John Galsworthy

John Galsworthy
Born	14 August 1867 Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, England, UK
Died	31 January 1933 (aged 65) London, England, UK
Occupation	Writer
Citizenship	British
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Literature 1932
Signature

John Galsworthy OM (/ˈɡɔːlzwɜːrði/; 14 August 1867 – 31 January 1933) was an English novelist and playwright. Notable works include The Forsyte Saga (1906–1921) and its sequels, A Modern Comedy and End of the Chapter. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1932.

Life

Galsworthy was born at what is now known as Galsworthy House (then called Parkhurst)^[1] on Kingston Hill in Surrey, England, the son of John and Blanche Bailey (née Bartleet) Galsworthy. His family was prosperous and well established, with a large property in Kingston upon Thames that is now the site of three schools: Marymount International School, Rokeby Preparatory School, and Holy Cross Preparatory School. He attended Harrow and New College, Oxford, after which he trained as a barrister and was called to the bar in 1890. However, he was not keen to begin practising law and instead travelled abroad to look after the family's shipping business. During these travels he met Joseph Conrad, then the first mate of a sailing-ship moored in the harbour of Adelaide, Australia, and the two future novelists became close friends. In 1895 Galsworthy began an affair with Ada Nemesis Pearson Cooper (1864–1956), the wife of his cousin Major Arthur Galsworthy. After her divorce ten years later, they were married on 23 September 1905 and stayed together until his death in 1933. Before their marriage, they often stayed clandestinely in a farmhouse called Wingstone in the village of Manaton on Dartmoor, Devon.^[2] In 1908 Galsworthy took a long lease on part of the building and it was their regular second home until 1923.^[2]

From the Four Winds, a collection of short stories, was Galsworthy's first published work in 1897. These and several subsequent works were published under the pen name of John Sinjohn, and it was not until The Island Pharisees (1904) that he began publishing under his own name, probably owing to the recent death of his father. His first full-length novel, Jocelyn, was published in an edition of 750 under the name of John Sinjohn – he later refused to have it republished. His first play, The Silver Box (1906),^[3] – in which the theft of a prostitute's purse by a rich 'young man of good family' is placed beside the theft of a silver cigarette case from the rich man's father's house by 'a poor devil', with very different repercussions^[4] – became a success, and he followed it up with The Man of Property (1906), the first book of a Forsyte trilogy. Although he continued writing both plays and novels, it was as a playwright that he was mainly appreciated at the time. Along with those of other writers of the period, such as George Bernard Shaw, his plays addressed the class system and other social issues, two of the best known being Strife (1909) and The Skin Game (1920).

John Galsworthy

He is now far better known for his novels, particularly The Forsyte Saga, his trilogy about the eponymous family and connected lives. These books, as with many of his other works, deal with social class, and upper-middle class lives in particular. Although sympathetic to his characters, he highlights their insular, snobbish, and acquisitive attitudes and their suffocating moral codes. He is viewed as one of the first writers of the Edwardian era who challenged some of the ideals of society depicted in the preceding literature of Victorian England. The depiction of a woman in an unhappy marriage furnishes another recurring theme in his work. The character of Irene in The Forsyte Saga is drawn from Ada Pearson, though her previous marriage was not as miserable as that of the character.

Through his writings Galsworthy campaigned for a variety of causes, including prison reform, women's rights, and animal welfare, and also against censorship. During the First World War he worked in a hospital in France as an orderly, after being passed over for military service, and in 1917 turned down a knighthood, for which he was nominated by Prime Minister David Lloyd George, on the precept that a writer's reward comes simply from writing itself.^[5] In 1921 he was elected as the first president of the PEN International literary club and was appointed to the Order of Merit in 1929 and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1932 after he had been nominated that year by Henrik Schück, a member of the Swedish Academy.^[6] He was too ill to attend the Nobel awards ceremony and died six weeks later.

Galsworthy lived for the final seven years of his life at Bury in West Sussex. He died from a brain tumour at his London home, Grove Lodge, Hampstead. In accordance with his will he was cremated at Woking, with his ashes then being scattered over the South Downs from an aeroplane,^[7] but there are also memorials to him in Highgate 'New' Cemetery^[8] and in the cloisters of New College, Oxford,^[9] cut by Eric Gill.^[10][11] The popularity of his fiction waned quickly after his death but the hugely successful television adaptation of The Forsyte Saga in 1967 renewed interest in his work.

A number of John Galsworthy's letters and papers are held at the University of Birmingham Special Collections.

In 2007, Kingston University opened a new building named in recognition of his local birth. Galsworthy Road in Kingston, the location of Kingston Hospital, is also named for him.

Adaptations

Bury House, Galsworthy's West Sussex home.

The Forsyte Saga has been filmed several times:

• That Forsyte Woman (1949), dir. by Compton Bennett, an MGM adaptation in which Errol Flynn played a rare villainous role as Soames.
• BBC television drama (1967), directed by James Cellan Jones, David Giles, starring Eric Porter, Nyree Dawn Porter, Kenneth More, and Susan Hampshire, 26 parts
• Granada television drama (2002), dir. by Christopher Menaul, starring Gina McKee, Damian Lewis, Rupert Graves, and Corin Redgrave, 13 parts.

The Skin Game was adapted and directed by Alfred Hitchcock in 1931. It starred C.V. France, Helen Haye, Jill Esmond, Edmund Gwenn, and John Longden.

Escape was filmed in 1930 and 1948. The latter was directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, starring Rex Harrison, Peggy Cummins, and William Hartnell. The screenplay was by Philip Dunne.

One More River (a film version of Galsworthy's Over the River) was filmed by James Whale in 1934. The film starred Frank Lawton, Colin Clive (one of Whale's most frequently used actors) and Diana Wynyard, and featured Mrs. Patrick Campbell in a rare sound film appearance.

The First and the Last, a short play, was adapted as 21 Days, starring Vivien Leigh and Laurence Olivier.

Galsworthy's short story The Apple Tree was adapted into a radio play for Orson Welles' Lady Esther Almanac radio series on CBS, first broadcast on 12 January 1942; the play was again produced by Welles for CBS on The Mercury Summer Theatre of 6 September 1946. The 1988 film A Summer Story was also based on The Apple Tree.

The NBC University Theater aired radio adaptations of his plays Justice on 31 October 1948 and The Patrician on 26 February 1950.

Selected works

From the Four Winds, 1897 (as John Sinjohn) Jocelyn, 1898 (as John Sinjohn) Villa Rubein, 1900 (as John Sinjohn) A Man of Devon, 1901 (as John Sinjohn) The Island Pharisees, 1904 The Silver Box, 1906 (his first play) The Man of Property, 1906 – first book of The Forsyte Saga (1922) The Country House, 1907 A Commentary, 1908 Fraternity, 1909 A Justification for the Censorship of Plays, 1909 Strife, 1909 Fraternity, 1909 Joy, 1909 Justice, 1910 A Motley, 1910 The Spirit of Punishment, 1910 Horses in Mines, 1910 The Patrician, 1911 The Little Dream, 1911 The Pigeon, 1912 The Eldest Son, 1912 Quality, 1912 Moods, Songs, and Doggerels, 1912 For Love of Beasts, 1912 The Inn of Tranquillity, 1912 The Dark Flower, 1913 The Fugitive, 1913 The Mob, 1914 The Freelands, 1915 The Little Man, 1915 A Bit o' Love, 1915 A Sheaf, 1916 The Apple Tree, 1916 The Foundations, 1917 Beyond, 1917 Five Tales, 1918 Indian Summer of a Forsyte, 1918 – first interlude of The Forsyte Saga Saint's Progress, 1919 Addresses in America, 1912 In Chancery, 1920 – second book of The Forsyte Saga Awakening, 1920 – second interlude of The Forsyte Saga The Skin Game, 1920

To Let, 1921 – third book of The Forsyte Saga A Family Man, 1922 The Little Man, 1922 Loyalties, 1922 Windows, 1922 Captures, 1923 Abracadabra, 1924 The Forest, 1924 Old English, 1924 The White Monkey, 1924 – first book of A Modern Comedy (1929) The Show, 1925 Escape, 1926 The Silver Spoon, 1926 – second book of A Modern Comedy Verses New and Old, 1926 Castles in Spain, 1927 A Silent Wooing, 1927 – first Interlude of A Modern Comedy Passers By, 1927 – second Interlude of A Modern Comedy Swan Song, 1928 – third book of A Modern Comedy The Manaton Edition, 1923–26 (collection, 30 vols.) Exiled, 1929 The Roof, 1929 On Forsyte 'Change, 1930 Two Essays on Conrad, 1930 Soames and the Flag, 1930 The Creation of Character in Literature, 1931 (The Romanes Lecture for 1931). Maid in Waiting, 1931 – first book of End of the Chapter (1934) Forty Poems, 1932 Flowering Wilderness, 1932 – second book of End of the Chapter Autobiographical Letters of Galsworthy: A Correspondence with Frank Harris, 1933 One More River (originally Over the River), 1933 – third book of End of the Chapter The Grove Edition, 1927–34 (collection, 27 Vols.) Collected Poems, 1934 Punch and Go, 1935 The Life and Letters, 1935 The Winter Garden, 1935 Forsytes, Pendyces and Others, 1935 Selected Short Stories, 1935 Glimpses and Reflections, 1937 Galsworthy's Letters to Leon Lion, 1968 Letters from John Galsworthy 1900–1932, 1970 Caravan the assembled tales of John Galsworthy, New York Charles Scribner's Sons 1925

Notes and references

1. Cherry, Bridget and Pevsner, Nikolaus (1983). The Buildings of England, London 2: South. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books. p. 321. ISBN 0 14 071047 7.
2. Cooper, Robert M. (1998). The Literary Guide & Companion to Southern England. Ohio University Press. pp. 323–324. ISBN 0-8214-1225-6. Retrieved 25 September 2008.
3. The Silver Box, WorldCat
4. Description of the plot from John Galsworthy, by George Orwell, Monde 23 March 1929
5. "Masterpiece Theatre - The Forsyte Saga, Series I - Essays + Interviews - John Galsworthy
   (see ¶ 6)". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)(US). Retrieved 9 August 2015.
6. http://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show.php?id=8574
7. Geoffrey Harvey, Galsworthy, John (1867–1933), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2006, accessed 29 July 2012
8. Other Writers. www.poetsgraves.co.uk
9. John Galsworthy (1867–1933). Findagrave.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-29.
10. A History of the Workshop at the Wayback Machine (archived 11 January 2010). kindersleyworkshop.co.uk
11. MacCarthy, Fiona (1989). Eric Gill. Faber & Faber. p. 276. ISBN 0-571-14302-4.

Further reading

• Reznick, Jeffrey S. (2009). John Galsworthy and Disabled Soldiers of the Great War. Manchester University Press.

External links

Sources

• Works by John Galsworthy at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about John Galsworthy at Internet Archive
• Works by John Galsworthy at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• The Forsyte Chronicles at eBooks@Adelaide
• Works by John Galsworthy at Open Library
  

Biographical

• John Galsworthy at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
• Interview with Galsworthy biographer Jeffrey Reznick on "New Books in History."
• John Galsworthy letters. Available online through Lehigh University's I Remain: A Digital Archive of Letters, Manuscripts, and Ephemera.