Group of 77

The Group of 77 (G77) at the United Nations is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations.^[1] There were 77 founding members of the organization, but by November 2013 the organization had since expanded to 134 member countries.^[2]

Thailand holds the Chairmanship for 2016.

The group was founded on 15 June 1964, by the "Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries" issued at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).^[3] The first major meeting was in Algiers in 1967, where the Charter of Algiers was adopted and the basis for permanent institutional structures was begun. There are Chapters of the Group of 77 in Geneva (UN), Rome (FAO), Vienna (UNIDO), Paris (UNESCO), Nairobi (UNEP) and the Group of 24 in Washington, D.C. (International Monetary Fund and World Bank).

Policies

The group has been credited with common stance against apartheid and for supporting global disarmament.^[4] It has been supportive of the New International Economic Order.^[4][5] It has however been subject to criticism for its lackluster support, or outright opposition, to pro-environmental initiatives, which the group considers secondary to economic development and poverty-eradication initiatives.^[4][6][7]

Members

As of 2015, the group comprises all of UN members (along with the Palestinian Authority) – excluding the following:

1. All members of the Council of Europe (but with the exception of Bosnia Herzegovina);
2. All members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (but with the exception of Chile);
3. All members of the Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area (but with the exception of Tajikistan);
4. Two Pacific microstates: Palau and Tuvalu.

On the map, members as of 2013 are shown in green.

Group of 77 countries as of 2013

Member nations are listed below. The years in parenthesis represent the year/s a country has presided. Countries listed in bold are also members of the G-24. See the official list of G-77 members.

Current founding members^[8]

Afghanistan  Algeria (1981–1982, 1994, 2009, 2012)  Argentina (2011)  Benin[9]  Bolivia (1990)  Brazil  Burkina Faso[10]  Burundi  Cambodia  Cameroon  Central African Republic  Chad  Chile  Colombia (1992)  Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa)  Congo (Brazzaville)  Costa Rica (1996)  Dominican Republic  Ecuador  Egypt[11] (1972–1973, 1984–1985)  El Salvador  Ethiopia  Gabon  Ghana (1991)

Guatemala (1987)  Guinea  Haiti  Honduras  India (1970–1971, 1979–1980)  Indonesia (1998)  Iran (1973–1974, 2001)  Iraq  Jamaica (1977–1978, 2005)  Jordan  Kenya  Kuwait  Laos  Lebanon  Liberia  Libya  Madagascar (1975–1976)  Malaysia (1989)  Mali  Mauritania  Morocco (2003)  Myanmar[12]    Nepal  Nicaragua

Niger  Nigeria (2000)  Pakistan (1976–1977, 1992, 2007)  Panama  Paraguay  Peru (1971–1972)  Philippines (1995)  Rwanda  Saudi Arabia  Senegal  Sierra Leone  Somalia  Sri Lanka[13]  Sudan (2009)  Syria  Tanzania[14] (1997)  Thailand (2016)  Togo  Trinidad and Tobago  Tunisia (1978–1979, 1988)  Uganda  Uruguay  Venezuela (1980–1981, 2002)  Vietnam  Yemen (2010)

Other current members

Angola  Antigua and Barbuda (2008)  Bahamas  Bahrain  Bangladesh (1982–1983)  Barbados  Belize  Bhutan  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Botswana  Brunei  Cape Verde  Comoros  Ivory Coast  Cuba  Djibouti  Dominica  Equatorial Guinea  Eritrea

Fiji  Gambia  Grenada  Guinea-Bissau  Guyana (1999)  Kiribati  Lesotho  Malawi  Maldives  Marshall Islands  Mauritius Micronesia  Mongolia  Mozambique  Namibia  North Korea  Nauru  Oman  Palestine  Papua New Guinea

Qatar  Saint Kitts and Nevis  Saint Lucia  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  Samoa  São Tomé and Príncipe  Seychelles  Singapore  Solomon Islands  South Africa (2006)  South Sudan  Suriname  Swaziland  Tajikistan  Timor-Leste  Tonga  Turkmenistan  United Arab Emirates  Vanuatu  Zambia  Zimbabwe

Former members

Presiding countries of the G77 since 1970. Colors show the number of times a country has held the position. Yellow = once; orange = twice; red = thrice. Countries in grey are yet to hold the position.

1.  New Zealand signed the original "Joint Declaration of the Developing Countries" in October 1963, but pulled out of the group before the formation of the G77 in 1964 (it joined the OECD in 1973).
2.  Mexico was a founding member, but left the Group after joining the OECD in 1994. It had presided over the group in 1973–1974, 1983–1984; however, it is still a member of G-24.
3.  South Korea was a founding member, but left the Group after joining the OECD in 1996.
4.  Yugoslavia was a founding member; by the late 1990s it was still listed on the membership list, but it was noted that it "cannot participate in the activities of G77." It was removed from the list in late 2003. It had presided over the group in 1985–1986. Bosnia and Herzegovina is the only part of former Yugoslavia that is currently in G77.
5.  Cyprus was a founding member, but was no longer listed on the official membership list after its accession to the EU in 2004.
6.  Malta was admitted to the Group in 1976, but was no longer listed on the official membership list after its accession to the EU in 2004.
7.  Palau joined the Group in 2002, but withdrew in 2004, having decided that it could best pursue its environmental interests through the Alliance of Small Island States.
8.  Romania was admitted to the Group in 1976, but was no longer listed on the official membership list after its accession to the EU in 2007.

Group of 77 and China

 China has never officially joined the G77 but provides consistent political support (usually in the name of "the Group of 77 and/plus China") and financial donation (since 1994) to the G77.^[15]

Group of 24

G-24 countries.

  Member nations

  Observer nations

The Group of 24 (G-24) is a chapter of the G-77 that was established in 1971 to coordinate the positions of developing countries on international monetary and development finance issues and to ensure that their interests were adequately represented in negotiations on international monetary matters.

The Group of 24, which is officially called the Intergovernmental Group of Twenty-Four on International Monetary Affairs and Development, is not an organ of the International Monetary Fund, but the IMF provides secretariat services for the Group. Its meetings usually take place twice a year, prior to the IMFC and Development Committee meetings , to enable developing country members to discuss agenda items beforehand.

Although membership in the G-24 is strictly limited to 24 countries, any member of the G-77 can join discussions (Mexico is the only G-24 member that is not a G-77 member, when it left the G-77 without resigning its G-24 membership). China has been a "special invitee" since the Gabon meetings of 1981. Naglaa El-Ehwany, Minister of International Cooperation, Egypt, is the current chairman of the G-24.

See also

• Non-Aligned Movement
• Third World
• North–South divide
• South–South cooperation
• G20 developing nations
• Politics of global warming

References

1. About the Group of 77:Aims
2. Members of the Group of 77
3. About the Group of 77:Establishment
4. Satpathy (2005). Environment Management. Excel Books India. p. 30. ISBN 978-81-7446-458-3.
5. Malgosia Fitzmaurice; David M. Ong; Panos Merkouris (2010). Research Handbook on International Environmental Law. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 567–. ISBN 978-1-84980-726-5.
6. Jan Oosthoek; Barry K. Gills (31 October 2013). The Globalization of Environmental Crisis. Taylor & Francis. pp. 93–. ISBN 978-1-317-96895-5.
7. Howard S. Schiffman (3 May 2011). Green Issues and Debates: An A-to-Z Guide. SAGE Publications. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-1-4522-6626-8.
8. Signed the "JOINT DECLARATION OF THE SEVENTY-SEVEN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES".
9. Formerly known as Dahomey.
10. Formerly known as Upper Volta.
11. Formerly known as the United Arab Republic.
12. Formerly known as Burma.
13. Formerly known as Ceylon.
14. Formerly known as the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.
15. "七十七国集团（Group of 77, G77）". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. July 2016. 中国不是77国集团成员，但一贯支持其正义主张和合理要求，与其保持良好合作关系，在经社领域一般以“77国集团加中国”的模式表达共同立场。中国自1994年开始每年向其捐款，2014年起捐款每年5万美元。

External links

• Group of 77 official website
• Official list of 132 G77 members.
• Adam Sneyd, "Group of 77", in Globalization and Autonomy Online Compendium, edited by William D. Coleman and Nancy Johnson
• Group of 24 Official site