Gorani people

Not to be confused with Guran (Kurdish tribe).
Gorani
Горанци

Gorani on Gora map
Total population
(60,000 (est.)[1])
Regions with significant populations
 Kosovo 10,265 (2011 census)[2]
 Serbia 7,767 (2011 census)[3]
 Macedonia 10,000+
 Albania 2,000+
 Croatia 428 (2011 census)[4]
 Montenegro 197 (2011 census)[5]
Languages
Našinski dialect, Bosnian, Serbian, Albanian
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Bosniaks, Bulgarians, Torbeši, Pomaks, Serbs[6][7][8][9]

The Goranci (meaning "highlanders", [ɡɔrǎːntsi]; Serbian Cyrillic: Горанци) or Gorani (pronounced [ɡɔ̌rani]; Горани) are a Slavic Muslim ethnic group inhabiting the Gora region - the triangle between Kosovo,[lower-alpha 1] Albania, and the Republic of Macedonia. They number an estimated 60,000 people, and speak a transitional South Slavic dialect, called Našinski (simply meaning 'ours').

Ethnography

The ethnonym Gorani, meaning "highlanders", is derived from the Slavic toponym gora, which means "hill, mountain". Another autonym of this people is Našinci,[10] which literally means "our people, our ones".

They have been claimed by Bosniaks, Bulgarians, Macedonians and Serbs but the general view is that they should be treated as a distinct minority group, which is their own view of themselves.[11][12] By the last censuses at the end of 20th century in Yugoslavia they have declared themselves to be Muslims by nationality.[13]

In the mid-1980s, the Macedonian press labeled them Torbeši (Macedonian Muslims).[13]

In Albania, they are known by the Albanians with several exonyms, pejoratives, such as Bulgareci ("Bulgarians"),[14] Torbeshë ("bag carriers"), Poturë ("turkified", from po-tur, literally not Turk but, "turkified", used for Islamized Slavs)[15] and Goran.

The Gorani know of their Orthodox Christian origin.[16] They have historically worked as pečalbari (migrant workers), exclusively in cities, throughout the Ottoman Empire in cities such as Istanbul and Thessaloniki, among others.[17]

In Gora, the Gorani have mostly resisted "Bosniakization" through their insistence on having Serbian language in their schools.[18] In other areas of the Šar Mountains, Slavic Muslims declare either as Muslims by ethnicity or as Bosniaks.

Population

Former Gora municipality in AP Kosovo and Metohija, SR Serbia, marked in blue.

In Kosovo, the Gorani number 10,265 inhabitants,[2] which is drastically lower than before the Kosovo War. In 1998, it was estimated that their total population number was at least 50,000.[19]

Most Gorani state that the unstable situation and economic issues drive them to leave Kosovo. There is also some mention of threats and discrimination by ethnic Albanians.[20] The UN administration in Kosovo, UNMIK, has redrawn internal boundaries in the province in such a way that a Gorani-majority municipality no longer exists. The Gora municipality was combined with the neighboring Albanian-inhabited region of Opolje (some 20,000 people) into a new subdivision named Dragaš, which now has an Albanian majority.

Settlements

In Kosovo, there are 19 Gorani-inhabited villages: Baćka, Brod, Vranište, Globočnica, Gornja Rapča, Gornji Krstac, Dikance, Donja Rapča, Donji Krstac, Dragaš, Zli Potok, Kruševo, Kukuljane, Lještane, Ljubošte, Mlike, Orčuša, Radeša and Restelica.[21]

In Albania, there are 9 Gorani-inhabited villages: Šištec, Orešek, Crneljevo, Borje, Orgosta, Košarišta, Pakiša, Zapod and Ociklje.[21]

In the Republic of Macedonia, there are 3 Gorani-inhabited villages: Jelovjane, Urvič and Novo Selo.[21]

History

A Gorani boy in a folk costume

Gora in the Middle Ages

After the split of the Roman Empire, the Balkans remained under the Eastern Roman Empire. The mountainous region of Gora was populated by Sklavenoi in the 6th and 7th centuries. The area was annexed by the First Bulgarian Empire in the 9th century. The Byzantine Empire subsequently regained the region. By 1018, Basil II had established the Archbishopric of Ohrid, which included an eparchy in Brod, which held the whole Prizren region.[22] In the 1090s, Serbian Grand Prince Vukan (r. 1091–1112) raided Kosovo and along the Vardar,[23] including this region for a few years. In 1204, the region is briefly occupied by the Second Bulgarian Empire.[22] In 1215, Prizren and the neighbouring župas (counties) are under the rule of Serbian King Stefan the First-Crowned (r. 1196–1228).[22] In the beginning of the 14th century, during the Serbian Kingdom, a sevastokrator Pavle was the lord in Gora.[22] Serbian Emperor Stephen Dušan the Mighty (r. 1331-1355) granted (metochion) the settlement of Gora, along with seven other villages that are presently inhabited by Gorani, to the Monastery of the Holy Archangels in Prizren, in an edict dated to 1348. Jovan and Constantine Dragaš of the Dejanović family held the region prior to the first Ottoman conquests of Serbia, during the fall of the Serbian Empire.[22] Vuk Branković added Prizren, Gora and the other northern Šar župas to his district,[22] between 1371 (after the Battle of Maritsa) and 1378 (the death of Đurađ Balšić).[24]

Ottoman era

In 1455, the southern territories of the Serbian Despotate were annexed by the Ottomans, and organized into the beylerbeylik of Rumelia. Gora became a nahiyah of the Sanjak of Prizren.[22] The Ottoman conquest resulted in the old trade routes that linked the Adriatic to the Aegean and Black Sea losing their importance because of the insecurity on the roads, and the towns and villages along the roads stopped growing.[22] Gora initially successfully resisted Islamization.[22] The Ottoman defter from 1591 registers Gora as inhabited exclusively by Serbs, while Opolje to the north is Albanian populated.[25] The Habsburgs under General Piccolomini marched into Prizren and its surroundings in October 1689.[22] Gora supported the Habsburgs, in order to get rid of the Ottomans.[22] After the death of Piccolomini and abandonment of the Habsburg campaign, the region was recaptured by the Ottomans, and punitive atrocities were committed against the Serbian population, including Gora.[22] In the 18th century, a wave of Islamization began in Gora.[22] The Ottoman abolition of the Archbishoprics of Ohrid and Pech in 1766/1767 is thought to have prompted the Islamization of Gora as was the trend of many Balkan communities.[26] The settling of Albanians in the Prizren region began in 1815.[22] The last Christian Gorani, Božana, died in the 19th century - she has received a cult, signifying the Gorani's Christian heritage, collected by Russian consuls Anastasiev and Yastrebov in the second half of the 19th century.[22]

Modern

In the Kingdom of Serbia, the Gorani were exempted from taxes by royal decree due to their position and importance.[22] In the First Balkan War in 1912 the Serbian Army seized Gora. A minor part of the Gorani population migrated to Turkey as a result. In the 1916–1918 First World War the Gora was conquered by the Central Powers and assigned to the Bulgarian (until May 1916)[27] and to the Austro-Hungarian (until October 1918) zone. After 1918 they were integrated into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The troubles during First World War, as well as the difficult period between 1919-20 were characterized by drought, causing famine and much poverty for the Gorani. This paradigm also incited migrations to Kosovo's larger city, Prizren and Tetovo in Macedonia. Disease and hunger in the post-communist era in Albania have caused a general downfall of the Gorani population, mostly due to in-migration out of villages for urban centers like Shkodra and Tirana.

In 1925, the final border between Serbia and Albania was demarcated by the decision of the League of Nations, on the demand of Fascist Italy. Over 15,000 Gorani now lived within Albania, in the villages of Borje, Cernalevë, Kosharisht, Novosoj, Orqiklje, Orgjost, Oreshkë, Pakisht, Shishtavec, Zapod, despite their desire to remain undivided with their kin.

In the 1939 census of Yugoslavia, the Gorani were in the category of "non-Slavs" shared by Albanians and Turks, probably due to their religion.[13] In 1949, ethnic Albanian officials in the Yugoslav government, headed by Fadil Hoxha, launched a forced assimilation plan for the Gorani,[22] and they managed to Albanianize the personal names of the Gorani (e.g. Hasanović - Hasani).[13][22]

In the 1971 and 1981 censuses, the majority of Gorani declared themselves as "Muslims by nationality".[13]

Kosovo War

The Kosovo Liberation Army exercised particularly strong pressue on the Goranci, disallowing them to practise their language at schools and in everyday life in order to misrepresent them as Albanians.[28] To this day, the Gorani have resisted the pressure, and in fact Albanian nationalist persecution appears to have had the opposite of the intended effect, strengthening Gorani identity.

After the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia which began on March 24, the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) subsequently took over administration of AP Kosovo and Metohija. The Gora municipality was disestablished, and a new municipality was formed which joined Gora with neighbouring Albanian-inhabited Opolje into the new "Dragash" municipality, in which Albanians constituted the majority.

In 1999 and over the years altogether, between 5,000[29] and 10,000[30] Gorani have fled to Serbia proper and other countries along with many Serb and Romani refugees.

Contemporary

In 2007 the Kosovar provisional institutions opened a school in Gora to teach the Bosnian language, which sparked minor consternation amongst the Gorani population, added by the fact that the Principal declares as an Albanian. Many Gorani refuse to send their children to school for threats of assimilation and self-initially founded home schools for their young.

The Gorani people have stated that they want Gora (a former municipality with Gorani majority that was merged with the Albanian-inhabited Opolje to form the Dragaš municipality which has an Albanian majority) to join the Community of Serb municipalities. On 3 November 2013 70% voted in favour of establishing the Gora municipality as part of the Community of Serb municipalities, according to Gorani political leader Safet Kuši.[31]

Culture

Traditions

The Goranci are known for being "the best confectioners and bakers" in former Yugoslavia.[32]

The Slavs of Gora were Christianized in 870 following the Byzantine Empire's baptism of the Serbs and Bulgarians. The Ottomans conquered the region in the 14th century, which started the process of Islamization of the Gorani and neighbouring Albanians. However, the Gorani still tangentially observe some Orthodox Christian traditions, such as Slavas and Djurdjevden.

Traditional Gorani folk music includes a two-beat dance called "oro" ('circle'), which is a circle dance focused on the foot movements: it always starts on the right foot and moves in an anti-clockwise direction. The Oro is usually accompanied by instruments such as curlje, kaval, čiftelija or tapan, and singing is used less frequently in the dances than in those of the Serbs.

The "national" sport of Pelivona is a form of Oil wrestling is popular among Gorani with regular tournaments being held in the outdoors to the accompaniment of Curlje and Tapan with associated ritualized hand gestures and dances, with origins in the Middle East through the Ottoman Empire's conquest of Balkans.

The "national" drink of the Gorani is Rakia which is commonly distilled at home by elderly people. Another popular drink is Turkish Coffee which is drunk in small cups accompanied by a glass of water. Tasseography is popular among all Gorani using the residue of Turkish Coffee.

Language

A geographical distribution of the Torlakian dialect with marked Gora area

The Gorani people speak South Slavic, a local dialect known as "Našinski" or "Goranski", which is part of a wider Torlakian dialect, spoken in Western Bulgaria, Southern Serbia and part of Macedonia. The Torlakian dialect is a transitional dialect of Bulgarian and Serbian whilst also sharing features with Macedonian. The Gorani speech is classified as an Old-Shtokavian dialect of Serbian (Old Serbian), the Prizren-Timok dialect. Bulgarian linguists classify the Gorani dialect as part of a Bulgarian dialectal area.[33] It has numerous loan words, being greatly influenced by Turkish, Arabic due to the influence of Islam. It is similar to the Bosnian language because of the numerous Turkish loanwords. Gorani speak Serbo-Croatian in school.[13]

According to the last 1991 Yugoslav census, 54.8% of the inhabitants of the Gora municipality said that they spoke the Gorani language, while the remainder had called it Serbian.[34] Some Gorani scholars define their language as Bulgarian, similar to the Bulgarian dialects spoken in the north western region of the Republic of Macedonia.[35] Some linguists, including Vidoeski, Brozovic and Ivic, identify the Slavic-dialect of the Gora region as Macedonian.[36] There are assertions that Macedonian is spoken in 50 to 75 villages in the Gora region (Albania and Kosovo).[37] According to some unverified sources in 2003 the Kosovo government acquired Macedonian language and grammar books for Gorani school.[38]

Albanian-Gorani scholar Nazif Dokle compiled the first Gorani–Albanian dictionary (with 43,000 words and phrases) in 2007, sponsored and printed by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.[35] In 2008 the first issue of a Macedonian language newspaper, Гороцвет (Gorocvet) was published.[39]

Politics

People

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008, but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the Brussels Agreement. Kosovo has received recognition as an independent state from 110 out of 193 United Nations member states.

References

  1. ↑ "Progam političke stranke GIG". Do Nato intervencije na Srbiju, 24.03.1999.godine, u Gori je živelo oko 18.000 Goranaca. U Srbiji i bivšim jugoslovenskim republikama nalazi se oko 40.000 Goranaca, a značajan broj Goranaca živi i radi u zemljama Evropske unije i u drugim zemljama. Po našim procenama ukupan broj Goranaca, u Gori u Srbiji i u rasejanju iznosi oko 60.000.
  2. 1 2 "Population by gender, ethnicity and settlement level" (PDF). p. 12. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  3. ↑ "Population by ethnicity". Serbian Statistical Office (in Serbian). Serbian Statistical Office. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  4. ↑ "1. Population by ethnicity - detailed classification, 2011 census". Statistics of Croatia. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  5. ↑ "Table CG5. Population by ethnicity and religion". Montenegrin Office of Statistics. Montenegrin Office of Statistics. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  6. ↑ "The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders". Google Books. Palgrave. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  7. ↑ "Gorani want to join community of Serb municipalities". B92. B92. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  8. ↑ "Gorani decide against forming minority council". B92. B92. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  9. ↑ "Slow exodus threatens Kosovo's mountain Gorani". Reuters. Reuters. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
  10. ↑ Xhelal Ylli, Erlangen: "Sprache und Identität bei den Gorani in Albanien: 'Nie sme nasinci'.
  11. ↑ "Kosovo". google.com.
  12. ↑ "Historical Dictionary of Kosova". google.com.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Duijzings 2000, p. 27.
  14. ↑ Miranda Vickers; James Pettifer (1997). Albania: From Anarchy to a Balkan Identity. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 205–. ISBN 978-1-85065-279-3.
  15. ↑ Dokle, Nazif. Reçnik Goransko (Nashinski) -albanski, Sofia 2007, Peçatnica Naukini akademiji "Prof. Marin Drinov", s. 5, 11
  16. ↑ Mirko Čupić (2006). Oteta zemlja: Kosovo i Metohija (zločini, progoni, otpori...). Nolit. p. 22. Сви Горанци знају да су православног порекла, али им није јасно због чега се нису вратили у своју веру, после ослобођења 1912. године. Вероватно је ондашња Краљевина веровала да ће се боље сачувати граница ако ...
  17. ↑ Zorica Divac (2002). Običaji životnog ciklusa u gradskoj sredini: Beograd, 6-8. septembar 2001. Etnografski institut SANU. p. 261. ISBN 978-86-7587-024-1.
  18. ↑ Milovan Radovanović (2008). Kosovo i Metohija: antropogeografske, istorijskogeografske, demografske i geopolitičke osnove. Službeni Glasnik. p. 194. у Гори, где Горанци (Горани) „нису у већем обиму прихватили бошњакизацију", манифестујући своје опирање „инсистирањем на школовању на српском ...
  19. ↑ Eastern Europe: Newsletter. 12–13. Eastern Europe. 1998. p. 22.
  20. ↑ "Update on the Kosovo Roma, Ashkaelia, Egyptian, Serb, Bosniak, Gorani and Albanian communities in a minority situation" (PDF)., UNHCR Kosovo, June 2004
  21. 1 2 3 Vlašković, Zoran (2013-02-07). "Goranci u obruču brane Srbiju" (in Serbian). Press Online. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Бурсаћ 2000, pp. 71-73 (Орхан Драгаш)
  23. ↑ Fine 1991, pp. 225-228
  24. ↑ Fine 1994, pp. -389
  25. ↑ TKGM, TD № 55 (412), (Defter sandžaka Prizren iz 1591. godine).
  26. ↑ Religion and the Politics of Identity in Kosovo
  27. ↑ България в Първата световна война, Германски дипломатически документи, т. ІІ, 1916-1918 г., София 2005, с. 70-71, Avramovski, Živko, Ratni ciljevi Bugarske i Centralne sile 1914-1918, Beograd 1985, s. 243-244
  28. ↑ Yugoslav Survey. 41. Jugoslavija Publishing House. 2000. p. 130.
  29. ↑ Milovan Radovanović (2008). Kosovo i Metohija: antropogeografske, istorijskogeografske, demografske i geopolitičke osnove. Službeni Glasnik. p. 440. Retrieved 26 May 2013. Према анкетним истраживањима др Харуна Хасанија, из Горе је од средине 1999. године избегло у Београд и друга места Србије око 5.000 Горанаца.
  30. ↑ "Goranci traže status distrikta za opštinu Gora na Kosovu". Blic. 2011. Posle 1999. godine 10.000 Goranaca je pobeglo zbog pritisaka u centralnu Srbiju, BiH i zemlje EU
  31. ↑ "Goranci: Ne želimo u Dragaš već u Zajednicu srpskih opština" (in Serbian). Blic. 2013-11-08.
  32. ↑ Siniša Ljepojević; Milica Radovanović (2006). Kosovo and Metohija: reality, economy and prejudices. TANJUG. p. 124.
  33. ↑ Младенов, Стефан. Пътешествие из Македония и Поморавия, в: Научна експедиция в Македония и Поморавието 1916, София 1993, с. 184. (Mladenov, Stefan. Journey through Macedonia and Pomoraviya, in: Scientific expeditions in Macedonia and Pomoraviya 1916, Sofia 1993, p. 184) Асенова, Петя. Архаизми и балканизми в един изолиран български говор (Кукъска Гора, Албания), Балканистични четения, посветени на десетата годишнина на специалност “Балканистика” в СУ “Св. Климент Охридски”, ФСлФ, София, 17-19 май 2004 (Assenova, Petya. Archaisms and Balkanisms in an isolated Bulgarian dialect (Kukas Gora, Albania), Balkan studies readings on the tenth anniversary of the major Balkan studies in Sofia University, May 17–19, 2004)
  34. ↑ "Gorani speech by dr. Radivoje Mladenovic" (PDF). rastko.org.rs (in Serbian).
  35. 1 2 Dokle, Nazif. Reçnik Goransko (Nashinski) - Albanski, Sofia 2007, Peçatnica Naukini akademiji "Prof. Marin Drinov", s. 5, 11, 19 (Nazif Dokle. Goranian (Nashinski) - Albanian Dictionary, Sofia 2007, Published by Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, p. 5, 11, 19)
  36. ↑ "Macedonian by Victor Friedman, pg 4 (footnote)". seelrc.org.
  37. ↑ "Macedonian by Victor Friedman, pg 6". seelrc.org.
  38. ↑ Focus News (4 July 2003) Kosovo Government Acquires Macedonian language and grammar books for Gorani Minority Schools
  39. ↑ "Матица на иселениците од Македонија". Матица на иселениците од Македонија.
  40. ↑ "Goranac sam. Ako to uopšte nekog i interesuje." (in Serbo-Croatian) (issue 1338). Tempo (Serbia magazine). 16 October 1991. p. 14.
  41. ↑ "Ličnost Danas: Miralem Sulejmani". 2009.

Sources

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