Hyperaccumulators table – 3

This list covers hyperaccumulators, plant species which accumulate, or are tolerant of, radionuclides, hydrocarbons and organic solvents.

See also:

• Hyperaccumulators table – 1 : Ag, Al, As, Be, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Naphthalene, Pb, Pd, Se, Zn
• Hyperaccumulators table – 2 : Nickel

hyperaccumulators and contaminants: Radionuclides, Hydrocarbons and Organic Solvents – accumulation rates

Contaminant	Accumulation rates (in mg/kg of dry weight)	Latin name	English name	H-Hyperaccumulator or A-Accumulator P-Precipitator T-Tolerant	Notes	Sources
Cd-Cadmium	xxx	Athyrium yokoscense	(Japanese false spleenwort?)	Cd(A), Cu(H), Pb(H), Zn(H)	Origin Japan	[1]
Cd-Cadmium	>100	Avena strigosa Schreb.	New-Oat Lopsided Oat or Bristle Oat	xxx	xxx	[2]
Cd-Cadmium	H-	Bacopa monnieri	Smooth Water Hyssop, Waterhyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola, Water hyssop	Cr(H), Cu(H), Hg(A), Pb(A)	Origin India; aquatic emergent species	[1][3]
Cd-Cadmium	xxx	Brassicaceae	Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or, cabbage family	Hyperaccumulators: Cd, Cs, Ni, Sr, Zn	Phytoextraction	[4]
Cd-Cadmium	A-	Brassica juncea L.	Indian mustard	Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), Ur(A), Zn(H)	cultivated	,[1][4][5]
Cd-Cadmium	H-	Vallisneria americana	Tape Grass	Cr(A), Cu(H), Pb(H)	Origins Europe and N. Africa; extensively cultivated in the aquarium trade	[1]
Cd-Cadmium	>100	Crotalaria juncea	Sunn or sunn hemp	xxx	High amounts of total soluble phenolics	[2]
Cd-Cadmium	H-	Eichhornia crassipes	Water Hyacinth	Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb(H), Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U,[6] and pesticides[7]	Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed'	[1]
Cd-Cadmium	xxx	Helianthus annuus	Sunflower	xxx	Phytoextraction & rhizofiltration	,[1][4][8]
Cd-Cadmium	H-	Hydrilla verticillata	Hydrilla	Cr(A), Hg(H), Pb(H)	xxx	[1]
Cd-Cadmium	H-	Lemna minor	Duckweed	Pb(H), Cu(H), Zn(A)	Native to North America and widespread	[1]
Cd-Cadmium	T-	Pistia stratiotes	Water lettuce	Cu(T), Hg(H), Cr(H)	Pantropical, Origin South U.S.A.; aquatic herb	[1]
Cd-Cadmium	xxx	Salix viminalis L.	Common Osier, Basket Willow	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[4] Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix);[8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[9]	Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)	[8]
Cd-Cadmium	xxx	Spirodela polyrhiza	Giant Duckweed	Cr(H), Pb(H), Ni(H), Zn(A)	Native to North America	[1][10][11]
Cd-Cadmium	>100	Tagetes erecta L.	African-tall	xxx	Tolerance only. Lipid peroxidation level increases; activities of antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase are depressed.	[2]
Cd-Cadmium	xxx	Thlaspi caerulescens	Alpine pennycress	Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H)	Phytoextraction. Its rhizosphere's bacterial population is less dense than with Trifolium pratense but richer in specific metal-resistant bacteria.[12]	,[1][4][10][13][14][15][16]
Cd-Cadmium	1000	Vallisneria spiralis	Eel grass	xxx	37 records of plants; origin India	[10][17]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Acer rubrum, Acer pseudoplatanus	Red maple, Sycamore maple	Pu-238, Sr-90	Leaves: much less uptake in Larch and Sycamore maple than in Spruce.[18]	[6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Agrostis spp.	Agrostis spp.	xxx	Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides	[6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	up to 3000 Bq kg-1[19]	Amaranthus retroflexus ( cv. Belozernii, aureus, Pt-95)	Redroot Amaranth	Hyperaccumulator: Cd, Cs, Ni, Sr, Zn.[4]	Phytoextraction. Can accumulate radionuclides, ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents.[6] Maximum concentration is reached after 35 days of growth.[19]	xxx
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Brassicaceae	Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or, cabbage family	Hyperaccumulators: Cd, Cs, Ni, Sr, Zn	Phytoextraction. Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents.[6]	[4]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Brassica juncea	Indian mustard	xxx	Contains 2 to 3 times more Cs137 in his roots than in the biomass above ground.[19] Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents.	[6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Cerastium fontanum	Big Chickweed	xxx	Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides	[6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Beta vulgaris, Chenopodiaceae, Kail? and/or Salsola?	Beet, Quinoa, Russian thistle	Sr-90, Cs-137	Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides	[6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Cocos nucifera	Coconut palm	xxx	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides	[6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Eichhornia crassipes	Water hyacinth	U, Sr (high % uptake within a few days[6]). Also Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb, Zn(A),[1] and pesticides.[7]	xxx	[6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Eragrostis bahiensis (Eragrostis)	Bahia lovegrass	xxx	Glomus mosseae as amendment. It increases the surface area of the plant roots, allowing roots to acquire more nutrients, water and therefore more available radionuclides in soil solution.	[6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Eucalyptus tereticornis	Forest redgum	Sr-90	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides	[6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Festuca arundinacea	Tall fescue	xxx	Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides	[6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Festuca rubra	Fescue	xxx	Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides	[6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Glomus mosseae as chelating agent (Glomus (fungus))	Mycorrhizal fungi	xxx	Glomus mosseae as amendment. It increases the surface area of the plant roots, allowing roots to acquire more nutrients, water and therefore more available radionuclides in soil solution.	[6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Glomus intradices (Glomus (fungus))	Mycorrhizal fungi	xxx	Glomus mosseae as chelating agent. It increases the surface area of the plant roots, allowing roots to acquire more nutrients, water and therefore more available radionuclides in soil solution.	[6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	4900-8600[20]	Helianthus annuus	Sunflower	U, Sr (high % uptake within a few days[6])	Accumulates up to 8 times more Cs137 than timothy or foxtail. Contains 2 to 3 times more Cs137 in his roots than in the biomass above ground.[19]	,[1][6][10]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Larix	Larch	xxx	Leaves: much less uptake in Larch and Sycamore maple than in Spruce. 20% of the translocated caesium into new leaves resulted from root-uptake 2.5 years after the Chernobyl accident.[18]	xxx
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Liquidambar styraciflua	American Sweet Gum	Pu-238, Sr-90	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides	[6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Liriodendron tulipifera	Tulip tree	Pu-238, Sr-90	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides	[6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Lolium multiflorum	Italian Ryegrass	Sr	Mycorrhizae: accumulates much more caesium-137 and strontium-90 when grown in Sphagnum peat than in any other medium incl. Clay, sand, silt and compost.[21]	[6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Lolium perenne	Perennial ryegrass	xxx	Can accumulate radionuclides	[6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Panicum virgatum	Switchgrass	xxx	xxx	[6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Phaseolus acutifolius	Tepary Beans	Hyperaccumulator: Cd, Cs, Ni, Sr, Zn.[4]	Phytoextraction. Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents.[6]	xxx
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Phalaris arundinacea L.	Reed canary grass	Hyperaccumulator: Cd, Cs, Ni, Sr, Zn.[4] Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents.[6]	Phytoextraction	xxx
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Picea abies	Spruce	xxx	Conc. about 25-times higher in bark compared to wood, 1.5–4.7 times higher in directly contaminated twig-axes than in leaves.[18]	xxx
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa	Monterey Pine, Ponderosa pine	Sr-90. Also Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE-trichloroethylene and by-products (Pinus spp.[4]	Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides.	[6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Sorghum halepense	Johnson Grass	xxx	xxx	[6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	xxx	Trifolium repens	White Clover	xxx	Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides	[6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137)	H	Zea mays	Corn	xxx	High absorption rate. Accumulates radionuclides.[16] Contains 2 to 3 times more Cs137 in his roots than in the biomass above ground.[19]	,[1][6][10]
Co-Cobalt	1000 to 4304[22]	Haumaniastrum robertii (Lamiaceae)	Copper flower	xxx	27 records of plants; origin Africa. Vernacular name: 'copper flower'. This species' phanerogamme has the highest cobalt content. Its distribution could be governed by cobalt rather than copper.[22]	[10][14]
Co-Cobalt	H-	Thlaspi caerulescens	Alpine pennycress	Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H)	Phytoextraction	,[1][4][10][12][13][14][15]
Pu-238	xxx	Acer rubrum	Red maple	Cs-137, Sr-90	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides	[6]
Pu-238	xxx	Liquidambar styraciflua	American Sweet Gum	Cs-137 Sr-90	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides	[6]
Pu-238	xxx	Liriodendron tulipifera	Tulip tree	Cs-137, Sr-90	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides	[6]
Ra-Radium	xxx	xxx	xxx	xxx	No reports found for accumulation	[10]
Sr-Strontium	xxx	Acer rubrum	Red maple	Cs-137, Pu-238	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides	[6]
Sr-Strontium	xxx	Brassicaceae	Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or, cabbage family	Hyperaccumulators: Cd, Cs, Ni, Zn	Phytoextraction	[4]
Sr-Strontium	xxx	Beta vulgaris, Chenopodiaceae, Kail? and/or Salsola?	Beet, Quinoa, Russian thistle	Sr-90, Cs-137	Can accumulate radionuclides.	[6]
Sr-Strontium	xxx	Eichhornia crassipes	Water Hyacinth	Cs-137, U-234, 235, 238. Also Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb, Zn(A),[1] and pesticides.[7]	In pH of 9, accumulates high concentrations of Sr90 with apprx. 80 to 90% of it in its roots.[20]	[6]
Sr-Strontium	xxx	Eucalyptus tereticornis	Forest redgum	Cs-137	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides	[6]
Sr-Strontium	H-?	Helianthus annuus	Sunflower	xxx	Accumulates radionuclides;[16] high absorption rate. Phytoextraction & rhizofiltration	,[1][4][6][10]
Sr-Strontium	xxx	Liquidambar styraciflua	American Sweet Gum	Cs-137, Pu-238	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides	[6]
Sr-Strontium	xxx	Liriodendron tulipifera	Tulip tree	Cs-137, Pu-238	Tree able to accumulate radionuclides	[6]
Sr-Strontium	xxx	Lolium multiflorum	Italian Ryegrass	Cs	Mycorrhizae: accumulates much more caesium-137 and strontium-90 when grown in Sphagnum peat than in any other medium incl. clay, sand, silt and compost.[21]	[6]
Sr-Strontium	1.5-4.5 % in their shoots	Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa	Monterey Pine, Ponderosa pine	Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE-trichloroethylene and by-products;[4] Cs-137	Phytocontainment. Accumulate 1.5-4.5 % of Sr-90 in their shoots.[20]	[6]
Sr-Strontium	xxx	Apiaceae (a.k.a. Umbelliferae)	Carrot or parsley family	xxx	Species most capable of accumulating radionuclides	[6]
Sr-Strontium	xxx	Fabaceae (a.k.a. Leguminosae)	Legume, pea, or bean family	xxx	Species most capable of accumulating radionuclides	[6]
U-Uranium	xxx	Amaranthus	Amaranth	Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), Zn(H)	Citric acid chelating agent,[8] and see note. Cs: maximum concentration is reached after 35 days of growth.[19]	[1][6]
U-Uranium	xxx	Brassica juncea, Brassica chinensis, Brassica narinosa	Cabbage family	Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), Zn(H)	Citric acid chelating agent increases uptake 1000 times,[8][23] and see note	,[1][4][6]
U-Uranium 234, 235, 238	xxx	Eichhornia crassipes	Water Hyacinth	Cs-137, Sr-90. Also Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb, Zn(A),[1] and pesticides.[7]	xxx	[6]
U-Uranium 234, 235, 238	95% of U in 24 hours.[19]	Helianthus annuus	Sunflower	xxx	Accumulates radionuclides;[16] At a contaminated wastewater site in Ashtabula, Ohio, 4 wk-old splants can remove more than 95% of uranium in 24 hours.[19] Phytoextraction & rhizofiltration.	,[1][4][6][8][10]
U-Uranium	xxx	Juniperus	Juniper	xxx	Accumulates (radionuclides) U in his roots[20]	[6]
U-Uranium	xxx	Picea mariana	Black Spruce	xxx	Accumulates (radionuclides) U in his twigs[20]	[6]
U-Uranium	xxx	Quercus	Oak	xxx	Accumulates (radionuclides) U in his roots[20]	[6]
U-Uranium	xxx	Kail? and/or Salsola?	Russian thistle (tumble weed)	xxx	xxx	??
U-Uranium	xxx	Salix viminalis	Common Osier	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[4] Cd, Pb, Zn (S. viminalis);[8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[9]	Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)	[8]
U-Uranium	xxx	Silene vulgaris (a.k.a. "Silene cucubalus)	Bladder campion	xxx	xxx	??
U-Uranium	xxx	Zea mays	Maize	xxx	xxx	??
U-Uranium	A-?	xxx	xxx	xxx	xxx	[10]
Radionuclides	xxx	Tradescantia bracteata	Spiderwort	xxx	Indicator for radionuclides: the stamens (normally blue or blue-purple) become pink when exposed to radionuclides	[6]
Benzene	xxx	Chlorophytum comosum	spider plant	xxx	xxx	[24]
Benzene	xxx	Ficus elastica	rubber fig, rubber bush, rubber tree, rubber plant, or Indian rubber bush	xxx	xxx	[24]
Benzene	xxx	Kalanchoe blossfeldiana	Kalanchoe	xxx	seems to take benzene selectively over toluene.	[24]
Benzene	xxx	Pelargonium x domesticum	Geranium	xxx	xxx	[24]
BTEX	xxx	Phanerochaete chrysosporium	White rot fungus	DDT, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzene, PCP	Phytostimulation	[4]
DDT	xxx	Phanerochaete chrysosporium	White rot fungus	BTEX, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzene, PCP	Phytostimulation	[4]
Dieldrin	xxx	Phanerochaete chrysosporium	White rot fungus	DDT, BTEX, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzene, PCP	Phytostimulation	[4]
Endosulfan	xxx	Phanerochaete chrysosporium	White rot fungus	DDT, BTEX, Dieldrin, PCP, Pentachloronitro-benzène	Phytostimulation	[4]
Fluoranthene	xxx	Cyclotella caspia Cyclotella caspia	xxx	xxx	Approximate rate of biodegradation on 1st day: 35%; on 6th day: 85％ (rate of physical degradation 5.86％ only).	[25]
Hydrocarbons	xxx	Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.	Bermuda grass	xxx	Mean petroleum hydrocarbons reduction of 68% after 1 year	[8]
Hydrocarbons	xxx	Festuca arundinacea	Tall fescue	xxx	Mean petroleum hydrocarbons reduction of 62% after 1 year[8]	[26]
Hydrocarbons	xxx	Pinus spp.	Pine spp.	Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE-trichloroethylene and by-products.[4] Also Cs-137, Sr-90[6]	Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata)[6]	[4]
Hydrocarbons	xxx	Salix spp.	Osier spp.	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[4] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis);[8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[9]	Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)	[4]
MTBE	xxx	Pinus spp.	Pine spp.	Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, TCE-trichloroethylene and by-products.[4] Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa)[6]	Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata)[6]	[4]
MTBE	xxx	Salix spp.	Osier spp.	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, TCE and by-products;[4] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis);[8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[9]	Phytoextraction, phytocontainment. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)	[4]
Organic solvents	xxx	Pinus spp.	Pine spp.	Petroleum hydrocarbons MTBE, TCE-trichloroethylene and by-products.[4] Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa)[6]	Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata)[6]	[4]
Organic solvents	xxx	Salix spp.	Osier spp.	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[4] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis);[8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[9]	Phytoextraction. phytocontainment . Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)	[4]
Organic solvents	xxx	Pinus spp.	Pine spp.	Petroleum hydrocarbons MTBE, TCE-trichloroethylene and by-products.[4] Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa)[6]	Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata)[6]	[4]
Organic solvents	xxx	Salix spp.	Osier spp.	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[4] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis);[8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[9]	Phytoextraction. phytocontainment . Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)	[4]
PCNB-Pentachloronitro-benzene	xxx	Phanerochaete chrysosporium	White rot fungus	DDT, BTEX, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, PCP	Phytostimulation	[4]
Potassium ferrocyanide	8.64% to 15.67% of initial mass	Salix babylonica L.	Weeping Willow	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (Salix spp.);[4] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis);[8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[9]	Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes). No ferrocyanide in air from plant transpiration. A large fraction of initial mass was metabolized during transport within the plant.[9]	[9]
Potassium ferrocyanide	8.64% to 15.67% of initial mass	Salix matsudana Koidz, Salix matsudana Koidz x Salix alba L.	Hankow Willow, Hybrid Willow	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (Salix spp.);[4] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis).[8]	No ferrocyanide in air from plant transpiration.	[9]
PCB-Polychlorinated biphenyl	xxx	Rosa spp.	Paul’s Scarlet Rose	xxx	Phytodegradation	[4]
PCP	xxx	Phanerochaete chrysosporium	White rot fungus	DDT, BTEX, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzène	Phytostimulation	[4]
TCE-trichloroethylene	xxx	Chlorophytum comosum	spider plant	xxx	Seems to lower the removal rates of benzene and methane.	[24]
TCE-trichloroethylene and by-products	xxx	Pinus spp.	Pine spp.	Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, MTBE.[4] Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa)[6]	Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata)[6]	[4]
TCE-trichloroethylene and by-products	xxx	Salix spp.	Osier spp.	Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, MTBE;[4] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis);[8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[9]	Phytoextraction, phytocontainment. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes)	[4]
xxx	xxx	Musa (genus)	Banana tree	xxx	Extra-dense root system, good for rhizofiltration.[27]	xxx
xxx	xxx	Cyperus papyrus	Papyrus	xxx	Extra-dense root system, good for rhizofiltration[27]	xxx
xxx	xxx	xxx	Taros	xxx	Extra-dense root system, good for rhizofiltration[27]	xxx
xxx	xxx	Brugmansia spp.	Angel's trumpet	xxx	Semi-anaerobic, good for rhizofiltration	[28]
xxx	xxx	Caladium	Caladium	xxx	Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration[28]	xxx
xxx	xxx	Caltha palustris	Marsh marigold	xxx	Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration[28]	xxx
xxx	xxx	Iris pseudacorus	Yellow Flag, paleyellow iris	xxx	Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration[28]	xxx
xxx	xxx	Mentha aquatica	Water Mint	xxx	Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration[28]	xxx
xxx	xxx	Scirpus lacustris	Bulrush	xxx	Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration[28]	xxx
xxx	xxx	Typha latifolia	Broadleaf cattail	xxx	Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration[28]	xxx

Notes

• Uranium: The symbol for Uranium is sometimes given as Ur instead of U. According to Ulrich Schmidt^[8] and others, plants' concentration of uranium is considerably increased by an application of citric acid, which solubilizes the Uranium (and other metals).
• Radionuclides: Cs-137 and Sr-90 are not removed from the top 0.4 meters of soil even under high rainfall, and migration rate from the top few centimeters of soil is slow.^[29]
• Radionuclides: Plants with mycorrhizal associations are often more effective than non-mycorrhizal plants at the uptake of radionuclides.^[30]
• Radionuclides: In general, soils containing higher amounts of organic matter will allow plants to accumulate higher amounts of radionuclides.^[29] See also note on Lolium multiflorum in Paasikallio 1984.^[21] Plant uptake is also increased with a higher cation exchange capacity for Sr-90 availability, and a lower base saturation for uptake of both Sr-90 and Cs-137.^[29]
• Radionuclides: Fertilizing the soil with nitrogen if needed will indirectly increase the take-up of radionuclides by generally boosting the plant's overall growth and more specifically roots' growth. But some fertilizers such as K or Ca compete with the radionuclides for cation exchange sites, and will not increase the take-up of radionuclides.^[29]
• Radionuclides: Zhu and Smolders, lab test:^[31] Cs uptake is mostly influenced by K supply. The uptake of radiocaesium depends mainly on two transport pathways on plant root cell membranes: the K+ transporter and the K+ channel pathway. Cs is likely transported by the K+ transport system. When external concentration of K is limited to low levels, le K+ transporter shows little discrimination against Cs+; if K supply is high, the K+ channel is dominant and shows high discrimination against Cs+. Caesium is very mobile within the plant, but the ratio Cs/K is not uniform within the plant. Phytoremediation as a possible option for the decontamination of caesium-contaminated soils is limited mainly by that it takes tens of years and creates large volumes of waste.
• Alpine pennycress or Alpine Pennygrass is found as Alpine Pennycrest in (some books).
• The references are so far mostly from academic trial papers, experiments and generally of exploration of that field.
• Radionuclides: Broadley and Willey^[32] find that across 30 taxa studied, Gramineae and Chenopodiaceae show the strongest correlation between Rb (K) and Cs concentration. The fast-growing Chenopodiaceae discriminate approx. 9 times less between Rb and Cs than the slow-growingGramineae, and this correlate with highest and lowest concentrations achieved respectively.
• Caesium: In Chernobyl-derived radioactivity, the amount of contamination is dependent on the roughness of bark, absolute bark surface and the existence of leaves during the deposition. The major contamination of the shoots is from direct deposition on the trees.^[18]

Annotated References

1. McCutcheon & Schnoor 2003, Phytoremediation. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons pg 898
2. Shimpei Uraguchi, Izumi Watanabe, Akiko Yoshitomi, Masako Kiyono and Katsuji Kuno, Characteristics of cadmium accumulation and tolerance in novel Cd-accumulating crops, Avena strigosa and Crotalaria juncea. Journal of Experimental Botany 2006 57(12):2955-2965; doi:10.1093/jxb/erl056
3. Gurta et al. 1994
4. McCutcheon & Schnoor 2003, Phytoremediation. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons pg 19
5. Lindsay E. Bennetta, Jason L. Burkheada, Kerry L. Halea, Norman Terryb, Marinus Pilona and Elizabeth A. H. Pilon-Smits, Analysis of Transgenic Indian Mustard Plants for Phytoremediation of Metal-Contaminated Mine Tailings. Journal of Environmental Quality 32:432-440 (2003)
6. Phytoremediation of radionuclides.
7. J.K. Lan. Recent developments of phytoremediation.
8. , Enhancing Phytoextraction: The Effect of Chemical Soil Manipulation on Mobility, Plant Accumulation, and Leaching of Heavy Metals, by Ulrich Schmidt.
9. Yu X.Z., Zhou P.H. and Yang Y.M., The potential for phytoremediation of iron cyanide complex by Willows.
10. McCutcheon & Schnoor 2003, Phytoremediation. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons pg 891
11. Srivastav 1994
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Links to the other sections

• Hyperaccumulators table – 1 : Al, Ag, As, Be, Cr, Cu, Mn, Hg, Mo, Naphtalene, Pb, Pd, Pt, Se, Zn
• Hyperaccumulators table – 2 : Nickel