Klondike Mountain Formation

Klondike Mountain Formation Stratigraphic range: Ypresian, 53.5–48.5 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Klondike Mountain Formation outcrop at site A0307
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Okanagan highlands
Sub-units	Tom Thumb Tuff, Lower Member, Upper Member
Underlies	Glacial deposits
Overlies	Sanpoil Volcanics & others
Thickness	up to 3,200 ft (980 m)
Lithology
Primary	varied
Other	see text
Location
Region	Okanagan highlands
Country	United States
Type section
Named for	Klondike Mountain
Named by	Muessig
Year defined	1962

The Klondike Mountain Formation is an early Eocene^[1][2] geological formation located in the northeast central area of Washington State. The formation, named for the type location designated in 1962, Klondike Mountain north of Republic, Washington,^[3] is composed of volcanic rocks in the upper unit and volcanics plus lacustrine (lakebed) sedimentation in which a lagerstätte with exceptionally well-preserved^[4] plant and insect fossils has been found, along with fossil epithermal hot springs.^[5]

The formation is the youngest in a group of formations which belong to the Challis Sequence rocks. The formation unconformably overlies rocks of the Eocene Sanpoil Volcanics and much older Triassic and Permian formations. The formation is bounded on its edges by a series of high-angle strike slip faults, which have contained the Klondike Mountain Formation in a series of graben structures, such as the Republic Graben.^[6]

Location

The formation is located in northern Ferry County, Washington, with the majority of the sedimentation in the Republic and Curlew Basins on the east and in the Toroda Creek area to the north west. The town of Republic, Washington is situated at the southern end of the formation, with outcrops within the city itself. The Curlew basin is situated north of Republic, with the northern edge along the Kettle River and the community of Curlew, Washington near the northeastern edge.^[7]

The formation is the southernmost of a string of preserved Eocene highland lakebeds in Washington state and British Columbia.^[8] The lake system, within the Okanagan highlands, extends from the Klondike Mountain Formation north approximately 1,000 kilometres (1,000,000 m) in to southern central British Columbia.^[1]

Age

Early dating of the formation was based primarily on identification and correlation of the fossils found in the Tom Thumb Tuff, with Joseph Umpleby in 1910 reporting a putative age of early Miocene. This date was based in examination of fossils by C. R. Eastman, who thought them to be similar to those found in the Florissant Formation of Colorado, which at the time was also considered Miocene. This age was retained in the 1928 work of Edward W. Berry, who included the Klondike Mountain Formation fossil lakebeds as part of the Latah Formation.^[9] The age of the Formation has been revised in the following hundred years, with Roland W. Brown identifying the deposits as being older than the Latah Formation in 1936.^[10] In a later written communication circa 1958, Brown again revised the age still older, stating the fossils found in the area of Mount Elizabeth indicated an Oligocene age. This age was used by R.L. Parker and J. A. Calkins in their 1964 work on the Curlew Quadrangle of Ferry County.^[11] Since then the fossil-bearing strata of the Formation have been radiometrically dated, to give a current estimate of the Ypresian, the mid stage of the early Eocene,49.4 ± .5 million years ago.^[1]

Lithology

Parker and Calkins in 1964 noted the association of the Klondike Mountain Formation with the gold and silver deposits of the Republic District and suggested it as a potential host to more ore deposits in the Curlew Quadrangle.^[11] The epithermal gold deposits occurring in the Sanpoil volcanics terminate directly below the unconformity where the volcanics contact the base of the Klondike Mountain Formation^[12] or sometimes penetrate into the Formation's lowest unit.^[5] Hydrothermal sinter deposits are known from the lowest portions of the Formation and are thought to represent hydrothermal eruption areas.^[5] In general the lower portions of the Formation have a large amount of hydrothermal alteration, and areas around vents are rich in pyrite and silica. two products of natural hydrothermic sintering. The areas above that show a transition to mudstones, siltstones and sandstones grading from fine-grained material into coarser materials moving up the strata column. The finely-bedded stones show the greatest numbers of fossils and the finest preservation of details.^[13]

Paleobiota

The lake bed sediments preserve a diverse array of plants, insects, and fishes, notably the biota called the Republic flora. The Okanagan lake system, which includes the Klondike Mountain Formation, has been classified as one of the great Canadian lagerstätten.^[4] The paleoenvironment preserved in the lake deposits is that of a mesic forest, similar in rainfall to that found today along the modern Washington State and British Columbia coast. The climate of the region offered a moderate amount of summer heat, with chilly winters not cold enough to sustain snow cover (a lower mesothermal to upper microthermal climate).^[4]

Over a dozen different Rosaceae genera, both extant and extinct, have been identified in the formation. These fossils are some of the oldest reliable macrofossils (excluding ancient fossil pollen) for the family.^[14] The neuropteran insects (lacewings and their allies) identified as of 2014 include species from the families Berothidae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Ithonidae (including Polystoechotidae), Nymphidae, Osmylidae, and Psychopsidae.^[1] A number of mecopteran species belonging to the families Cimbrophlebiidae, Dinopanorpidae, Eorpidae, and Panorpidae are also known.^[15]

Plants

Name	Authors	Year	Family	Notes	Images
Acer hillsi[16]	Wolfe & Tanai	1987	Sapindaceae	A maple
Acer republicense[16]	Wolfe & Tanai	1987	Sapindaceae	A maple
Acer stonebergae[16]	Wolfe & Tanai	1987	Sapindaceae	A maple
Acer toradense[16]	Wolfe & Tanai	1987	Sapindaceae	A maple
Acer washingtonense[16]	Wolfe & Tanai	1987	Sapindaceae	A maple
Azolla primaeva[17]	Arnold	1955	Salviniaceae	A mosquito fern
Abies milleri[18]	Shorn & Wehr	1986	Pinaceae	Oldest true Fir described	Abies milleri
Corylopsis reedae[2]	Radtke, Pigg, & Wehr	2001	Hamamelidaceae	A winter-hazel
Corylus johnsonii[19]	Pigg, Manchester, & Wehr	2003	Betulaceae	A hazel nut	Corylus johnsonii
Dillhoffia[20]	Manchester & Pigg	2008	incertae sedis	A flower of unknown relationships	Dillhoffia cachensis
Eucommia montana[21]	Brown	1940	Eucommiaceae	A "hard rubber tree"	Eucommia montana
Florissantia quilchenensis	(Mathewes & Brooke) Manchester		Malvaceae	A chocolate relative
Fothergilla malloryi[2]	Radtke, Pigg, & Wehr	2005	Hamamelidaceae	A witch alder	Fothergilla malloryi
Ginkgo dissecta[22]	Mustoe	2002	Ginkgoaceae	A ginkgo	Ginkgo dissecta
Langeria magnifica[23]	Wolfe & Wehr	1987	Hamamelidaceae	A witch hazel relative	Langeria magnifica
Orontium wolfei[24]	Bogner, Johnson, Kvaček & Upchurch	2007	Araceae	A golden club	Orontium wolfei
Rhus malloryi[23]	Wolfe & Wehr	1987	Anacardiaceae	A sumac	Rhus malloryi
Sassafras hesperia[23]	(Berry) Wolfe & Wehr	1987	Lauraceae	A sassafras	Sassafras hesperia
Tilia johnsoni[23]	Wolfe & Wehr	1987	Malvaceae	A Linden	Tilia johnsoni
Trochodendron nastae[25]	Pigg, Wehr, & Ickert-Bond	2001	Trochodendraceae	A Trochodendron	Trochodendron nastae

Insects

Name	Authors	Year	Family	Notes	Images
Ainigmapsychops[1]	Makarkin & Archibald	2014	Psychopsidae?	A possible psychopsid lacewing	Ainigmapsychops inexspectatus
Cretomerobius wehri[26]	Makarkin, Archibald, & Oswald	2003	Hemerobiidae	A hemerobiid lacewing
Dinokanaga andersoni[27]	Archibald	2005	Dinopanorpidae	A scorpion fly species	Dinokanaga andersoni
Dinokanaga dowsonae[27]	Archibald	2005	Dinopanorpidae	A scorpion fly species
Dinokanaga sternbergi[27]	Archibald	2005	Dinopanorpidae	A scorpion fly species
Eoprephasma hichensi[28]	Archibald & Bradler	2015	Susumanioidea	A stick insect species
Eorpa elverumi[29]	Archibald, Mathewes, & Greenwood	2013	Eorpidae	A mecopteran scorpionfly	Eorpa elverumi
?Eorpa ypsipeda[29]	Archibald, Mathewes, & Greenwood	2013	Eorpidae	A mecopteran scorpionfly, tentatively identified	Possible E. ypsipeda[29]
Metanephrocerus belgardeae[30]	Archibald, Kehlmaier, & Mathewes	2014	Pipunculidae	A pipunculid	Metanephrocerus belgardeae
Myrmeciites[31]	Archibald, Cover, & Moreau	2006	Formicidae	A bulldog ant form genus	Myrmeciities sp.
Neoephemera antiqua[32]	Sinitchenkova	1999	Neoephemeridae	A mayfly
Ulteramus republicensis[33]	Archibald & Rasnitsyn	2015	Pamphiliidae	A parasitic wasp

Vertebrates

Name	Authors	Year	Family	Notes	Images
"Amia" hesperia	Wilson	1977	Amiidae	A bowfin
Amyzon aggregatium	Wilson	1977	Catostomidae	A sucker	Amyzon aggregatium
Eosalmo[34]	Wilson	1977	Salmonidae	A Salmon	Eosalmo driftwoodensis
Hiodon woodruffi	Wilson	1978	Hiodontidae	A mooneye	Hiodon woodruffi
Libotonius pearsoni	Wilson	1979	Percopsidae	A trout perch

References

1. Makarkin, V.; Archibald, S.B. (2014). "An unusual new fossil genus probably belonging to the Psychopsidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene Okanagan Highlands, western North America". Zootaxa. 3838 (3): 385–391. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3838.3.8.
2. Radtke, M.G.; Pigg, K.B.; Wehr, W.C. (2005). "Fossil Corylopsis and Fothergilla Leaves (Hamamelidaceae) from the Lower Eocene Flora of Republic, Washington, U.S.A., and Their Evolutionary and Biogeographic Significance". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 166 (2): 347–356. doi:10.1086/427483.
3. Muessig, Siegfried (1962). "Tertiary volcanic and related rocks of the Republic area, Ferry County, Washington". Geological Survey Research 1962. 450 D: D56–58.
4. Archibald, SB; Greenwood, DR; Smith, RY; Mathewes, RW; Basinger, JF (2012). "Great Canadian Lagerstätten 1. Early Eocene Lagerstätten of the Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia and Washington State)". Geoscience Canada. 38 (4): 155–164.
5. Lasmanis, R (1996). "A historical perspective on ore formation concepts, Republic Mining District, Ferry County, Washington". Washington Geology. 24 (2): 8–11.
6. Cheney, ES; Rasmussen, MG (1996). "Regional geology of the Republic area". Washington Geology. 24 (2): 3–7.
7. Gaylord, DR; Suydam, JD; Price, SM; Matthews, JM; Lindsey, KA (1996). "Depositional history of the uppermost Sanpoil Volcanics and Klondike Mountain Formation in the Republic basin". Washington Geology. 24 (2): 15–18.
8. Suydam, J.; Gaylord, D.R. (1997). "Toroda Creek half graben, northeast Washington: Late-stage sedimentary infilling of a synextensional basin". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 109: 1333–1348. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1333:tchgnw>2.3.co;2.
9. Berry, E.W. (1929). "A revision of the flora of the Latah Formation". USGS Professional Paper. PP 154-H: 225–265.
10. Brown, R.W. (1936). "Additions to some fossil floras of the western United States". USGS Professional Paper. PP 186-J.
11. Parker, RL; Calkins, JA (1964). "Geology of the Curlew Quadrangle, Ferry County, Washington". Geological Survey Bulletin. 1169.
12. Boleneus, DE; Raines, GL; Causey, JD; Bookstrom, AA; Frost, TP; Hyndman, PC (2001). "Assessment method for epithermal gold deposits in northeast Washington State using weights-of-evidence GIS modeling" (PDF). USGA Open File Report. 01-501: 1–52.
13. Gaylord, DR; Price, SM; Suydam, JD (2001). "Volcanic and hydrothermal influences on middle Eocene lacustrine sedimentary deposits. Republic Basin, northern Washington, USA". International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication (30): 199–222.
14. Benedict, JC; DeVore, ML; Pigg, KB (2011). "Prunus and Oemleria (Rosaceae) Flowers from the Late Early Eocene Republic Flora of Northeastern Washington State, U.S.A.". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 172 (7): 948–958. doi:10.1086/660880.
15. Archibald, SB (2009). "New Cimbrophlebiidae (Insecta: Mecoptera) from the Early Eocene at McAbee, British Columbia, Canada and Republic, Washington, USA". Zootaxa. 2249: 51–62.
16. Wolfe, J.A.; Tanai, T. (1987). "Systematics, Phylogeny, and Distribution of Acer (maples) in the Cenozoic of Western North America". Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Series 4, Geology and mineralogy. 22 (1): 1–246.
17. Arnold, C. A. (1955). "A Tertiary Azolla from British Columbia" (PDF). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 12 (4): 37–45.
18. Schorn, Howard; Wehr, Wesley (1986). "Abies milleri, sp. nov., from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain Formation, Republic, Ferry County, Washington". Burke Museum Contributions in Anthropology and Natural History (1): 1–7.
19. Pigg, K.B.; Manchester S.R.; Wehr W.C. (2003). "Corylus, Carpinus, and Palaeocarpinus (Betulaceae) from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain and Allenby Formations of Northwestern North America". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 164 (5): 807–822. doi:10.1086/376816.
20. Manchester, S.; Pigg, K. (2008). "The Eocene mystery flower of McAbee, British Columbia". Botany. 86: 1034–1038. doi:10.1139/B08-044.
21. Call, V.B.; Dilcher, D.L. (1997). "The fossil record of Eucommia (Eucommiaceae) in North America" (PDF). American Journal of Botany. 84 (6): 798–814. doi:10.2307/2445816. PMID 21708632.
22. Mustoe, G.E. (2002). "Eocene Ginkgo leaf fossils from the Pacific Northwest". Canadian Journal of Botany. 80: 1078–1087. doi:10.1139/b02-097.
23. Wolfe, J.A.; Wehr, W.C. (1987). "Middle Eocene dicotyledonous plants from Republic, northeastern Washington". United States Geological Survey Bulletin. 1597: 1–25.
24. Bogner, J.; Johnson, K. R.; Kvacek, Z.; Upchurch, G. R. (2007). "New fossil leaves of Araceae from the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene of western North America" (PDF). Zitteliana. A (47): 133–147. ISSN 1612-412X.
25. Pigg, K.B.; Wehr, W.C.; Ickert-Bond, S.M. (2001). "Trochodendron and Nordenskioldia (Trochodendraceae) from the Middle Eocene of Washington State, U.S.A.". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 162 (5): 1187–1198. doi:10.1086/321927.
26. Makarkin, VN; Archibald, SB; Oswald, JD (2003). "New Early Eocene brown lacewings (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) from western North America". The Canadian Entomologist. 135: 637–653. doi:10.4039/n02-122.
27. Archibald, S.B. (2005). "New Dinopanorpidae (Insecta: Mecoptera) from the Eocene Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia, Canada and Washington State, USA)". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 42 (2): 119–136. doi:10.1139/e04-073.
28. Archibald, SB; Bradler, S (2015). "Stem-group stick insects (Phasmatodea) in the early Eocene at McAbee, British Columbia, Canada, and Republic, Washington, United States of America". Canadian Entomologist. doi:10.4039/tce.2015.2.
29. Archibald, SB; Mathewes, RW; Greenwood, DR (2013). "The Eocene apex of panorpoid scorpionfly family diversity". Journal of Paleontology. 87 (4): 677–695. doi:10.1666/12-129.
30. Archibald, SB; Kehlmaier, C; Mathewes, RW (2014). "Early Eocene big headed flies (Diptera: Pipunculidae) from the Okanagan Highlands, western North America". The Canadian Entomologist. 146 (4): 429–443. doi:10.4039/tce.2013.79.
31. Archibald, S.B.; Cover, S. P.; Moreau, C. S. (2006). "Bulldog Ants of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands and History of the Subfamily (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae)" (PDF). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 99 (3): 487–523. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2006)99[487:BAOTEO]2.0.CO;2.
32. Sinitchenkova, N. D. (1999). "A new mayfly species of the extant genus Neoephemera from the Eocene of North America (Insecta: Ephemerida=Ephemeroptera)" (PDF). Paleontological Journal. 33 (4): 403–405.
33. Archibald, S.B.; Rasnitsyn, A.P. (2015). "New early Eocene Siricomorpha (Hymenoptera: Symphyta: Pamphiliidae, Siricidae, Cephidae) from the Okanagan Highlands, western North America". The Canadian Entomologist. 148 (2): 209–228. doi:10.4039/tce.2015.55.
34. Wilson, M.V.H.; Li, Guo-Qing (1999). "Osteology and systematic position of the Eocene salmonid †Eosalmo driftwoodensis Wilson from western North America" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 99 (125): 279–311. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1999.tb00594.x. Retrieved 2010-01-01.