Joachim Müncheberg

Joachim Müncheberg
Joachim Müncheberg
Born	31 December 1918 Friedrichsdorf, Dramburg, Province of Pomerania
Died	23 March 1943 (aged 24) Meknassy, Tunisia
Buried at	German Military Cemetery at Bordj-Cedria
Allegiance	Nazi Germany
Service/branch	Heer (1936–38) Luftwaffe (1938–43)
Years of service	1936–43
Rank	Major
Unit	JG 26, JG 51, JG 77
Commands held	7./JG 26, II./JG 26, JG 77
Battles/wars	World War II Battle of France Battle of Britain Siege of Malta Eastern Front Mediterranean Theatre †
Awards	Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords Gold Medal of Military Valor

Joachim Müncheberg (31 December 1918 – 23 March 1943) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a fighter ace credited with 135 enemy aircraft shot down in over 500 combat missions. The majority of his victories were claimed over the Western Front, with 33 claims over the Eastern Front. Of his 102 aerial victories achieved over the Western Allies, 46 were against Supermarine Spitfire fighters.

Born in Friedrichsdorf, Müncheberg, who had strong ambitions as a track and field athlete, volunteered for military service in the Wehrmacht of the Third Reich in 1936. Initially serving in the Heer (Army), he transferred to the Luftwaffe (Air Force) in 1938. Following flight training, he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 234 (JG 234—234th Fighter Wing) in October 1938. He was transferred to Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" (JG 26—26th Fighter Wing) a year later and was appointed adjutant of the III. Gruppe (3rd Group). He fought in the Battle of France and received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross following his 20th aerial victory and during the Battle of Britain. Serving as a Staffelkapitän (Squadron Leader) he fought in the aerial battles during the siege of Malta and Balkans Campaign. He received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Italian Gold Medal of Military Valor (Italian: Medaglia d'oro al Valore Militare) after 43 aerial victories.

Müncheberg then briefly served in North Africa in support of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps before transferring to France. He was given command of JG 26's II. Gruppe (2nd Group) in September 1941 and was then posted to Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing), operating on the Eastern Front, in July 1942. Serving as a Geschwaderkommodore (Wing Commander) in training under JG 51 wing commander Karl-Gottfried Nordmann, he claimed his 100th aerial victory on 5 September 1942 for which he was awarded the Swords (Schwerter) to his Knight's Cross on 9 September, his score then at 103 aerial victories. On 1 October 1942 Müncheberg was given command of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing), operating in the Mediterranean Theatre. He died of wounds following a mid-air collision during combat near Meknassy, Tunisia on 23 March 1943.

Childhood, education and early career

Joachim "Jochen" Müncheberg was born on 31 December 1918 in Friedrichsdorf near Dramburg in the Province of Pomerania, at the time a province of the Free State of Prussia. Today it is Darskowo in the administrative district of Gmina Złocieniec, within Drawsko County, Poland. He was the second child of Paul Müncheberg, a farmer, and his wife Erika, née Ulrich. His sister Eva-Brigitte was one and a half years older.^[1] His father had served as a cavalry officer of the reserves during World War I. The hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic forced his father to sell their farm Friedrichshof in 1923; they resettled in Königsberg, where Müncheberg started his elementary schooling (Grundschule). His father was able to repurchase their old farm in 1927 and the family moved back to Friedrichshof. Müncheberg completed his elementary school in Falkenburg, Pomerania. He walked or rode on a horse-drawn wagon 24 kilometres (15 mi) each way to school. In 1928 he transferred to the Realgymnasium (a type of secondary school) in Dramburg and graduated with his Abitur (diploma) in 1936.^[1]

Rila Monastery

Müncheberg, who was talented in sports and athletics, played football for the T.V. Falkenburg youth team in the early 1930s. He attended the Sturmabteilung-sports school in Hammerstein for a few weeks in 1934 and in 1935 spent his summer vacation in Bulgaria where he, among other places, stayed at the Rila Monastery. In early 1936 he attended a National Socialism course in Lauenburg, Pomerania. He completed his compulsory labour service (Reichsarbeitsdienst) in October 1936 with Abteilung (department) 5/50 in Lüttmannshagen, district of Cammin. As an athlete, he especially excelled in the decathlon; almost daily he practised the ten different disciplines. Aged 17, he attended a summer camp held in conjunction with the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.^[1]

In his youth he was keenly interested in flying and other technical things.^[2] His interest in flying was kindled by his cousin Hermann Hackbusch, a pilot during World War I, who often took Müncheberg to the Berlin-Staaken airfield for sightseeing flights.^[3] He volunteered for service in the then newly emerging Luftwaffe and started his recruit training on 4 December 1936 in the Heer of the Wehrmacht. Müncheberg spent his 1936/37 winter vacation in Altenberg in the Erzgebirge.^[1] He then attended the III. Lehrgang (3rd training course) in the 4. Schülerkompanie (4th student company) at the Luftkriegsschule 1 (1st Air War School) in Dresden as a Fahnenjunker (Officer Applicant) from 1 April to 30 June 1937.^[4] A year later he completed his flight training there and was promoted to Fähnrich (Officer Cadet) on 16 December 1937.^{[5][Note 1]} He transferred to the Luftwaffe in 1938 and attended the Jagdfliegerschule (Fighter Pilot School) in Werneuchen, under the command of Oberst (Colonel) Theodor Osterkamp. He was then posted to I. Gruppe (1st group) of Jagdgeschwader 234 (JG 234—234th Fighter Wing) stationed at Cologne on 23 September 1938.^{[6][7][8][Note 2]} He was promoted to Leutnant (Second Lieutenant) on 8 November 1938.^[9]

While stationed in Cologne, Müncheberg trained for the decathlon at the ASV Köln (sports club in Cologne) during his spare time and competed in various national and international track and field events. He even had a training field built on the family estate at Friedrichshof in Pomerania and at the time had strong ambitions to compete in the 1940 Summer Olympics. His commanding officers supported him in this athletic vision and gave him additional time off to practice for the Olympics. Müncheberg owned a dachshund (Dackel), which his mother had bred, named Seppl. The dog accompanied him from the start of World War II until his death on 23 March 1943.^[8]

I./JG 234 was equipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-3 in December 1938 and re-designated as I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" (JG 26—26th Fighter Wing), named after Albert Leo Schlageter, on 1 May 1939. Müncheberg was transferred to 11. Staffel of Lehrgeschwader 2 (11./LG 2—11th squadron of the 2nd Demonstration Wing) in mid-1939. 11.(Nacht)/LG 2 was formed on 1 August 1939 and experimented with night fighting techniques. Only pilots with excellent flying abilities, especially blind flying, were chosen.^[8]

World War II

World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. 11.(Nacht)/LG 2 was re-designated to 10.(Nachtjagd) Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 which was led by Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant) Johannes Steinhoff. III. Gruppe was formed on 23 September 1939 in Werl and Müncheberg was appointed its adjutant.^[8] III. Gruppe relocated to Essen-Mülheim in early November 1939 during the Phoney War period (October 1939 – April 1940). From this airfield, he claimed his first victory on 7 November 1939, a Royal Air Force (RAF) Bristol Blenheim Mk. I bomber L1325 of No. 57 Squadron RAF, piloted by Pilot Officer H.R. Bewlay. This achievement earned him the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 9 November 1939.^[10][11][12]

Battle of France

The Battle of France, the German invasion of France and the Low Countries, began on 10 May 1940. II. and III. Gruppe flew close air support missions in support of German airborne landings by the Fallschirmjäger (paratroopers) in the Netherlands. Müncheberg filed claim for his second victory on 11 May 1940 when he shot down a Armée de l'Air (French Air Force) Curtiss P-36 Hawk northwest of Antwerp. On 13 May 1940, III. Gruppe was moved to München Gladbach, present-day Mönchengladbach, closer to the border with the Netherlands and Belgium.^[13][14] After the surrender of the Netherlands on 17 May 1940, III. Gruppe moved to Peer in Belgium and again moved on 19 May, this time to Beauvechain near Brussels.^[15]

Bf 109 Es, similar to those flown by Müncheberg over France and Belgium.

Operating from Chièvres Air Base from 27 May 1940, Müncheberg claimed his fifth aerial victory over a Supermarine Spitfire on 29 May 1940. This achievement earned him the Iron Cross 1st Class. At the time, III. Gruppe was providing fighter escort for Junkers Ju 87 "Stuka" dive bombers and Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighters operating against the beachhead held by British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in the Battle of Dunkirk.^[16] On 4 June 1940, III. Gruppe relocated to La Capelle near Boulogne. The second and decisive phase, Fall Rot (Case Red), of the Battle of France began on 5 June. Major (Major) Adolf Galland was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of the III. Gruppe on 6 June and Müncheberg became his first adjutant. The Gruppe was again relocated on 13 June, this time to Les Thilliers-en-Vexin and on 17 June to Villacoublay near Paris. Müncheberg flew ground support missions against the retreating French forces at the time. France surrendered on 22 June 1940 and III. Gruppe of JG 26 "Schlageter" moved back to München Gladbach in Germany.^[17] In total, Müncheberg claimed eight Allied aircraft shot down during the invasion of France, including four on 31 May 1940, bringing his total to nine.^[13] The Gruppe then moved to Döberitz on 1 July to provide fighter protection for Berlin. The time was also used to repair and upgrade the Bf 109 E-3s to Bf 109 E-4s.^[17]

Battle of Britain

On 21 July 1940, JG 26 "Schlageter" received orders to relocate to Caffiers in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais in preparation for actions against Britain in what would become the Battle of Britain. Adolf Hitler had issued Führer Directive no. 17 (Weisung Nr. 17) on 1 August 1940; the strategic objective was to engage and defeat the RAF to achieve air supremacy, or at least air superiority, in preparation for Operation Sea Lion (Unternehmen Seelöwe), the proposed amphibious invasion of Great Britain. III. Gruppe flew fighter protection for bomber formations attacking allied shipping in the English Channel on 24 July. These missions were referred to as Kanalkampf (channel combat) by the Germans. The unit flew its next mission one day later, providing fighter protection for Stuka's again targeting shipping. Müncheberg, who had been promoted to Oberleutnant on 19 July 1940, claimed his 10th aerial victory on 28 July when he shot down a No. 257 Squadron Hawker Hurricane 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) northeast of Dover.^[18][19] The claim was made at 15:15. No other German pilot from JG 26 claimed a Hurricane at that time.^[20] The only loss suffered by 257 Squadron was Sergeant R.V Forward who bailed out wounded. However, RAF records show he was shot down at 18:40 over three hours after Müncheberg's claim.^[21] Müncheberg was credited with his 11th victory on 8 August, claiming a No. 65 Squadron Spitfire piloted by Flight Sergeant Norman T. Phillips shot down.^[22] The claim would seem unlikely. The war diary for JG 26 "Schlageter" shows that Müncheberg made his claim at 12:55 in the afternoon as did three other pilots. No. 65 Squadron lost only two Spitfires that day, one flown by Phillips. British records show Phillips was killed in action at 10:45 in No. 65 Squadron's first mission of the morning, some three hours earlier.^[23][24] On this day, both the Germans lost 22 aircraft shot down and 23 damaged; the British lost 16 aircraft shot down and four damaged.^[25] Only one III. Gruppe Bf 109 was lost.^[26] The only RAF losses occurring at the time of Müncheberg's claim were two Hurricanes belonging to No. 238 Squadron—Flight Lieutenant D.E Turner and Flying Officer D.C. McCaw were killed in action at roughly 12:30.^[27]

III. Gruppe continued to fly combat air patrols over the English Channel on 11 and 12 August, however Müncheberg did not claim any aircraft shot down on these days. The fighting reached a climax on 13 August when Eagle Day was launched (code name Adlertag).^[18] Müncheberg claimed a Hurricane shot down from either No. 32 Squadron or No. 615. Squadron on 14 August. The following day he filed claim for a Spitfire from No. 64 Squadron on 15 August on a fighter escort mission for Kampfgeschwader 1 "Hindenburg" (1st Bomber Wing) and Kampfgeschwader 2 "Holzhammer" (2nd Bomber Wing).^[28] Galland was appointed Geschwaderkommodore (Wing Commander) of JG 26 "Schlageter" on 22 August 1940. In consequence, Hauptmann Gerhard Schöpfel, who had led 9. Staffel, was appointed Gruppenkomandeur of the III. Gruppe and Müncheberg was given command of the 7. Staffel as Staffelkapitän (Squadron Leader), replacing Oberleutnant Georg Beyer who had been prisoner of war after being shot down.^[29]

Flying another fighter escort mission on 24 August in an attack south of London, Müncheberg claimed a victory over a Hurricane from No. 151 Squadron and another Hurricane on 31 August. This brought his total to 15 aerial victories, which increased to 16 the next day. On 14 September 1940, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross the same day he achieved his 20th aerial victory. This achievement earned Müncheberg a reference in the Wehrmachtbericht (his first of five in total), an information bulletin issued by the headquarters of the Wehrmacht.^[28] Following the award presentation Müncheberg was sent on three weeks home leave.^[30] He returned in early October, after the third phase of the Battle of Britain where the Luftwaffe had targeted the British airfields, had come to an end. He claimed his first victory following his vacation on 17 October over a Free French Air Force Bloch MB.150 and a Spitfire on 25 October. The Gruppe then relocated to Abbeville-Drucat on 10 November. He claimed his last victory in the Battle of Britain, and his last of 1940, on 14 November, when Galland and Müncheberg each claimed a Spitfire in combat with No. 66. Squadron and No. 74. Squadron. This was Müncheberg's 23rd victory, and was claimed southeast of Dover. The weather then deteriorated, and fog and heavy rain prevented further flight operations.^[31] Hitler visited JG 26 "Schlageter" at Christmas 1940. Hitler dined with a selected group of pilots, among them Oberleutnant Gustav Sprick, Hauptmann Walter Adolph, Hauptmann Rolf Pingel, Galland, Schöpfel and Müncheberg.^[28] The war of attrition against the RAF had cost JG 26 "Schlageter" dearly, 7. Staffel alone lost 13 pilots, and the entire Geschwader had to be moved back to Germany to reform and re-equip in early 1941. III. Gruppe was stationed at Bonn-Hangelar, in Sankt Augustin. Before the Gruppe received new aircraft, the men were sent on a skiing vacation at Sankt Anton am Arlberg.^[32]

Malta, Balkans and North Africa in 1941

On 4 February 1941, Müncheberg was informed by Gruppenkommandeur Schöpfel that the 7. Staffel had to relocate to Sicily in support of X. Fliegerkorps, under the command of General der Flieger (General of the Flyers) Hans Geisler, for actions against the strategically important island of Malta. With the opening of a new front in North Africa in mid-1940, British air and sea forces based on the island could attack Axis ships transporting vital supplies and reinforcements from Europe to North Africa. To counter this threat the Luftwaffe and the Regia Aeronautica (Italian Royal Air Force) were tasked with bombing raids in an effort to neutralise the RAF defences and the ports.^[33][34]

The red heart was displayed on both sides of the Bf 109 engine cowling.^[35]

Following a brief stopover in Rome, 7. Staffel arrived in Gela on Sicily on 9 February 1941. Here Müncheberg received a factory new Bf 109 E-7/N with the Werknummer (factory number) 3826 and marked as "White 12".^[36] He claimed his first victory in the Siege of Malta on 12 February over a No. 261 Squadron Hurricane south of Siġġiewi, Malta.^[37] On 16 February Müncheberg claimed his 26th victory over No. 261 Squadron Hurricane of ace Flight Lieutenant James MacLachlan, who baled out severely wounded. MacLachlan lost his arm, but returned to combat in late 1941.^[38][39] Müncheberg claimed a slow flying Hurricane—he assumed that the Hurricane had engine trouble—on 25 February. Flying fighter protection for the Stukas, which were targeting the airfield at Luqa, he claimed another Hurricane at 14:06 and a second one the very next day.^[40] Müncheberg claimed his 33rd victory on 28 March 1941. This was also his 200th combat mission which was celebrated by the entire Staffel.^[41]

The 7. Staffel, and elements of the support ground personnel, were relocated to Grottaglie airfield near Taranto in Apulia on 5 April 1941. Here the pilots learned that the Wehrmacht would invade Yugoslavia and Greece on 6 April. In support of this invasion, the pilots attacked the airfield at Podgorica.^[41] Müncheberg claimed a Yugoslav Hawker Fury biplane of Independent Fighter Eskadrila, 81 (Bomber) Grupa, Jugoslovensko Kraljevsko Ratno Vazduhoplovstvo (JKRV—Yugoslav Royal Air Force) on 6 April 1941. Its pilot Porucnik (First Lieutenant) Milenko Milivojevic was killed.^[42] He claimed another Fury and a Breguet 19 destroyed on the ground, but he was only given credit for the first aircraft destroyed in aerial combat. The two Furys were in fact Avia BH-33 biplanes.^[43]

The Balkan intermezzo was short and the detachment relocated back to Gela beginning on 8 April. Müncheberg claimed two Hurricanes of No. 261 Squadron on 11 April and another one on 23 April.^[43] A reconnaissance Bf 109 detected a four-engine Short Sunderland at RAF Kalafrana on 27 April. Müncheberg led his 7. Staffel in the attack, destroying the Sunderland. The victory was not credited to any individual pilot but was considered teamwork of the 7. Staffel.^[44] On 29 April, 7. Staffel provided fighter protection for Junkers Ju 88 bombers attacking Malta. 7. Staffel claimed two Hurricanes shot down, one by Münchberg, for the loss of one Ju 88. The German actress and Ufa star, Carola Höhn, wife of bomber pilot Arved Crüger, on a mission to provide entertainment to the troops, visited the pilots at Gela. According to Röll, Müncheberg was especially attracted to the actress and personally accompanied her during her visit.^[45]

Müncheberg surpassed 40 aerial victories on 1 May 1941 after downing two aircraft on an early morning mission. This feat earned him his second honourable mention the Wehrmachtbericht. In the afternoon, 7. Staffel flew fighter cover for Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 bombers. In aerial combat with six Hurricanes over the airfields at Hal Far and Luqa he shot down his third opponent of the day. In total, 7. Staffel was credited with six victories on this day, three by Müncheberg.^[46] The entire 7. Staffel at the time was anxiously awaiting the announcement that Müncheberg had been awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves. Following two more Hurricanes shot down on 6 May, his total now at 43 victories, Müncheberg received the news of his award on the early morning of 7 May. Müncheberg became the 12th member of the Wehrmacht to be honoured with the Oak Leaves and two hours later received news that Duce Benito Mussolini had awarded him the Gold Medal of Military Valor (Medaglia d'Oro), the first German to receive this award.^[47] Hitler sent him a teleprinter message on 7 May 1941 congratulating him on his 40th aerial victory.^[48]

Müncheberg (left) and General (later field marshal) Erwin Rommel in North Africa, 1941.^{[Note 3]}

7. Staffel then began a series of relocations which eventually took them to the North African theatre of operations. The Staffel first relocated to Greece at the end of May. The ground personnel were shipped from Catania to Piraeus and then to the airfield at Molaoi on the southern tip of the Peloponnese region. The original intent was to participate in the Battle of Crete. The relatively quick but costly victory made these plans obsolete. The Staffel was then given two weeks of rest at Catania before moving on to Molaoi. Here the pilots were initially tasked with long range combat air patrols before Operation Battleaxe, a British Army operation with the goal of clearing eastern Cyrenaica of German and Italian forces, was initiated on 15 June. 7 Staffel was immediately ordered to relocate to North Africa where they were subordinated to I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 27 (I./JG 27—1st group of the 27th Fighter Wing), then under the command of Hauptmann Eduard Neumann.^[50]

In North Africa, Müncheberg just barely escaped being killed when one of his headphone speakers was shot off by small arms fire during a low level strafing attack.^[51] In total, Müncheberg claimed five victories in this theatre. His first three victories were over Hurricanes. The one on 20 June was claimed against pilots from either No. 1 Squadron or No. 2 Squadron of the South African Air Force (SAAF). His victory on 24 June was over Pilot Officer James Alan Frederick Sowrey of No. 6 Squadron who was killed in the engagement. His opponent on 15 July was either a No. 73 Squadron or No. 229 Squadron RAF pilot. The final two victories in North Africa of 1941 were over Curtiss P-40 Warhawks, both on 29 July 1941, from No. 2 Squadron SAAF. This took his total to 48 aerial victories.^[52][53]

Channel operations

Fliegerführer Afrika received orders on 4 August 1941 to downsize the 7. Staffel in Africa to four aircraft. The remaining aircraft and aircrews were to relocate to France back to Jagdgeschwader 26. Before Müncheberg arrived in France, he stopped in Rome where he received the Gold Medal of Military Valour from Mussolini. He then travelled to the Wolf's Lair, Hitler's headquarters in Rastenburg, present-day Kętrzyn in Poland, for the Oak Leaves presentation. Following the presentation Müncheberg went on two weeks of vacation.^[54] Following their return from North Africa to France the pilots of 7. Staffel were given newer Bf 109 F-4 aircraft in replacement for the older Bf 109 E-7 type. Müncheberg claimed his first victory here on 28 August over a Spitfire and another one, his 50th overall, on 29 August. He claimed two Spitfires on 4 September and one more from No. 71 Squadron three days later.^[55]

On 19 September 1941, Müncheberg was promoted to the rank of Hauptmann and became Gruppenkommandeur of II./JG 26 "Schlageter" following the death of Hauptmann Walter Adolph the day before, in aerial combat with RAF Spitfire fighters. Müncheberg's position of Staffelkapitän of the 7. Staffel was passed on to Oberleutnant Klaus Mietusch. II. Gruppe had already been equipped with the new Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-1. It was the first Gruppe in the Luftwaffe completely equipped with the Fw 190.^[55] Müncheberg's number of victories continued to increase; all but his 55th on 18 September, which was over a No. 607 Squadron Hurricane, were claimed against Spitfires. Galland was replaced by Schöpfel on 5 December as Geschwaderkommodore of JG 26 "Schlageter". Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring had appointed Galland as General der Jagdflieger (General of Fighters) following the death of Oberst Werner Mölders. On 8 December Müncheberg achieved his 60th aerial victory which was announced in the Wehrmachtbericht, his third such mention.^[56] He claimed his 62nd overall victory and the last of the year 1941 on 16 December 1941.^[57] Müncheberg went on a lengthy vacation in early 1942, not returning before March 1942. He therefore did not participate in Operation Donnerkeil (11–12 February 1942), the air superiority operation to support the Kriegsmarine's (German Navy) Operation Cerberus.^[58]

Müncheberg claimed the first victory following his vacation on 13 March 1942, a Spitfire of No. 124 Squadron. During his absence the Fw 190 A-1 and A-2 had been replaced with the newer A-3 variant. Two Spitfires of No. 412 Squadron fell to his guns on 24 March which brought his score to 65.^[59] Müncheberg claimed his 70th and 71st victory on 26 April within two minutes of combat. II. Gruppe at the time was referred to as the "Abbeville Boys" by the RAF pilots based on the Abbeville airfield where they were stationed.^[60] On 29 April 1942 he probably shot down and killed No. 131 Wing RAF leader and Polish ace Wing Commander Marian Pisarek.^[61] On 2 June, II. Gruppe intercepted No. 403 Squadron on a fighter-bomber mission. Müncheberg was credited with the destruction of two Spitfires taking his total to 81 aerial victories. This achievement was announced on 4 June 1942 in the Wehrmachtbericht and was followed by the presentation of the German Cross in Gold on 5 June. He claimed his final two victories (82–83) with II. Gruppe on 20 June 1942 in combat with Spitfires of No. 118 and No. 501 Squadron. II. Gruppe was credited with the destruction of five enemy aircraft destroyed without suffering any losses.^[62]

Eastern Front

Following his 83rd aerial victory, Müncheberg was summoned to his commanding officer, Geschwaderkommodore Schöpfel, who informed him of his transfer to Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) on the Eastern Front. Müncheberg was destined to become a Geschwaderkommodore but prior to receiving his own command he would have to serve as a Kommodore in training. He went on a three weeks home leave, staying at his parents home, before he received his orders to head east on 21 July 1942.^[63]

On his way to the Eastern Front, Müncheberg travelled to Berlin where he briefly served on the staff of the General der Jagdflieger Galland discussing air combat tactics and how to lead a fighter wing. On 26 July 1942 he participated in the German track and field championships, starting for the ASV Köln in the decathlon. Müncheberg finally arrived on the Eastern Front in early August 1942 where he was welcomed by the Geschwaderkommodore of JG 51, Major Karl-Gottfried Nordmann.^[64] Initially Müncheberg believed that combat on the Eastern Front was child's play in comparison to the Western Front. In the first four weeks his aircraft was twice severely damaged in combat. His first major task was re-equipping JG 51 with the Fw 190. Under his leadership JG 51 became the first fighter wing on the Eastern Front to equip with this type. He claimed his first victories in the east on 3 August 1942, shooting down two Petlyakov Pe-2 dive bomber near Rzhev.^[65]

He quickly achieved further victories, reaching 90 victories on 22 August and surpassing the 100 victories on 5 September. He was the 19th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.^[66] On 9 September, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords following his 103rd victory. Müncheberg was the 19th member of the Wehrmacht and the 13th fighter pilot who had received this award.^[67] Müncheberg claimed his last victory in this theatre on 22 September 1942, claiming 33 victories in total over Russian aircraft, this took his overall score to 116 aerial victories. He was then ordered to the Wolf's Lair where Hitler presented him the Swords to his Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves. Following the award ceremony he was granted home leave before being appointed Geschwaderkommodore of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing), replacing Gordon Gollob in this role.^[68]

North Africa and death

Müncheberg took over command of Jagdgeschwader 77 on 1 October 1942. Jagdgeschwader 77 at the time was deployed on the southern sector of the Eastern Front and was scheduled to relocate to North Africa where I. Gruppe under the command of Heinz Bär arrived in Ain el Gazala on 27 October. Under the leadership of Müncheberg, the Geschwaderstab (headquarters unit) which was equipped with new Bf 109 G-2s, arrived on 29 October.^[69] He scored over a No. 92 Squadron Spitfire piloted by Flight Sergeant Blades on 9 November, his 117th overall. Promoted to Major on 30 November 1942, he claimed his 119th victory on 10 December and made a forced landing in his Bf 109 G-2 (Werknummer 10 725—factory number; 35% damage) following combat with a P-40 of the 66th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 57th Fighter Group, United States Army Air Forces (USAAF).^[70] On 13 March 1943 Müncheberg became the second German fighter pilot after Hans-Joachim Marseille to achieve 100 aerial victories over Anglo-American adversaries.^[71]

Müncheberg was killed in action in his Bf 109 G-2 (Werknummer 16 381) on 23 March 1943 over Tunisia when his 135th victim, a USAAF 52nd Fighter Group Spitfire exploded in front of him after a close burst of cannon fire. The Spitfire was piloted by Captain Theodore Sweetman.^[72][73] Müncheberg managed to bail out and landed severely wounded. Although the search team quickly recovered him, Müncheberg died on the way to a field hospital.^[71] Captain Hugh L. Williamson, who was also shot down in the engagement, later stated that Sweetmann had deliberately rammed Müncheberg with his burning Spitfire.^[74] Müncheberg was buried originally at El Aouina; his remains were moved to the Heroes Cemetery at Tunis and later reinterred in the 1950s at the German Military Cemetery at Bordj-Cedria.^[75] The Wehrmachtbericht announced his death on 25 March 1943.^[76]

Aerial victory credits

Müncheberg was credited with 135 aerial victories, claimed in more than 500 combat missions, 102 on the Western Front—including 19 over Malta, one in Yugoslavia and 24 in North Africa—and 33 on the Eastern Front. His tally includes at least 46 Supermarine Spitfire fighter aircraft shot down.^[77]

  This and the – (dash) indicates unwitnessed aerial victory claims for which Müncheberg did not receive credit.

Chronicle of aerial victory credits[78][79]
Claim	Date	Time	Location	Type	Victory	Date	Time	Location	Type
– Stab III. Gruppe/Jagdgeschwader 26 –
1	7 November 1939	13:43	SW Opladen	Blenheim	8	31 May 1940	15:45	NE Dunkirk	Hurricane
2	11 May 1940	17:45	NW Antwerp	Curtiss	9	31 May 1940	20:10	Dunkirk (channel)	Spitfire
3	14 May 1940	18:45	E Ath	Hurricane	10	28 July 1940	15:15	15 km (9.3 mi) NE Dover	Hurricane
4	15 May 1940	13:00	near Overijse	Hurricane	11	8 August 1940	12:55	NE Margate	Spitfire
5	29 May 1940	18:10	W Dunkirk	Spitfire	12	14 August 1940	13:29	Folkestone–Dover	Hurricane
6	31 May 1940	15:35	Veurne-Dunkirk	Lysander	13	15 August 1940	16:01	SE Dover	Spitfire
7	31 May 1940	15:40	SW Dunkirk	Hurricane
– 7. Staffel/Jagdgeschwader 26 –
14	24 August 1940	12:22	Ashford	Hurricane	36	11 April 1941	11:53	SE St. Paul's Bay	Hurricane
15	31 August 1940	10:00	NW Braintree	Hurricane	37	23 April 1941	18:07	SE Ħal Far, Malta	Hurricane
16	1 September 1940	14:52	W Goudhurst	Hurricane	—	27 April 1941		Kalafrana Bay, Malta	Sunderland
17	6 September 1940	10:28	Dungeness	Hurricane	38	29 April 1941	18:47	St. Paul's Bay	Hurricane
18	7 September 1940	18:45	SE London	Spitfire	39	1 May 1941	7:53	SE St. Paul's Bay	Hurricane
19	11 September 1940	19:25	E Ashford	Spitfire	40	1 May 1941	7:54	3 km (1.9 mi) S Valletta	Hurricane
20	14 September 1940	17:05	S Maidstone	Spitfire	41	1 May 1941	17:15	SW Luqa, Malta	Hurricane
21	17 October 1940	14:55	S Faversham	Bloch 151	42	6 May 1941	12:22	NE St. Paul's Bay	Hurricane
22	25 October 1940	14:40	Marden	Spitfire	43	6 May 1941	12:26	1 km (0.62 mi) SW Hal Far	Hurricane
23	14 November 1940	15:32	SE Dover	Spitfire	—	25 May 1941	15:00	Ta' Qali, Malta	Hurricane
24	12 February 1941	16:41	S Siġġiewi, Malta	Hurricane	—	25 May 1941	15:00	Ta' Qali, Malta	Hurricane
25	16 February 1941	10:38	SW Malta	Hurricane	44	20 June 1941	7:55	20 km (12 mi) SE Buq Buq	Hurricane
26	16 February 1941	10:45	E Ta Venezia, Malta	Hurricane	45	24 June 1941	8:00	Lavyet Ungheila	Hurricane
27	25 February 1941	16:45	E St. Paul's Bay	Hurricane	46	15 July 1941	18:40	SW Ras el Milh	Hurricane
28	26 February 1941	14:06	S Krendi, Malta	Hurricane	47	29 July 1941	17:48	50 km (31 mi) E Bardia	P-40
29	26 February 1941	14:10	10 km (6.2 mi) S Malta	Hurricane	48	29 July 1941	17:52	40 km (25 mi) E Bardia	P-40
30	2 March 1941	10:45	2 km (1.2 mi) from Marsaxlokk	Hurricane	49	28 August 1941	17:52	2 km (1.2 mi) N Gravelines	Spitfire
31	5 March 1941	17:32	S Hal Far, Malta	Hurricane	50	29 August 1941	8:40	10 km (6.2 mi) NE Dunkirk	Spitfire
32	15 March 1941	7:50	10 km (6.2 mi) NW Gozo	Wellington	51	4 September 1941	17:26	Vollezele	Spitfire
33	28 March 1941	17:32	10 km (6.2 mi) S Gozo	Hurricane	52	4 September 1941	17:29	Zeggers	Spitfire
34	6 April 1941	12:05	NE Podgorica	Fury	53	7 September 1941	17:22	NW Montreuil	Spitfire
—	6 April 1941		Podgorica	Fury	54	16 September 1941	19:22	E Boulogne	Spitfire
—	6 April 1941		Podgorica	Breguet 19	55	16 September 1941	16:06	Yvetot	Hurricane
35	11 April 1941	11:31	SE Malta	Hurricane	56	18 September 1941	16:15	Saint Helene	Spitfire
– Stab II. Gruppe/Jagdgeschwader 26 –
57	13 October 1941	14:33	Samer	Spitfire	73	27 April 1942	16:06	N Mardyck	Spitfire
58	8 November 1941	13:07	Loon-Plage	Spitfire	74	29 April 1942	16:04	Le Touquet	Spitfire
59	8 November 1941	13:15	NE Dunkirk	Spitfire	75	30 April 1942	19:36	W Somme Estuary	Spitfire
60	8 December 1941	14:17	W Boulogne	Spitfire	76	1 May 1942	19:31	SW Calais	Spitfire
61	16 December 1941	16:01	NW Dunkirk	Spitfire	—	1 May 1942	19:40	5 km (3.1 mi) N Calais	Spitfire
62	16 December 1941	16:04	N Gravelines	Spitfire	77	6 May 1942	18:53	NW Cap Gris Nez	Spitfire
63	13 March 1942	16:17	Wierre-Effroy	Spitfire	—	9 May 1942	13:43	15 km (9.3 mi) S Gravelines	Spitfire
64	24 March 1942	16:30	NW Rue–Cambron	Spitfire	—	9 May 1942	13:44	15 km (9.3 mi) S Gravelines	Spitfire
65	24 March 1942	16:35	Cambron	Spitfire	—	17 May 1942	17:35	Guînes–Saint-Omer	Spitfire
66	4 April 1942	11:46	W Calais	Spitfire	78	31 May 1942	19:37	S Crécy (forest area)	Spitfire
67	10 April 1942	17:50	NW Étaples	Spitfire	79	31 May 1942	19:41	Quend Plage les Pins	Spitfire
68	25 April 1942	16:40	SW Crécy	Spitfire	80	2 June 1942	11:01	SW Abbeville	Spitfire
69	25 April 1942	16:43	SW Rue	Spitfire	81	2 June 1942	11:07	15 km (9.3 mi) W Étaples	Spitfire
70	26 April 1942	18:05	WNW Calais	Spitfire	82	20 June 1942	15:44	S Ardres	Spitfire
71	26 April 1942	18:06	15 km (9.3 mi) W Cap Gris Nez	Spitfire	83	20 June 1942	15:47	E Boulogne	Spitfire
72	27 April 1942	14:47	NE Dunkirk	Spitfire
– Stab/Jagdgeschwader 51 –
84	3 August 1942	10:32	NNE Rzhev	Pe-2	101	5 September 1942	17:57	Sector 46380	P-39
85	3 August 1942	10:36	NNW Rzhev	Pe-2	102	9 September 1942	17:08	SE Rzhev	Il-2
86	4 August 1942	10:38	6 km (3.7 mi) ENE Zubtsov	Il-2	103	9 September 1942	17:12	Sector 47762	Il-2
87	5 August 1942	18:48	Sector 47880	LaGG-3	104	10 September 1942	07:09	Sector 47843	Pe-2
88	9 August 1942	14:30	S Zubtsov	MiG-3	105	10 September 1942	07:13	SE Zubtsov	Il-2
89	10 August 1942	18:40	N Rzhev	Yak-1	106	10 September 1942	10:35	NW Zubtsov	LaGG-3
90	22 August 1942	10:25	SSE Rzhev	Il-2	107	13 September 1942	06:07	8 km (5.0 mi) SE Rzhev	Pe-2
91	24 August 1942	06:20	SE Rzhev	Il-2	108	14 September 1942	07:25	SE Rzhev	Il-2
92	24 August 1942	6:21	S Rzhev	Il-2	109	14 September 1942	17:01	near Rzhev	Il-2
93	25 August 1942	17:11	N Rzhev	Pe-2	110	14 September 1942	17:13	1 km (0.62 mi) N Rzhev	Pe-2
94	2 September 1942	8:23	SW Karmanovo	LaGG-3	111	22 September 1942	9:25	1 km (0.62 mi) N Klimovo	MiG-3
95	2 September 1942	10:52	SW Gshatsk	Il-2	112	22 September 1942	9:31	1 km (0.62 mi) N Klimovo	R-5
96	2 September 1942	10:55	SW Gshatsk	Il-2	113	26 September 1942	12:23	20 km (12 mi) N Rzhev	LaGG-3
97	2 September 1942	10:55	SW Gshatsk	Il-2	114	26 September 1942	16:08	12 km (7.5 mi) SW Rzhev	LaGG-3
98	3 September 1942	14:32	Sector 46192	Il-2	115	27 September 1942	6:59	15 km (9.3 mi) NE Rzhev	LaGG-3
99	4 September 1942	17:35	S Zubtsov	Pe-2	116	27 September 1942	7:03	near Klimovo	LaGG-3
100	5 September 1942	17:53	Kubinka	P-39
– Stab/Jagdgeschwader 77 –
117	9 November 1942	15:07	E Buq Buq	Spitfire	126	14 January 1943	11:23	NE Bir Dufan	P-40
—	9 November 1942			Spitfire	127	18 January 1943	16:40	SE Tarhuna	P-40
118	27 November 1942	7:32	4 km (2.5 mi) E Bir el Gin	Spitfire	128	22 January 1943	12:55	SE Zuara	P-40
119	10 December 1942	15:05	12 km (7.5 mi) NW El Agheila	P-40	129	22 January 1943	13:05	S Sorman	P-40
120	14 December 1942	15:08	15 km (9.3 mi) SW El Agheila	P-40	130	10 March 1943	16:33	N Ksar Rhilane	P-40
121	14 December 1942	15:25	20 km (12 mi) SW El Agheila	P-40	131	10 March 1943	16:48	N Ksar Rhilane	P-40
122	15 December 1942	10:58	Ras el Aali	P-40	132	13 March 1943	15:04	near Gabès	P-40
123	13 January 1943	8:45	NE Bir Dufan	Baltimore	133	13 March 1943	17:51	W La Fauconnerie	P-39
124	14 January 1943	11:17	NE Bir Dufan	P-40	134	22 March 1943	14:27	75 km (47 mi) SSW Gabès	P-40
125	14 January 1943	11:21	NE Bir Dufan	P-40	135	23 March 1943	9:50	45 km (28 mi) ESE Gafsa	Spitfire

Awards and honours

• Iron Cross (1939)
  • 2nd Class (17 September 1939)^{[80][Note 4]}
  • 1st Class (10 May 1940)^[80]
• German Cross in Gold on 5 June 1942 as Hauptmann in the II./Jagdgeschwader 26^[81]
• Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for Fighter Pilots in Gold with Pennant "400"^[2]
• Combined Pilots-Observation Badge^[2]
• Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
  • Knight's Cross on 14 September 1940 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 7./Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter"^{[82][83][Note 5]}
  • 12th Oak Leaves on 7 May 1941 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 7./Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter"^[84][85][86]
  • 19th Swords on 9 September 1942 as Hauptmann and deputy Geschwaderkommodore of Jagdgeschwader 51 "Mölders"^[84][87][88]
• Mentioned five times in the Wehrmachtbericht
• Medaglia d'oro al Valore Militare (7 May 1941)^[9]

Dates of rank

1 August 1937:	Fahnenjunker-Unteroffizier[77]
16 December 1937:	Fähnrich[77]
13 September 1938:	Oberfähnrich[77]
8 November 1938:	Leutnant (Second Lieutenant)[77]
19 July 1940:	Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant)[77]
19 September 1941:	Hauptmann (Captain)[77]
30 November 1942:	Major (Major)[77]

Notes

1. Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.
2. For an explanation of Luftwaffe unit designations, see Organisation of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
3. Hardly visible from this angle, the picture shows Müncheberg wearing a bandage on his left knee. He injured himself in a sporting competition at Erfurt in May 1941. He fell running the 110 metres hurdles.^[49]
4. According to Röll on 9 November 1939.^[9]
5. According to Scherzer as adjutant in the III./Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter".^[84]

References

Citations

1. Röll 2010, p. 59.
2. Berger 1999, p. 236.
3. Schumann & Westerwelle 2010, p. 2.
4. Röll 2010, pp. 59–60.
5. Röll 2010, pp. 60, 154.
6. Schumann & Westerwelle 2010, p. 3.
7. Williamson & Bujeiro 2005, p. 59.
8. Röll 2010, p. 60.
9. Röll 2010, p. 154.
10. Röll 2010, pp. 11–14, 60, 154.
11. Warner 2002, p. 149.
12. Caldwell 1991, p. 14.
13. Schumann & Westerwelle 2010, p. 6.
14. Röll 2010, p. 15.
15. Röll 2010, p. 16.
16. Röll 2010, p. 19.
17. Röll 2010, p. 24.
18. Röll 2010, p. 25.
19. Schumann & Westerwelle 2010, pp. 8–9.
20. Caldwell 1998, p. 50.
21. Mason 1969, p. 195.
22. Kershaw 2007, p. 97.
23. Caldwell 1998, p. 51.
24. Mason 1969, p. 217.
25. Mason 1969, pp. 217–219.
26. Mason 1969, p. 219.
27. Mason 1969, pp. 217–218.
28. Schumann & Westerwelle 2010, p. 10.
29. Röll 2010, p. 26.
30. Röll 2010, p. 58.
31. Röll 2010, p. 61.
32. Röll 2010, p. 62.
33. Röll 2010, pp. 63–65.
34. Schumann & Westerwelle 2010, pp. 11–12.
35. Schumann & Westerwelle 2010, p. 16.
36. Röll 2010, p. 65.
37. Röll 2010, p. 66.
38. Isby 2012, chapter 9—A Widening Air War—February 1941 – November 1942.
39. Röll 2010, pp. 67–68.
40. Röll 2010, p. 68.
41. Röll 2010, p. 69.
42. Shores, Cull & Malizia 1987, p. 205.
43. Schumann & Westerwelle 2010, p. 13.
44. Schumann & Westerwelle 2010, p. 15.
45. Röll 2010, p. 70.
46. Röll 2010, pp. 70–71.
47. Röll 2010, pp. 72–77.
48. Bruppacher 2013, p. 273.
49. Röll 2010, p. 96.
50. Röll 2010, pp. 79–80.
51. Schumann & Westerwelle 2010, p. 24.
52. Röll 2010, pp. 80, 97–102.
53. Schumann & Westerwelle 2010, p. 41.
54. Röll 2010, p. 103.
55. Röll 2010, p. 104.
56. Röll 2010, p. 105.
57. Schumann & Westerwelle 2010, p. 42.
58. Röll 2010, pp. 106–107.
59. Röll 2010, p. 107.
60. Röll 2010, pp. 110–111.
61. Gretzyngier 2014, p. 23.
62. Röll 2010, p. 111.
63. Röll 2010, p. 112.
64. Röll 2010, pp. 112–113.
65. Röll 2010, p. 113.
66. Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
67. Schumann & Westerwelle 2010, p. 30.
68. Röll 2010, p. 119.
69. Schumann & Westerwelle 2010, p. 32.
70. Schumann & Westerwelle 2010, p. 33.
71. Berger 1999, p. 237.
72. Scutts 1994, p. 88.
73. Molesworth 2011, p. 50.
74. Schumann & Westerwelle 2010, p. 39.
75. Röll 2010, p. 148.
76. Röll 2010, p. 149.
77. Schumann & Westerwelle 2010, p. ii.
78. Röll 2010, pp. 150–153.
79. Schumann & Westerwelle 2010, pp. 41–43.
80. Thomas 1998, p. 107.
81. Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 323.
82. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 319.
83. Von Seemen 1976, p. 248.
84. Scherzer 2007, p. 559.
85. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 54.
86. Von Seemen 1976, p. 25.
87. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 40.
88. Von Seemen 1976, p. 14.

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