Hyde Park, London

Hyde Park London

Hyde Park (in foreground) and Kensington Gardens

Location within central London

Type Public park
Location Westminster in London, England
Coordinates 51°30′31″N 0°09′49″W / 51.508611°N 0.163611°W / 51.508611; -0.163611Coordinates: 51°30′31″N 0°09′49″W / 51.508611°N 0.163611°W / 51.508611; -0.163611
Area 625 acres (2.53 km²): Hyde Park 350 acres (1.42 km²) + Kensington Gardens 275 acres (1.11 km²)
Created 1637 (1637)[1]
Operated by The Royal Parks
Status Open year round
Website www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/hyde-park

Hyde Park is one of the largest parks in London and one of its Royal Parks. The park is the largest of four that form a chain from the entrance of Kensington Palace through Kensington Gardens and Hyde Park, via Hyde Park Corner and Green Park past the main entrance to Buckingham Palace and on through Saint James's Park to Horse Guards Parade in Whitehall. The park is divided by the Serpentine and the Long Water.

The park is contiguous with Kensington Gardens which are often assumed to be part of Hyde Park; Kensington Gardens has been separate since 1728, when Queen Caroline divided them. Hyde Park covers 142 hectares (350 acres)[2] and Kensington Gardens covers 111 hectares (275 acres),[3] giving a total area of 253 hectares (625 acres), making their combined area larger than the Principality of Monaco (196 hectares or 480 acres), though smaller than the Bois de Boulogne in Paris (845 hectares, or 2090 acres), New York City's Central Park (341 hectares or 840 acres), and Dublin's Phoenix Park (707 hectares, or 1,750 acres). To the southeast, outside the park, is Hyde Park Corner. During daylight, the two parks merge seamlessly into each other but Kensington Gardens closes at dusk and Hyde Park remains open throughout the year from 5 a.m. until midnight.

The Great Exhibition of 1851 was held in the park, for which the Crystal Palace designed by Joseph Paxton was erected. The park became a traditional location for mass demonstrations. The Chartists, the Reform League, the suffragettes, and the Stop the War Coalition have all held protests there. Many protesters on the Liberty and Livelihood March in 2002 started their march from Hyde Park.

Hyde Park is also a ward of the City of Westminster. The population of the ward at the 2011 Census was 12,462.[4]

History

Hyde Park was created for hunting by Henry Vlll in 1536.[5] He acquired the manor of Hyde from the canons of Westminster Abbey, who had held it since before the Norman Conquest;[6] it was enclosed as a deer park and remained a private hunting ground until James I permitted limited access to gentlefolk,[7] appointing a ranger to take charge. Charles I created the Ring (north of the present Serpentine boathouses), and in 1637 he opened the park to the general public.[8]

Hyde Park c. 1833: Rotten Row is "The King's Private Road"
A map showing the Hyde Park ward of Paddington Metropolitan Borough as it appeared in 1916.

In 1689, when William III moved his residence to Kensington Palace on the far side of Hyde Park, he had a drive laid out across its southern edge which was known as the King's private road. It still exists as a wide straight gravelled carriage track leading west from Hyde Park Corner across the southern boundary of Hyde Park towards Kensington Palace and now known as Rotten Row, possibly a corruption of rotteran (to muster),[9] Ratten Row (roundabout way), Route du roi, or rotten (the soft material with which the road is covered).[10] Public transport entering London from the west runs parallel to the King's private road along Kensington Gore, just outside the park. In the late 1800s, the row was used by the wealthy for horseback rides.[11]

The first coherent landscaping was undertaken by Charles Bridgeman for Queen Caroline;[12] under the supervision of Charles Withers, the Surveyor-General of Woods and Forests, who took some credit. It was completed in 1733 at a cost to the public purse of £20,000. Bridgeman's piece of water, the Serpentine, formed by damming the little Westbourne that flowed through the park, was not truly in the Serpentine "line of beauty" that William Hogarth described, but merely irregular on a modest curve. The 2nd Viscount Weymouth was made Ranger of Hyde Park in 1739 and shortly after began digging the Serpentine lakes at Longleat.[13] The Serpentine is divided from the Long Water by a bridge designed by George Rennie (1826).

One of the most important events to take place in the park was the Great Exhibition of 1851. The Crystal Palace was constructed on the south side of the park. The public did not want the building to remain after the closure of the exhibition, and its architect, Joseph Paxton, raised funds and purchased it. He had it moved to Sydenham Hill in South London.[14]

Another significant event was the first Victoria Cross investiture, on 26 June 1857, when 62 men were decorated by Queen Victoria in the presence of Prince Albert and other members of the Royal Family, including their future son-in-law Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia, later Emperor Frederick III.[15]

On 20 July 19552 in the Hyde Park and Regents Park bombings, two bombs linked to the Provisional Irish Republican Army caused the death of eight members of the Household Cavalry and the Royal Green Jackets and seven horses.[16]

Grand Entrance

Decimus Burton's Hyde Park Gate/Screen
Decimus Burton's Wellington Arch, Hyde Park Corner

At the age of twenty-five, Decimus Burton was commissioned by the Office of Woods and Forests to carry out a series of work "to bring Hyde Park within the monumental orbit of Buckingham Palace". He laid out the paths and driveways and designed a series of lodges, the Screen/Gate at Hyde Park Corner (also known as the Grand Entrance or the Apsley Gate) (1825) and the Wellington Arch (1826–8) . The Screen and the Arch originally formed a single composition, designed to provide a monumental transition between Hyde Park and Green Park, although the arch was later moved.[17][18] An early description reports:

"It consists of a screen of handsome fluted Ionic columns, with three carriage entrance archways, two foot entrances, a lodge, etc. The extent of the whole frontage is about 107 ft (33 m). The central entrance has a bold projection: the entablature is supported by four columns; and the volutes of the capitals of the outside column on each side of the gateway are formed in an angular direction, so as to exhibit two complete faces to view. The two side gateways, in their elevations, present two insulated Ionic columns, flanked by antae. All these entrances are finished by a blocking, the sides of the central one being decorated with a beautiful frieze, representing a naval and military triumphal procession. This frieze was designed by Mr. Henning, junior, the son of Mr. Henning who was well known for his models of the Elgin marbles. "The gates were manufactured by Messrs. Bramah. They are of iron, bronzed, and fixed or hung to the piers by rings of gun-metal. The design consists of a beautiful arrangement of the Greek honeysuckle ornament; the parts being well defined, and the raffles of the leaves brought out in a most extraordinary manner."[19]

Features

The 7 July Memorial to the victims of the 7 July 2005 London bombings

Sites of interest in the park include Speakers' Corner (located in the northeast corner near Marble Arch), close to the former site of the Tyburn gallows, and Rotten Row, which is the northern boundary of the site of the Crystal Palace. South of the Serpentine is the Diana, Princess of Wales memorial, an oval stone ring fountain opened on 6 July 2004. To the east of the Serpenertine, just beyond the dam, is London's Holocaust Memorial. The 7 July Memorial in the park commemorates the victims of 7 July 2005 London bombings.

A botanical curiosity is the Weeping Beech, Fagus sylvatica pendula, cherished as "the upside-down tree". Opposite Hyde Park Corner stands one of the grandest hotels in London, The Lanesborough (Formerly—until the early er1970s—St George's Hospital). Stanhope Lodge (Decimus Burton, 1824–25) at Stanhope Gate,[20] demolished to widen Park Lane, was the home of Samuel Parkes who won the Victoria Cross in the Charge of the Light Brigade. After leaving the army, Parkes became inspector of the park's constables, and died in the lodge on 14 November 1864. A rose garden, designed by Colvin & Moggridge Landscape Architects, was added in 1994.[21] xc An assortment of unusual sculptures are scattered around the park, including Drinking Horse, made in the shape of a massive horse head lapping up water, a family of Jelly Babies standing on top of a large black cube, cxcxoom Vroom,[22] which resembles a giant human hand pushing a toy car along the ground.

Debates

A Protestant Christian protesting at Speakers' Corner in 2010

Hyde Park's Speakers' Corner has acquired an international reputation for demonstrations and other protests[23] due to its tolerance of free speech.[24] In 1855, a protest at the park was organised to demonstrate against Robert Grosvenor's attempt to ban Sunday trading, including a restriction on pub opening times. Karl Marx observed approximately 200,000 protesters attended the demonstration, which involved jeering and taunting at upper-class horse carriages. A further protest occurred a week later, but this time the police attacked the crowd.[25]

In 1867 the policing of the park was entrusted to the Metropolitan Police, the only royal park so managed, due to the potential for trouble at Speakers' Corner. A Metropolitan Police station ('AH') is situated in the middle of the park. The 1872 Parks Regulation Act created positions of "park keeper" and also provided that "Every police constable belonging to the police force of the district in which any park, garden, or possession to which this Act applies is situate shall have the powers, privileges, and immunities of a park-keeper within such park, garden, or possession."[26]

Concerts

See Also: List of concerts in Hyde Park

Local residents have become critical of Hyde Park as a concert venue, due to the sound levels, and have campaigned for a maximum sound level of 73 decibels.[27] In June 2012, Bruce Springsteen and Paul McCartney found their microphones switched off after Springsteen had played a three-hour set during the Park's Hard Rock Calling festival, and overshot the 10:30pm curfew time.[28]

Sports

For the 2012 Summer Olympics, the park hosted the triathlon, which brothers Alistair Brownlee and Jonathan Brownlee took the Gold and Bronze medals[29] for Team GB, and the 10 km open water swimming events. The park has also hosted the ITU World Triathlon Grand Final.[30]

Other Events

On 18 September 2010, Hyde Park was the setting for a prayer vigil with Pope Benedict XVI as part of Pope Benedict XVI's visit to the United Kingdom, attended by around 80,000 people.

Transport

There are five London Underground stations located on or near the edges of Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens (which is contiguous with Hyde Park). In clockwise order starting from the south-east, they are:

Bayswater tube station, on the Circle and District lines, is also close to Queensway station and the north-west corner of the park. High Street Kensington tube station, on the Circle and District is very close to Kensington Palace located on the Southwest corner of Kensington Gardens. Paddington station, served by Bakerloo, Circle and District, and Hammersmith & City lines, is close to Lancaster Gate station and a short walk away from Hyde Park.

Transport within the park for people lacking mobility and disabled visitors is provided free of charge by Liberty Drives,[31] located at Triangle Carpark.

See also

Notes

Citations
  1. ↑ "Hyde Park History". Royalparks.org.uk. 15 December 2003. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  2. ↑ "Hyde Park". Royalparks.org.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  3. ↑ "Kensington Gardens". Royalparks.org.uk. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  4. ↑ "City of Westminster ward population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  5. ↑ Self 2014, p. 28.
  6. ↑ It was the northeast part of the manor of Eia, or Ebury. ('The Acquisition of the Estate', Survey of London 39: The Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair, Part 1 (General History) (1977), pp. 1–5. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=41820. Date accessed: 5 June 2007); about the time of Domesday the manor of Eia was divided into three smaller manors, Ebury (Eia), Neyte and Hyde. "The latter still lives and flourishes as a royal park, under its ancient name, no doubt of Saxon origin", Edward Walford, Old and New London: Volume 4; the Oxford Book of British Place Names says the various "Hyde" placenames, including Hyde Park, comes from the Anglo-Saxon unit of land taxation, the hide.
  7. ↑ Humphreys & Bamber 2003, p. 284.
  8. ↑ Porter 2000, p. 279.
  9. ↑ Edward Walford. 'Hyde Park', Old and New London: Volume 4 (1878), pp. 375–405. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
  10. ↑ E Cobham Brewer. 'Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Henry Altemus, 1898; Bartleby.com, 2000. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
  11. ↑ Dunton, Larkin (1894). The World and Its People. Silver, Burdett. p. 30.
  12. ↑ Bridgeman was Royal Gardener 1728–38; designed the Round Pond in Kensington Gardens. Peter Willis, Charles Bridgeman and the English Landscape Garden (London and New York) 1978, devotes a chapter to Bridgeman's Royal Commissions.
  13. ↑ Timothy Mowl, "Rococo and Later Landscaping at Longleat", Garden History 23.1 (Summer 1995, pp. 56–66) p. 59, noting Jacob Larwood, The Story of London Parks 1881:41.
  14. ↑ Purbrick, Louise: The Great Exhibition of 1851: New Interdisciplinary Essays: 2001: Manchester University Press, p. 122
  15. ↑ Crook, M. J.: The Evolution of the Victoria Cross: 1975: Midas Books, pp. 49–52.
  16. ↑ "1982: IRA bombs cause carnage in London". BBC News. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  17. ↑ Summerson, John (1962). Georgian London (revised ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
  18. ↑ Howard Colvin, A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects 1600–1840, 3rd ed. 1995, under "Decimus Burton."
  19. ↑ Davy, Christopher (18 August 1827). "New Grand Entrance into Hyde Park". Mechanics' Magazine and Journal of Science, Arts, and Manufactures. 8 (65–68).
  20. ↑ Burton also provided lodges at Cumberland Gate and Grosvenor Gate. (Colvin 1995: "Decimus Burton".)
  21. ↑ [httdffep://www.gardenvisit.com/landscape/london/lguide/hyde-park-landscape.htm "Hyde Park"]. GardenVisit.com. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  22. ↑ http://www.lorenzoquinn.com/en/portfolio/vroom-vroom-en-3
  23. ↑ German & Rees 2012, p. 294.
  24. ↑ Cheetham & Winkler 2011, p. 371.
  25. ↑ German & Rees 2012, pp. 115-116.
  26. ↑ An Act for the regulation of the Royal Parks and Gardens, 1872
  27. ↑ "Westminster Council cuts Hyde Park concert numbers". BBC News. 17 February 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  28. ↑ Williams, Lisa (15 July 2012). "Springsteen and McCartney cut off because of sound curfew". The Independent. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
  29. ↑ "The best of London 2012: Alistair Brownlee on his triathlon gold medal performance". Telegraph. 14 August 2012.
  30. ↑ http://london.triathlon.org/
  31. ↑ "Liberty Drives". Retrieved 26 May 2016.
Sources
  • Self, Andrew (2014). The Birds of London. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-408-19404-1. 
  • Humphreys, Rob; Bamber, Judith (2003). London. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-843-53093-0. 
  • Porter, Roy (2000). London: A Social History. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-140-10593-3. 
  • German, Lindsey; Rees, John (2012). A People's History of London. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-844-67914-0. 
  • Cheetham, David; Winkler, Ulrich, eds. (2011). Interreligious Hermeneutics in Pluralistic Europe: Between Texts and People Volume 40 of Currents of encounter, ISSN 0923-6201. Rodopi. ISBN 978-9-401-20037-0. 

References

External links

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