with some authority, and whose consent would be required for imperial measures.^[4][5]

Declaration and Resolves

In the end, the voices of reconciliation and compromise carried the day. Rather than precipitate rebellion by calling for independence, the First Continental Congress, in its Declaration and Resolves, passed and signed the Continental Association, which called for a boycott of British goods to take effect in December 1774. It requested that local Committees of Safety enforce the boycott and regulate local prices for goods. These resolutions adopted by the Congress did not acknowledge the legal power of Parliament even to regulate trade, but consented, nonetheless, to the operation of acts for that purpose. Furthermore, they did not repudiate control by the royal prerogative, which was explicitly acknowledged in the Petition to the King a few days later.

Accomplishments

The Congress had two primary accomplishments. The first was a compact among the colonies to boycott British goods beginning on December 1, 1774.^[6] The West Indies were threatened with a boycott unless the islands agreed to nonimportation of British goods.^[7] Imports from Britain dropped by 97 percent in 1775, compared with the previous year.^[6] Committees of observation and inspection were to be formed in each colony for enforcement of the Association. All of the colonial Houses of Assembly approved the proceedings of the congress with the exception of New York.^[8]

If the "Intolerable Acts" were not repealed, the colonies would also cease exports to Britain after September 10, 1775.^[6] The boycott was successfully implemented, but its potential for altering British colonial policy was cut off by the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. The colonists were forced to quarter British soldiers, and feed them.

The second accomplishment of the Congress was to provide for a Second Continental Congress to meet on May 10, 1775. In addition to the colonies which had sent delegates to the First Continental Congress, the Congress resolved on October 21, 1774, to send letters of invitation to Quebec, Saint John's Island (now Prince Edward Island), Nova Scotia, Georgia, East Florida, and West Florida.^[9] However, letters appear to have been sent only to Quebec (three letters in all). None of these other colonies sent delegates to the opening of the second Congress, though a delegation from Georgia arrived the following July.^[10]

List of delegates

#	Name	Colony	Notes
1	Folsom, NathanielNathaniel Folsom	New Hampshire
2	Sullivan, JohnJohn Sullivan	New Hampshire	3rd and 5th Governor of New Hampshire, general in the Continental Army
3	Adams, JohnJohn Adams	Massachusetts	Lawyer, first vice-president of the United States, and second President
4	Adams, SamuelSamuel Adams	Massachusetts	"Father of the American Revolution," cousin of John Adams
5	Cushing, ThomasThomas Cushing	Massachusetts
6	Paine, Robert TreatRobert Treat Paine	Massachusetts
7	Hopkins, StephenStephen Hopkins	Rhode Island	Authored pamphlet: 'The Rights of the Colonies"
8	Ward, SamuelSamuel Ward	Rhode Island
9	Deane, SilasSilas Deane	Connecticut
10	Dyer, EliphaletEliphalet Dyer	Connecticut
11	Sherman, RogerRoger Sherman	Connecticut	Created the Great Compromise and Three-Fifths Compromise at the Constitutional Convention, Congressman, and a member of the Committee of Five who presented the Declaration of Independence
12	Duane, JamesJames Duane	New York
13	Jay, JohnJohn Jay	New York	Lawyer; First Chief Justice of the United States, co-wrote The Federalist Papers
14	Livingston, PhilipPhilip Livingston	New York
15	Low, IsaacIsaac Low	New York
16	Boerum, SimonSimon Boerum	New York
17	Haring, JohnJohn Haring	New York
18	Wisner, HenryHenry Wisner	New York
19	Floyd, WilliamWilliam Floyd	New York
20	Alsop, JohnJohn Alsop	New York
21	Crane, StephenStephen Crane	New Jersey
22	De Hart, JohnJohn De Hart	New Jersey
23	Kinsey, JamesJames Kinsey	New Jersey
24	Livingston, WilliamWilliam Livingston	New Jersey
25	Smith, RichardRichard Smith	New Jersey
26	Biddle, EdwardEdward Biddle	Pennsylvania
27	Dickinson, JohnJohn Dickinson	Pennsylvania	author of Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
28	Galloway, JosephJoseph Galloway	Pennsylvania	Originator of the Galloway Plan of Union
29	Humphreys, CharlesCharles Humphreys	Pennsylvania
30	Mifflin, ThomasThomas Mifflin	Pennsylvania	Later served as the first governor of Pennsylvania; Quartermaster general of the U.S. Army
31	Morton, JohnJohn Morton	Pennsylvania
32	Rhoads, SamuelSamuel Rhoads	Pennsylvania
33	Ross, GeorgeGeorge Ross	Pennsylvania
34	McKean, ThomasThomas McKean	Delaware
35	Read, GeorgeGeorge Read	Delaware
36	Rodney, CaesarCaesar Rodney	Delaware
37	Chase, SamuelSamuel Chase	Maryland	Future Associate Justice on the Supreme Court
38	Goldsborough, RobertRobert Goldsborough	Maryland
39	Johnson, ThomasThomas Johnson	Maryland
40	Paca, WilliamWilliam Paca	Maryland
41	Tilghman, MatthewMatthew Tilghman	Maryland
42	Bland, RichardRichard Bland	Virginia
43	Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison	Virginia	Later served as the fifth governor of Virginia; father of President William Henry Harrison and great-grandfather of President Benjamin Harrison
44	Henry, PatrickPatrick Henry	Virginia	Prominent Virginian lawyer, creator of the 'Virginia Stamp Act Resolutions'.
45	Lee, Richard HenryRichard Henry Lee	Virginia	Would later submit movement for independence from Britain at the Second Continental Congress.
46	Pendleton, EdmundEdmund Pendleton	Virginia
47	Randolph, PeytonPeyton Randolph	Virginia	Presided over this first gathering of a Congress.
48	Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington	Virginia	Future commander of the Continental Army, and first president of the United States
49	Caswell, RichardRichard Caswell	North Carolina
50	Hewes, JosephJoseph Hewes	North Carolina	Secretary of Naval Affairs Committee in 1776
51	Hooper, WilliamWilliam Hooper	North Carolina
52	Gadsden, ChristopherChristopher Gadsden	South Carolina
53	Lynch, Jr., ThomasThomas Lynch, Jr.	South Carolina
54	Middleton, HenryHenry Middleton	South Carolina
55	Rutledge, EdwardEdward Rutledge	South Carolina
56	Rutledge, JohnJohn Rutledge	South Carolina	2nd Chief Justice, Associate Justice; 1st Governor of South Carolina

See also

• List of delegates to the Continental and Confederation congresses
• Papers of the Continental Congress
• Timeline of United States revolutionary history (1760–1789)

Notes

1. Ferling, John. (2003). A Leap in the Dark. Oxford University Press. p. 112.
2. Risjord, Norman K. (2002). Jefferson's America, 1760-1815. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 114.
3. McLaughlin, Andrew C. (1936). "A constitutional History of the United States". New York, London: D. Appleton-Century Company. pp. 83–90. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
4. Greene, Evarts Boutell (1922). The Foundations of American Nationality. American Book Company. p. 434.
5. Miller, Marion Mills (1913). Great Debates in American Hist: From the Debates in the British Parliament on the Colonial Stamp. Current Literature Pub. Co. p. 91.
6. Kramnick, Isaac (ed); Thomas Paine (1982). Common Sense. Penguin Classics. p. 21.
7. Ketchum, pg. 262
8. Launitz-Schurer pg. 144
9. Worthington C. Ford, Library of Congress (United States); et al., eds. (1774 (printed 1901)). Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789. p. 101. Retrieved Feb 7, 2010. Check date values in: |date= (help)
10. Worthington C. Ford; et al. (eds.). Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. pp. 2:192–193.

References

• Bancroft, George. History of the United States of America, from the discovery of the American continent. (1854–78), vol 4-10 online edition
• Burnett, Edmund C. (1975) [1941]. The Continental Congress. Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 0-8371-8386-3.
• Henderson, H. James (2002) [1974]. Party Politics in the Continental Congress. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8191-6525-5.
• Launitz-Schurer, Loyal Whigs and Revolutionaries, The making of the revolution in New York, 1765-1776, 1980, ISBN 0-8147-4994-1
• Ketchum, Richard, Divided Loyalties, How the American Revolution came to New York, 2002, ISBN 0-8050-6120-7
• Miller, John C. Origins of the American Revolution (1943) online edition
• Puls, Mark, Samuel Adams, father of the American Revolution, 2006, ISBN 1-4039-7582-5
• Montross, Lynn (1970) [1950]. The Reluctant Rebels; the Story of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-389-03973-X.

Primary sources

• Peter Force, ed. American Archives, 9 vol 1837-1853, major compilation of documents 1774-1776. online edition

External links

• Full text of Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789
• Papers of the Continental Congress (Digitized Original Documents)